TAMU GEOG 201 exam 1 review

Location Theory

A body of theory concerned with the explanation and sometimes prediction of the location of economic activities

Large scale vs Small scale maps

A large scale map only shows a small area, but it shows it in great detail. A map depicting a large area, such as an entire country, is considered a small scale map

Berlin Conference

A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa

Map Projections

A method of representing part of the earths surface. These projection can come in different forms like Polar, Mercator, and equal area

Demographic Transition Theory

A model of the population change in which birth and death rates decline, initially causing a high rate of population growth. The model assumes a relationship between population growth and economic development

Spatial Interaction (Complementarity)

A spatial interaction between two places. Actions in one place were connected to actions in another (cause & effect, supply & demand, production & consumption)

World Trade Organization

Administers the rules governing trade between its 144 members. Helps producers, importers, and exporters conduct their business and ensure that trade flows smoothly.

Age-sex Pyramids

Age-sex pyramids are two corresponding bar graphs that are displayed horizontally. On graph shows the distribution of ages for men, and the other shows the distribution of ages for women.

Remote Sensing

Collection of information about Earth's surface from afar (Primarily through arial and satellite imagery)

Qualitative Methods

Collection of non-numeric data through observation (meanings, symbols, descriptions)

Quantitative Methods

Collection of numeric data. Measurable

Mixed Methods

Combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches

Cultural Space

Common ties, and spaces that carry special meaning

Topological Space

Considers whether places are connected and how, measures in terms on connectivity

David Ricardo

David Ricardo was a prominent British political economist. He proposed a labor theory of value, which states that the relative values of products is determined by the amount of labor needed to produce them

Socioeconomic Space

Defines relations in terms of time, cost, production, and profit

First law of Geography

Everything is related to everything else

Sense of Place

Feeling experienced by people resulting from experiences and m memories associated with a place

GATT

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

GIS

Geographic Information Systems: computing tools designed to collect, organize, and analyze geographical information

Health Areas (Globalization)

Geographic settings were new practices have developed and from where they have spread.

"Space-time Convergence"

Increased global connectivity that brings places closer together in relative terms

Agglomeration Effects (Path Dependence)

Interdependencies associated with various kinds of economic linkages, including the cost advantages that accrue to individual firms because of their locations among functionally related activities

Internally Displaced Persons

Internally Displaced Persons

Archival Research

Looking through historic data to gather information regarding environmental change

NAFTA

North American Free Trade Agreement

Core vs. Peripheral Regions

Peripheral countries are dependent on core countries for capital and have underdeveloped industry. core: Describes dominant capitalist countries which exploit the peripheral countries

Agricultural Hearths

Places where agriculture first developed and originated.

Dependency Ratio

Rate of natural increase

Export-processing Zones

Small areas or regions within countries (semi- peripheral, or peripheral countries) where governments encourage FDI through various incentives

Classical Economics

Smith, Ricardo, John Stuart Mill, and Thomas Malthus are all political economists associated with classical economics. All believed that that pursuit of wealth motivated people, and the self-interested pursuit of wealth would lead to the best overall societal outcomes

Socialism

Socialism was defined as a mode of production where the workers owned the means of production and the source of their livelihoods

Minisystems

Societies with reciprocal social economies. Where people specialize in their production, but freely share the excess of the production with others in the community.

Space vs Place

Space is something abstract, without any substantial meaning. While place refers to how people are aware of/attracted to a certain piece of space

Demography

Study of statistics that capture the structure of human populations.

Ethnography

Systematic observation of human populations and cultures. Obtained by outside research or participant observation

Baby Boomers

The Baby Boom generation includes individuals born between 1946 and 1964

Partition of India (Radcliffe Line)

The Radcliffe Line became the international border between India and Pakistan (which also included what is now Bangladesh) during the partition of India

comparative advantage

The ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost

Internationalization of Finance

The global financial system refers to the framework of institutions and agreements that facilitates the flow of financial capital

Initial Advantage (Path Dependence)

The importance of an early start in economic development

Globalization

The increasing interconnectedness of different parts of the world through common processes of economic, environmental, political, and cultural change

Capitalism

The laborers (Marx called proletariat) must sell their labor to capitalists to meet their basic needs. Meanwhile, capitalists profit from selling goods made by the labor of others

Intervening Opportunity

The spatial interaction between two places will be proportional to the number of opportunities at the place

Cumulative Causation

The spiraling buildup of advantages that occur in specific geographic settings as a result of the development of external economies, agglomeration effects and localization economies

Kuznets Curve

This relationship between economic growth and inequality changes with time

Piketty's Theory of Wealth

Thomas Piketty argues that inequality is growing around the world primarily due to differences in how wealth is accumulated.

Cartogram Map

Those weird maps that put everything into proportion that makes everything look distorted

Modernization Theory

Walt Rostow argued that places around the world were simply at different stages of steadily modernizing

WTO

World Trade Organization

International Monetary Fund

a United Nations agency to promote trade by increasing the exchange stability of the major currencies

Containerization (Global Trade)

a form of intermodal transportation that involves the use of standard sized containers that can easily be moved from ships to trains to trucks

Choropleth Map

a map that uses differences in shading, coloring, or the placing of symbols within predefined areas to indicate the average values of a property or quantity in those areas.

Deindustrialization

a relative decline in the industrial employment in core regions

Path Dependence .

a situation in which the options one faces in the current situation are limited by decisions made in the past

Distance

absolute physical measurement between two locations

Primary-sector (Economic Structures)

activities involved directly with natural resources, e.g. forestry, fishing, mining, agriculture

World Bank

also established in 1945, provides financing for long term development projects (particularly infrastructure)

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

an estimate of the total value of materials, goods, and services produced by a country in a particular year, regardless of who owns the means of production.

Pull factors

are forces of attraction that influence migrants to move to a particular location.

Propulsive Industries

are those that tend to stimulate the greatest rates of economic growth

Dependency theory

argues that resources flow from a periphery poor state to core wealthy states

Hierarchical Diffusion

cascade diffusion occurs when a phenomenon moves from one location to another without necessarily spreading to people and place in between

Feudalism

characterized by centralized control of land which was accessed by contract relationships, i.e. providing labor to the lord

Peripheral Regions

characterized by dependent and disadvantageous trading relations, by limited technologies, and undeveloped or narrowly specialized economies.

Adam Smith

commonly thought of as the father of capitalism. The Theory of Moral Sentiments, was an inquiry into the origins of ethics and conscience.

Conglomerate Corporations

corporations engaged in a diversity of activities that can be very different or unrelated to each other

Newly Industrialized Countries (NICs)

countries formerly peripheral within the world-system that have developed a major industrial sector, often through foreign direct investment

Absolute Space

define relationships among things in terms of their fixed measurable locations

Modes of production

different configurations of the relationships among classes and the relationship between workers and the means of production

Friction of Distance

distance itself prevents interaction between places (greater the distance the more difficult the interaction)

Neocolonialism

economic and political strategies by which powerful states in core economies indirectly maintain or extend their influence over other areas or people

foreign direct investment

efforts by some nations to reduce labor and environmental standards in order to attract foreign direct investment

Push Factors

events and conditions that impel an individual to move from a location

Quarternary-sector (Economic Structures)

fell with the handling and processing of knowledge and information, e.g. data processing, information retrieval, research and development.

Transnational Corporations

have investments and activities that span international boundaries with subsidiary companies, factories, offices, or facilities in several countries.

Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)

how much of a common "market basket" of goods and services each currency can purchase locall

Colonialism

involves the establishment and maintenance of political and legal domination by a state over a separate and alien society. This usually involves actual physical settlement of a place and always involves the exploitation by a colonizing state.

World-empire

is a group of minisystems that are absorbed into a common political system. In these systems, the wealth flows from producer classes to an elite class via tributes and taxes, through either military and/or religious coercion.

Population Density

is a measure of the relationship between the number of people and an areal unit, expressed as a ration (e.g. people per square mile)

Fordism

is a model of modern economic and social systems, in which standardized mass production and mass consumption are central to economic organization and activities

World Systems

is an interdependent system of states linked by political and economic competition.

Cognitive Space

is measured in terms of peoples values, beliefs, and perceptions about locations

Internal migration

is movement to a new residence within the same country The Great Migration (1916-1970) - Post- reconstruction, the African Americans began to move to the Northeast, Midwest, and Western United States in large numbers. An estimated 6 million African Americans relocated during this periods)

Post-Fordism

is the expansion of models of mass consumption and mass production to leverage new technologies, marketing systems, and flexible production techniques

Diffusion

is the process by which things spread from one place to other places

Political Economy

is the study of social relations through the organization of trade and production

Vertical Disintegration

is the transition from large functionally integrated firms to toward networks of specialized firms, contractors and suppliers

Backward Linkages (Path Dependence)

linkages among firms as firms arrive to provide the growing industry with components, supplies and specialized services or facilities

Forward Linkages (Path Dependence)

linkages among firms that develop as firms arrive to take the finished products of a growing industry and use them in their own operations

Latitude

measures the angular distance from the equator

Longitude

measures the angular distance of a point from the prime meridian

Commodity Chains

networks of labor and production processes that originate in the extraction or production of raw materials whose end result is the delivery and consumption of a finished commodity

Expansion Diffusion

occurs when an agent passes the phenomenon directly to another agent that is geographically closets

Growth Poles

place of high economic activity deliberately organized around one or more high- growth industry

Comparative Advantage

places and regions specialize in activities for which they have the greatest advantage in productivity relative to other regions

Spread Effects (Path Dependence)

positive impacts on regions from the economic growth of some other region

Secondary-sector (Economic Structures)

processing, transformation, fabrication or assembly of raw materials, e.g. food processing, manufacturing, furniture production

Distance-Decay

rate at which different phenomenons diminish with increasing distance

Dependency Ratio

ratio of those of working age to those not. It is intended measure of the economic impact of the young and the old on the "economically productive" members of the population

Spatial Interaction

refers to the movements and flows involving human activity

Tertiary-sector (Economic Structures)

sale and exchange of goods and services, e.g. warehousing, retail, personal services, advertising, entertainment, commercial services, accounting.

Spatial Interaction (Transferability)

the ability to move things between locations

Cognitive Distance

the distance that people perceive between two places

Means of Production

the non- financial inputs used in the production of value, such as machinery, factories, tools, infrastructure, and natural resources

Total Fertility Rate

the number of children on average per woman throughout here lifetime, assuming survival through entirety of reproductive age

Economic Development

the process of change involving the nature and composition of the economy of a particular region as well as to increases in the overall prosperity of a region.

Agricultural Density

the ration between the number of agriculturalists per unit of farmable land

Nutritional Density

the ration between the total population and the amount of land under cultivation in a given unit of area

Health Density

the ration of the number of physicians to the total population

Cartography

the science or practice of drawing maps.

Division of Labor

the specialization of different people, regions, and countries in certain kinds of economic activities

Economic Geography

the study of economic activities under different conditions and occurring across different locations

Spatial Analysis

the study of the arrangement of phenomena

Postcolonialism

the study of the continued legacy of colonialism on cultures, economic development, and the environment

Core Regions

those that dominate trade, control advanced technologies and have high levels of productivity with diversified economies.

Gross National Income (GNI)

value of income that flows to a country, regardless of where that income is generated. GNI includes all incomes of businesses, regardless of the locations of their activities