SYP 2450 Exam 1 (FAU)

Hybridization

(also, indigenization or localization): creating something new from mixing borrowed cultural features with the local culture -Local inhabitants - active agents in modifying, and resisting external cultural forms -Hybridization may be positive and culturally creative, or result in harming/worsening lives of peoples in the name of "progress."

Cultural relativism

-Alternative to ethnocentrism --Rejects universalism in the evaluation of other cultures --Rejects the notion that any one culture is superior to others --Asserts that all cultures are of equal value

Ethnocentrism

-Coined by sociologist William Sumner Graham in 1906 - "...the point of view that one's own way of life is to be preferred to all others" (Herskovits 1973:21). --The idea that one's own ethnic/culture group and the sentiments/values/customs/way of life of that group are superior to those of any other ethnic/culture group.

Characteristics of culture (What are they? To what, specifically, does each characteristic refer?

-Culture is learned = We learn culture; we don't inherit culture biologically although some people assume that this is so. -Culture is symbolic = A symbol is something with stands for something else. In culture, language is our primary symbol for transmitting culture. -Culture is shared = a system of shared values, norms, symbols -Culture is integrated (to varying degrees) = By that we mean that elements or traits that make up that culture are not just a random assortment of customs but are mostly consistent with one another -Culture is ever-changing = Cultures are not static entities. Rather, they have always undergone change. Culture can change as a result of encounters with other societies. Culture can also change because individuals are not the same. They negotiate their culture through lived experiences, and the result is that change occurs.

Samuel Huntington's Clash of Civilization as an example of cultural differentialism. According to Huntington, what civilizations exist? What has caused a major clash of ideas in the third phase

-Huntington identifies several civilizations Sinic (Chinese), Japan, Hindu, Islamic, Orthodox (centered in Russia), Western Europe, North America (and Australia, New Zealand), Latin America, and (possibly) Africa. -The third phase is a multi-civilizational system that may be traced to the end of the expansion of the West and the beginning of the revolt against it. The period after WWII until about 1990 was characterized by a clash of ideas, especially capitalist and communist ideologies. With the fall of communism, the major clashes in the world came to revolve around religion, culture, and ultimately civilizations.

Elements of culture (be able to distinguish material from non-material)

-Material = human inventions (artifacts, technology) -Non-material = knowledge and behavior (Values, symbols, beliefs, norms, emotions, attitudes, laws, perceptions, aspirations etc.)

Culture

-The repertoire of learned ideas, values, knowledge, aesthetic preferences, rules and customs shared by a particular collectivity of social actors. -Refers to a common worldview/ shared ways of doing things

What does cultural hybridization theory argue about globalization and culture? What does the argument suggest about global culture?

-positive view of globalization -Mixing of cultures as a result of globalization leading to unique hybrid cultures that are not reducible to either local or global culture

What are the four main elements of glocalization?

1. World growing more pluralistic 2. Individuals and groups have power to adapt and innovate. Active agents who modify, reconfigure, and resist external forms. 3. Social processes are relational and contingent. --Globalization provokes reactions ranging from nationalism to cosmopolitanism, that produce glocalization-- 4. Commodities and media facilitate creativity

Cultural Differentialism

Barriers to flows, emphasizes lasting differences among and between cultures largely unaffected by globalization or any other bi-,inter- multi-, or trans-cultural processes and flows.

What solution does Basirico and Bolin propose? ^^

Basirico and Bolin argue that cultural relativism does not suggest that we should accept uncritically all behaviors and beliefs of any culture - even our own. --Rather cultural relativism is about suspending judgment temporarily until knowledge and understanding are gained.

Why is it important to talk about culture?

Basis of people's reality -Culture must be understood to avoid attempts at appreciation/international programs that are misguided and damaging

_______________'s work on global causes, including his One campaign to fight AIDS and extreme poverty, and ________________'s contribution to the development of the Millennium Development Goals, have been used as examples of global citizenship.

Bono; Jeffrey Sachs

The process of becoming a global citizen creates tensions over

C. A & B (A.local versus global citizenship B. determining the most severe needs)

Creolization

Combination of languages and cultures previously unintelligible to one another

n the assigned chapter, Arcaro describes a meeting at which representatives from two organizations serving children in two different countries in Central America -- Honduras and Chiapas, Mexico -- spoke. The story is used to illustrate

Complexities that accompany being a global citizen

Which of the following does NOT reflect Samuel Huntington's argument in his publication, Clash of Civilizations?

Conflicts will occur along fault lines, with clashes around Sinic "arrogance," Islamic "assertiveness," and Western "intolerance."

While _____________ emphasizes increasing homogenization of cultures under globalization, _______________ focuses on the production of new and unique mixed forms of culture as a result of globalization.

Cultural convergence; cultural hybridization

Polygyny (the practice by which males may marry several females) among the Tiwi in Australia, is an example of which of the following characteristics of culture?

Culture is integrated

What is the relationship between institutions and culture?

Culture is manifested and reinforced by institutions Social institutions: systems of plans and procedures that are necessary for the maintenance of our existence as we know it -Family systems -Economic systems -Religious systems -Health systems -Political/military systems

Which of the following statements reflect(s) what cultural convergence theory argues about globalization and culture?

D. A & B (A. Cultures are changing, often radically, as a result of globalization. B.Cultural change under globalization is occurring partly because of the existence of weak barriers to cultural flows.)

Douglas Massey's explanation of boundary-work includes which of the following statements?

D. All of the above (A. All humans engage in the creation of in-groups and out-groups B. All humans possess conceptual maps that are used to categorize people C. All humans engage in the creation of lines and boundaries by which people, practices and objects are distinguished and separated.)

According to the reading, among the reasons why it is important to understand culture (our own and others) is/are:

D. All of the above (A. U.S. society is pluralistic - that is, made up of multiple ethnic and culture groups. B. culture directly influences people's reality. C.programs designed to help citizens of foreign societies may have disastrous outcomes, if their cultures are overlooked.)

Cultural relativism is

D. All of the above (A. an alternative to ethnocentrism B.an attitude that promotes the valuing of all cultures C. an approach that rejects the idea that cultures can all be judged by one standard)

Which of the following statements reflects the theoretical perspective of global culture known as cultural differentialism?

D. All of the above (ADespite trans-cultural processes and flows, cultures maintain lasting differences. B. Cultures are, to a large extent, closed to the influences of other cultures. C. Cultures have remained so stubbornly different, that some are likely to collide with each other.)

What is culture?

D. All of the above (A.shared ways of doing what is necessary to maintain a way of life B. common worldview C. shared reality of peoples within a geographic region)

Why is it important to understand other cultures?

Development programs can have disastrous effects if local cultural forms and meanings are not considered. e.g.Development programs designed by industrialized countries/international organizations to bring improvements to non-industrialized countries/indigenous groups e.g. green revolution: advancements in plant development thru genetic engineering& use of pesticides, but disrupted dietary norms that have evolved as process of adaptation to environment, result:protein deficiency and tooth decay

Which of the following is among the four aspects of globality?

E. A & C (A.People's identities are expanded by two processes that occur at the same time. C.Cultural and political flows no longer move in one direction: from more powerful nations to less powerful ones.)

Which of the following reflects a definition of globalization?

E. B & C (B.Globalization refers to all the processes by which the peoples of the world are incorporated into a single society. C.Globalization refers to unalterable integration of markets, nation-states, and technologies to a degree that has never been witnessed before.)

In a scene from the old TV series Chicago Hope described in this chapter, the husband of a terminally-ill Japanese patient begged her American cardiologist not to inform his wife of her condition. He explained, that in Japanese culture to learn that one is terminally-ill, is to lose face. The cardiologist insisted that she had an obligation to inform the patient of her condition, and proceeded to do so. The cardiologist's action is an example of:

Ethnocentrism

According to Arcaro (author of chapter), patriotism and nationalism overlap with ethnocentrism, making it easier for people to have cultural sensitivity and understanding.

False

According to skeptics, globalization is NOT reversible.

False

All global citizens are privileged in relation to the rest of the world.

False

Culture is static. That is, culture never changes.

False

Experiences such as eating hamburgers in the U.S., baguettes in France, or sushi in Japan, are examples of hybridization.

False

Henry Bagish's solution/response to his question "Are all cultural practices equally valid?" is to establish a hierarchy of values.

False

Ideas that people hold about what is true and/or real are termed values.

False

Non material elements of culture include symbols, artifacts, and beliefs.

False

Overall the chapter argues that becoming a global citizen is easy, presenting few if any challenges.

False

Samuel Huntington strongly favors multiculturalism because he believes diversity strengthens civilizations.

False

While skeptics locate the origins of globalization in the middle of the 20th century, transformationalists believe globalization originated in the late 18th/early 19th centuries.

False

According to Arcaro (the author of this week's reading), __________________________ are responsible for creating a global social structure that fosters intellectual, physical and spiritual growth of all humans.

Global citizens

Examples of hybridization and cultural hybridization

Glocalization - interpenetration of the global and the local resulting in unique outcomes in different geographic areas Hybridization - external flows interact with internal flows producing a unique cultural hybrid that combines their elements e.g. Ugandan tourists visit Amsterdam to watch Moroccan women engage in Thai boxing Creolization - combination of languages and cultures previously unintelligible to one another Examples (hybridization): Muslim girl scouts; Salsa - a global dance craze

Which of the following is one of the four main elements of glocalization?

Local individuals and groups do not passively accept external culture; rather they are active agents who modify, reconfigure, and resist external forms.

The process by which the principles of the fast-food restaurant are beginning to dominate various sectors of American society, and the rest of the world is termed

Mcdonaldization

"The only real nation is humanity" is:

Paul Farmer's response to the question, "Is it possible to be a global citizen and a patriot?"

What questions does Henry Bagish raise about cultural relativism?

Questions to think about: -Are all cultural practices equally valid? -Are all cultural practices equally worthy of tolerance and respect? --Bagish's answers: A) pragmatic principle - what works better -B) hierarchy of values

Skeptics generally believe that the effects of contemporary globalization have been overstated.

Skeptics and hyperglobalizers

According to Basirico and Bolin, the authors of the chapter on culture is visible in and supported by

Social institutions (e.g. economic and health care systems)

___________________ was, according to Arcaro, the unlikely catalyst for creating a global community.

Sputnik

Which of the following, according to Arcaro, led to the rise in consciousness that we live in a global community?

Sputnik and early environmentalism

Which of the following statements reflect a belief of hyperglobalizers about globalization?

States are no longer in control of their economic fates.

Glocalization

The interpenetration of the global and the local resulting in unique outcomes in different geographic areas.

Culture (Basirico and Bolin)

The shared reality, including ideas and patterned behaviors, of peoples within a geographic region.

What does the cultural differentialism theory argue about globalization and culture?

The two different perspectives that cultural differentialists have about globalization and culture and what they suggest. -Clash of Civilizations -Remaking of the World Order The two fairly events that caused the theory to gain new attention -Cold War -WWII

Which of the following is NOT among the 5 basic dimensions of McDonaldization?

There's an emphasis on quality rather than on quantity

Which of the following statements is NOT true of transformationalists?

They agree with skeptics that states remain dominant

Which of the following statements does NOT reflect Arcaro's description of global citizens?

They are privileges compared to citizens of the rest of the world

Why, according to Basirico and Bolin, do Western responses to Mangaian "sex-positive" culture constitute ethnocentrism?

Thus, an example of ethnocentrism in that such a response does not consider the cultural context of the Mangaian peoples, their attitudes toward children, marriage, community, and kinship. And in doing so, the outsider detaches one aspect of its sexual system—intercourse—from its cultural context. That is because the U.S. still has a strong sex-negative stance toward sexuality that is linked primarily to its Judeo-Christian heritage.

Some scholars hold that globalization has produced several changes including increasing difficulty distinguishing between what's local and what's foreign. These scholars are known as

Transformationalists

According to Arcaro, among the reasons we may not be good global citizens is that we may be more xenophobic than we'd like to admit.

True

Beliefs, values, and norms are examples of non-material elements of culture.

True

Cultural hybridization theory argues that, under globalization, the integration of local and global aspects of culture produces new and unique hybrid cultures, that cannot be reduced either to local or global culture.

True

Sectors outside of the fast-food industry that have become McDonaldized include higher education, social work, and the church.

True

The belief that one's culture (including cultural behaviors, beliefs, values, norms) is superior to that of all others is termed "ethnocentrism."

True

The notion that some global problems require global solutions is one of the material reasons for which we empathize with humans in other parts of the world

True

The process of becoming a global citizen creates tensions and contradictions including different perceptions regarding which/whose needs are most severe.

True

The thought experiment involving a house fire and the choice of saving multiple children or one's own child is used to demonstrate that people are programmed to respond to the needs of those genetically closest to them.

True

Transnational actors and institutions include diasporas such as Sikhs, the United Nations, professionals, and drug dealers.

True

Hatred or fear of foreigners or their politics or culture, defines

Xenophobia

After experiencing terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, levels of patriotism in the U.S. intensified and Americans viewed the U.S. as the best country in the world. This view reflects

a belief

Which of the following is NOT a Millennium Development Goal?

achieve universal secondary level education

Cultural differentialism emphasizes __________________ .

barriers to cultural flows

In the scene from Chicago Hope, the husband of a terminally ill Japanese patient begged a U.S. cardiologist not to inform his wife of her condition. The reason for his request was that to learn that one is terminally ill means to lose face in Japanese culture. The U.S. cardiologist, arguing that she was obligated to disclose the patient's condition, nevertheless, did so. Had she NOT told the patient that she was terminally ill, her action would have been an example of

cultural relativism

According to Richard Mansbach, among onlookers there is general consensus as regards what globalization means.

false

The manner in which we have internalized the changes linked with globalization so that are now part of our emotions and the ways that we think about everyday life, defines

globality

The process that involves the creation of something new from the mixing of borrowed cultural features with those of the local culture, is termed

hybridization

What happens when cultures collide?

hybridization

The assertion that states are no longer in control of their economic fates reflects which of the three perspectives of globalization?

hyperglobalizers

The observers who hold that globalization has created economic links that have never existed before are

hyperglobalizers

It is important to talk about culture because:

it's the foundation of people's reality

Distinguish between ethnocentrism and cultural relativism

opposites-. Cultural relativists reject the notion that any one culture is superior to others; cultural relativism asserts instead that all cultures are of equal value.

Three perspectives of globalization distinguished by David Held are labeled

skeptics, hyperglobalists, transformationalists

The rise of Jamaican dancehall in Japan was used:

to illustrate the transplanting of cultural expressions/meanings from their original contexts to others

For scholars like Jan Pieterse, and Nyan Chanda, globalization began long ago - with the migration of our original ancestors, early traders, and members of world religions seeking to spread their faith.

true

The disruption of dietary norms and rise in protein deficiency that resulted from the introduction of the Green Revolution in certain cultures, is an example of

what happens when well-intentioned people fail to make culture a central feature of global or domestic practice.