Taniguchi: Slife: Chap 2-5 Vocab

Organisms

: a complex structure of interdependent and subordinate elements whose relations and properties are largely determined by their function in the whole 2 : an individual constituted to carry on the activities of life by means of organs separate in function but mutually dependent : a living being — or·gan·is·mic also or·gan·is·mal adjective — or·gan·is·mi·cal·ly adverb

Intuition

: a natural ability or power that makes it possible to know something without any proof or evidence : a feeling that guides a person to act a certain way without fully understanding why : something that is known or understood without proof or evidence

Implications

: a possible future effect or result : something that is suggested without being said directly : something that is implied : the fact or state of being involved in or connected to something (such as a crime) : the fact or state of being implicated in something

Input

: advice or opinions that help someone make a decision : information that is put into a computer : something (such as power or energy) that is put into a machine or system

Classical Conditioning

: conditioning in which the conditioned stimulus (as the sound of a bell) is paired with and precedes the unconditioned stimulus (as the sight of food) until the conditioned stimulus alone is sufficient to elicit the response (as salivation in a dog) — compare operant conditioning

Parsimonious

: exhibiting or marked by parsimony; especially : frugal to the point of stinginess 2 : sparing, restrained — par·si·mo·ni·ous·ly adverb

Potential

: existing in possibility : capable of development into actuality <potential benefits> 2 : expressing possibility; specifically : of, relating to, or constituting a verb phrase expressing possibility, liberty, or power by the use of an auxiliary with the infinitive of the verb (as in "it may rain") — po·ten·tial·ly adverb

Pessimistic

: having or showing a lack of hope for the future : expecting bad things to happen

Mentalistic

: of or relating to any school of psychology or psychiatry that in contrast to behaviorism values subjective data (as those gained by introspection) in the study and explanation of behavior 2 : of or relating to mental phenomena — men·tal·ism noun

Interpersonal

: relating to or involving relations between people : existing or happening between people

Contingencies

: something (such as an emergency) that might happen : the quality or state of being contingent 2 : a contingent event or condition: as a : an event (as an emergency) that may but is not certain to occur <trying to provide for every contingency> b : something liable to happen as an adjunct to or result of something else See contingency defined for English-language learners » See contingency defined for kids »

Plausible

: superficially fair, reasonable, or valuable but often specious <a plausible pretext> 2 : superficially pleasing or persuasive <a swindler... , then a quack, then a smooth, plausible gentleman — R. W. Emerson> 3 : appearing worthy of belief <the argument was both powerful and plausible> — plau·si·ble·ness noun — plau·si·bly adverb

Output

: the amount of something that is produced by a person or thing : something (such as power, energy, or information) that is produced by a machine or system : the place at which information, power, etc., comes out of a machine or system

Basis

: the bottom of something considered as its foundation 2 : the principal component of something 3 a : something on which something else is established or based b : an underlying condition or state of affairs <hired on a trial basis> <on a first-name basis> 4 : the basic principle 5 : a set of linearly independent vectors in a vector space such that any vector in the vector space can be expressed as a linear combination of them with appropriately chosen coefficients

Frequency

: the fact or condition of happening often : common occurrence : the number of times that something happens during a particular period : the number times that something (such as a sound wave or radio wave) is repeated in a period of time (such as a second)

Conditioning

: the process of becoming stronger and healthier by following a regular exercise program and diet : the act or process of training a person or animal to do something or to behave in a certain way in a particular situation

Contiguity

: the quality or state of being contiguous : proximity See contiguity defined for kids »

Comparative Psychology

: the study of the relationships between species differences and behavior especially in reference to genetics and evolution

Construct

: to build or make (something physical, such as a road, bridge, or building) : to make or create (something, such as a story or theory) by organizing ideas, words, etc. mathematics : to draw (a shape) according to a set of instructions or rules

Presumed

: to undertake without leave or clear justification : dare 2 : to expect or assume especially with confidence 3 : to suppose to be true without proof <presumed innocent until proved guilty> 4 : to take for granted : imply intransitive verb 1 : to act or proceed presumptuously or on a presumption 2 : to go beyond what is right or proper — pre·sumed·ly adverb — pre·sum·er noun

Altruistic

: unselfish regard for or devotion to the welfare of others 2 : behavior by an animal that is not beneficial to or may be harmful to itself but that benefits others of its species — al·tru·ist noun — al·tru·is·tic adjective — al·tru·is·ti·cal·ly adverb

Identity

: who someone is : the name of a person : the qualities, beliefs, etc., that make a particular person or group different from others

Abraham Maslow

Abraham Harold Maslow (/ˈmæzloʊ/; April 1, 1908 - June 8, 1970) was an American psychologist who was best known for creating Maslow's hierarchy of needs, a theory of psychological health predicated on fulfilling innate human needs in priority, culminating in self-actualization.[2] Maslow was a psychology professor at Brandeis University, Brooklyn College, New School for Social Research and Columbia University. He stressed the importance of focusing on the positive qualities in people, as opposed to treating them as a "bag of symptoms."[3]

Instinctoid

Abraham Maslow invented the term Instinctoid to differentiate the basic human physical needs for personal survival from their higher, but less physically essential, behavioral needs. These instinctoid needs are the basic needs of food, water, and shelter. Beyond these basic needs are the less tangible behavioral needs; love, acceptance, belonging, achievement, etc.that are important for becoming a well-balanced and completely functional person. These needs are detailed by Maslow in his postulated Hierarchy of Needs.

Alfred Adler

Alfred W. Adler[1] (/ˈædlər/;[2] German: [ˈaːdlɐ]; February 5, 1870 - May 28, 1937) was an Austrian medical doctor, psychotherapist, and founder of the school of individual psychology.[3] His emphasis on the importance of feelings of inferiority[4]—the inferiority complex—is recognized as isolating an element which plays a key role in personality development.[5] Alfred Adler considered human beings as an individual whole, therefore he called his psychology "Individual Psychology" (Orgler 1976). Adler was the first to emphasize the importance of the social element in the re-adjustment process of the individual and who carried psychiatry into the community.[6]

Reinforcement histories

Although the influence of reinforcement history is a theoretical focus of behavior analysis, the specific behavioral effects of reinforcement history have received relatively little attention in applied research and practice.

Drive

An intention, biological predisposition, etc. for a human to do an activity.

Conceptual Costs

Assumptions and Implications associated with theories due to the ideas embedded with in the theories.

Behaviorist Theory

Behaviorism is primarily concerned with observable and measurable aspects of human behavior. In defining behavior, behaviorist learning theories emphasize changes in behavior that result from stimulus-response associations made by the learner. Behavior is directed by stimuli.Sep 8, 2014

BF Skinner

Burrhus Frederic (B. F.) Skinner (March 20, 1904 - August 18, 1990) was an American psychologist, behaviorist, author, inventor, and social philosopher.[1][2][3][4] He was the Edgar Pierce Professor of Psychology at Harvard University from 1958 until his retirement in 1974.[5] Skinner believed that human free will is an illusion and that any human action is the result of the consequences of the same action. If the consequences are bad, there is a high chance that the action will not be repeated; however if the consequences are good, the actions that led to it will become more probable.[6] Skinner called this the principle of reinforcement.[7] The use of reinforcement to strengthen behavior he called operant conditioning. As his main tool for studying operant conditioning Skinner invented the operant conditioning chamber, also known as the Skinner Box.[8] Skinner developed his own philosophy of science called radical behaviorism,[9] and founded a school of experimental research psychology—the experimental analysis of behavior. His analysis of human behavior culminated in his work Verbal Behavior, as well as his philosophical manifesto Walden Two, both of which[citation needed] still stimulate considerable experimental research and clinical application.[10] Contemporary academia considers Skinner a pioneer of modern behaviorism along with John B. Watson and Ivan Pavlov. Skinner emphasized rate of response as a dependent variable in psychological research. He invented the cumulative recorder to measure response rate as part of his highly influential work on schedules of reinforcement.[11][12] In a June 2002 survey, Skinner was listed as the most influential psychologist of the 20th century.[13] He was a prolific author who published 21 books and 180 articles.[14][15]

Carl Jung

Carl Gustav Jung (/jʊŋ/; German: [ˈkarl ˈɡʊstaf jʊŋ]; 26 July 1875 - 6 June 1961), often referred to as C. G. Jung, was a Swiss psychiatrist and psychotherapist who founded analytical psychology.[2] Jung proposed and developed the concepts of the collective unconscious, archetypes, and extraversion and introversion. His work has been influential not only in psychiatry but also in philosophy, anthropology, archeology, literature, and religious studies. He was a prolific writer, though many of his works were not published until after his death. The central concept of analytical psychology is individuation—the psychological process of integrating the opposites, including the conscious with the unconscious, while still maintaining their relative autonomy.[3] Jung considered individuation to be the central process of human development.[4] Jung created some of the best known psychological concepts, including the archetype, the collective unconscious, the complex, and synchronicity. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), a popular psychometric instrument, was developed from Jung's theory of psychological types. Jung saw the human psyche as "by nature religious"[5] and made this religiousness the focus of his explorations.[6] Jung is one of the best known contemporary contributors to dream analysis and symbolization. Though he was a practising clinician and considered himself to be a scientist,[7] much of his life's work was spent exploring tangential areas such as Eastern and Western philosophy, alchemy, astrology, and sociology, as well as literature and the arts. Jung's interest in philosophy and the occult led many to view him as a mystic, although his ambition was to be seen as a man of science.[7] His influence on popular psychology, the "psychologization of religion",[8] spirituality and the New Age movement has been immense.[9]

Carl Rogers

Carl Ransom Rogers (January 8, 1902 - February 4, 1987) was an influential American psychologist and among the founders of the humanistic approach (or client-centered approach) to psychology. Rogers is widely considered to be one of the founding fathers of psychotherapy research and was honored for his pioneering research with the Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions by the American Psychological Association (APA) in 1956. The person-centered approach, his own unique approach to understanding personality and human relationships, found wide application in various domains such as psychotherapy and counseling (client-centered therapy), education (student-centered learning), organizations, and other group settings. For his professional work he was bestowed the Award for Distinguished Professional Contributions to Psychology by the APA in 1972. In a study by Haggbloom et al. (2002) using six criteria such as citations and recognition, Rogers was found to be the sixth most eminent psychologist of the 20th century and second, among clinicians, only to Sigmund Freud.[1]

Cognitive Theory

Cognitive theory is an approach to psychology that attempts to explain human behavior by understanding the thought processes.

Ego

Conscious identify and awareness of ourselves, carries out secondary process thinking, uses logic and considered the social and moral consequences of its actions. Part of the mind in contact with the outside world.

Extinction

Counteracting the effects of reinforcement and conditioning by making sure that the conditioned behavior is no longer reinforced when it occurs.

Superego

Develops as we come to know and adopt the rules and morals of our society, and most particularly, those of our parents. Uses guilt and anxiety to try and get us to conform to the rules.

Eclecticism

Eclecticism is a conceptual approach that does not hold rigidly to a single paradigm or set of assumptions, but instead draws upon multiple theories, styles, or ideas to gain complementary insights into a subject, or applies different theories in particular cases.

Erich Fromm

Erich Seligmann Fromm (March 23, 1900 - March 18, 1980) was a German social psychologist, psychoanalyst, sociologist, humanistic philosopher, and democratic socialist. He was associated with what became known as the Frankfurt School of critical theory.[1]

Erik Erikson

Erik Homburger Erikson (15 June 1902 - 12 May 1994) was a German-born American developmental psychologist and psychoanalyst known for his theory on psychosocial development of human beings. He may be most famous for coining the phrase identity crisis. His son, Kai T. Erikson, is a noted American sociologist. Although Erikson lacked even a bachelor's degree, he served as a professor at prominent institutions such as Harvard and Yale.

Root Metaphor

Full Definition of ROOT METAPHOR. : a fundamental perspective or viewpoint based on a supposition of similarity of form between mental concepts and external objects which though not factually supportable determines the manner in which an individual structures his knowledge — compare category.

Fully Functioning Persons

If we develop properly, following the dictates of our potential

Fixated

In Our unconscious minds, we continue to have the same desire for gratification that we had in an earlier life-when we were properly (chronologically) in that particular stage.

Psychodynamic Theory

In psychology, a psychodynamic theory is a view that explains personality in terms of conscious and unconscious forces, such as unconscious desires and beliefs.

Ivan Pavlov

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (Russian: Ива́н Петро́вич Па́влов; IPA: [ɪˈvan pʲɪˈtrovʲɪtɕ ˈpavləf] ( listen); 26 September [O.S. 14 September] 1849 - 27 February 1936) was a Russian physiologist known primarily for his work in classical conditioning. From his childhood days Pavlov demonstrated intellectual brilliance along with an unusual energy which he named "the instinct for research".[1] Inspired by the progressive ideas which D. I. Pisarev, the most eminent of the Russian literary critics of the 1860s and I. M. Sechenov, the father of Russian physiology, were spreading, Pavlov abandoned his religious career and decided to devote his life to science. In 1870 he enrolled in the physics and mathematics faculty at the University of Saint Petersburg to take the course in natural science.[2] Ivan Pavlov devoted his life to the study of physiology and sciences, making several remarkable discoveries and ideas that were passed on from generation to generation.[3] He won the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1904.[1][4]

JOhn B Watson

John Broadus Watson (January 9, 1878 - September 25, 1958) was an American psychologist who established the psychological school of behaviorism. Watson promoted a change in psychology through his address Psychology as the Behaviorist Views it, which was given at Columbia University in 1913.[3] Through his behaviorist approach, Watson conducted research on animal behavior, child rearing, and advertising. In addition, he conducted the controversial "Little Albert" experiment. He was also editor of Psychological Review from 1910 to 1915.[4]

Karen Horney

Karen Horney (/ˈhɔrnaɪ/;[1][2] born Danielsen, 16 September 1885 - 4 December 1952) was a German psychoanalyst who practiced in the United States during her later career. Her theories questioned some traditional Freudian views. This was particularly true of her theories of sexuality and of the instinct orientation of psychoanalysis. She is credited with founding feminist psychology in response to Freud's theory of penis envy. She disagreed with Freud about inherent differences in the psychology of men and women, and she traced such differences to society and culture rather than biology.[3] As such, she is often classified as Neo-Freudian.

Moral Relativism

Moral relativism is the view that moral judgments are true or false only relative to some particular standpoint (for instance, that of a culture or a historical period) and that no standpoint is uniquely privileged over all others.

Neural

Of or relating to a nerve or the nervous system. 2. Of, relating to, or located on the same side of the body as the spinal cord; dorsal.

Id

Primitive, carrying out the primary process thinking. Pursues only gratification with no regard for the consequences of its gratification self-seeking behaviors. Antisocial.

Beloningness Needs

Refers to our need for love and acceptance from others

Sigmund Freud

Sigmund Freud (/frɔɪd/;[2] German pronunciation: [ˈziːkmʊnt ˈfʁɔʏ̯t]; born Sigismund Schlomo Freud; 6 May 1856 - 23 September 1939) was an Austrian neurologist, now known as the father of psychoanalysis. Freud qualified as a doctor of medicine at the University of Vienna in 1881,[3] and then carried out research into cerebral palsy, aphasia and microscopic neuroanatomy at the Vienna General Hospital.[4] Upon completing his habilitation in 1895, he was appointed a docent in neuropathology in the same year and became an extraordinary professor (professor extraordinarius) in 1902.[5][6] In creating psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst,[7] Freud developed therapeutic techniques such as the use of free association and discovered transference, establishing its central role in the analytic process. Freud's redefinition of sexuality to include its infantile forms led him to formulate the Oedipus complex as the central tenet of psychoanalytical theory. His analysis of dreams as wish-fulfillments provided him with models for the clinical analysis of symptom formation and the mechanisms of repression as well as for elaboration of his theory of the unconscious as an agency disruptive of conscious states of mind.[8] Freud postulated the existence of libido, an energy with which mental processes and structures are invested and which generates erotic attachments, and a death drive, the source of repetition, hate, aggression and neurotic guilt.[9] In his later work Freud developed a wide-ranging interpretation and critique of religion and culture. Psychoanalysis remains influential within psychotherapy, within some areas of psychiatry, and across the humanities. As such, it continues to generate extensive and highly contested debate with regard to its therapeutic efficacy, its scientific status, and whether it advances or is detrimental to the feminist cause.[10] Nonetheless, Freud's work has suffused contemporary Western thought and popular culture. In the words of W. H. Auden's poetic tribute, by the time of Freud's death in 1939, he had become "a whole climate of opinion / under whom we conduct our different lives".[11]

Punishment

Suppress links between stimuli and responses by arranging things so that the response results in something unpleasant.

Humanistic Theory

Term applied to a group of related theories that have been developed in opposition to the two theoretical approaches (psychodynamic theory and behaviorism).

Humanistic Theory

The History of Humanistic Psychology. * Maslow (1943) developed a hierarchical theory of human motivation. * Carl Rogers (1946) publishes Significant aspects of client-centered therapy (also called person centered therapy).

Loving

The experience of loving (behaviorist theory). Will come about in all species because of the same conditioning processes and environmental forces.

Self Actualization

The state of having fulfilled our innate potential and become fully the people we are and should be

Models

Theories constructed around a narrow focus, and are so explicitly tested and examined, that they are functionally different from the theories we have talked about. Generally do not represent reality, but chiefly to simulate or predict specific behaviors.

Organismic Valuing Process

We each know what is best for us individually, and we should be true to that knowledge in order to maximize our growth and devleopment.

Versions or Readings

When scientists want to understand the core of theories, but not the all encompassing, definitive positions of the theories or the theories themselves

Superficial

a (1) : of, relating to, or located near a surface (2) : lying on, not penetrating below, or affecting only the surface <superficial wounds> b British of a unit of measure : square <superficial foot> 2 a : concerned only with the obvious or apparent : shallow b : seen on the surface : external c : presenting only an appearance without substance or significance — su·per·fi·cial·ly adverb

Relativism

a : a theory that knowledge is relative to the limited nature of the mind and the conditions of knowing b : a view that ethical truths depend on the individuals and groups holding them

Automatic

a : largely or wholly involuntary; especially : reflex 5 <automatic blinking of the eyelids> b : acting or done spontaneously or unconsciously c : done or produced as if by machine : mechanical <the answers were automatic> 2 : having a self-acting or self-regulating mechanism <an automatic transmission> 3 of a firearm : firing repeatedly until the trigger is released — au·to·mat·i·cal·ly adverb — au·to·ma·tic·i·ty noun

Coherent

a : logically or aesthetically ordered or integrated : consistent <coherent style> <a coherent argument> b : having clarity or intelligibility : understandable <a coherent person> <a coherent passage> 2 : having the quality of holding together or cohering; especially : cohesive, coordinated <a coherent plan for action> 3 a : relating to or composed of waves having a constant difference in phase <coherent light> b : producing coherent light <a coherent source> — co·her·ent·ly adverb

Hierarchy

a division of angels 2 a : a ruling body of clergy organized into orders or ranks each subordinate to the one above it; especially : the bishops of a province or nation b : church government by a hierarchy 3 : a body of persons in authority 4 : the classification of a group of people according to ability or to economic, social, or professional standing; also : the group so classified 5 : a graded or ranked series <a hierarchy of values> See hierarchy defined for English-language learners » See hierarchy defined for kids »

Stimulus

a thing or event that evokes a specific functional reaction in an organ or tissue. "areas of the brain which respond to auditory stimuli" a thing that rouses activity or energy in someone or something; a spur or incentive. "if the tax were abolished, it would act as a stimulus to exports" synonyms: spur, stimulant, encouragement, impetus, boost, prompt, prod, incentive, inducement, inspiration; More an interesting and exciting quality. "she loved the stimulus of the job"

Dynamic

adjective 1. (of a process or system) characterized by constant change, activity, or progress. "a dynamic economy" (of a person) positive in attitude and full of energy and new ideas. "she's dynamic and determined" synonyms: energetic, spirited, active, lively, zestful, vital, vigorous, forceful, powerful, positive; More PHYSICS of or relating to forces producing motion. LINGUISTICS (of a verb) expressing an action, activity, event, or process. denoting or relating to web pages that update frequently or are generated according to an individual's search terms. "the dynamic content of these sites keeps their audience informed and up to date" ELECTRONICS (of a memory device) needing to be refreshed by the periodic application of a voltage. ELECTRONICS of or relating to the volume of sound produced by a voice, instrument, or sound recording equipment. 2. MUSIC relating to the volume of sound produced by an instrument, voice, or recording. "an astounding dynamic range" noun noun: dynamic; plural noun: dynamics 1. a force that stimulates change or progress within a system or process. "evaluation is part of the basic dynamic of the project" 2. MUSIC another term for dynamics (sense 3).

Unconscious

adjective 1. not conscious. "the boy was beaten unconscious" synonyms: insensible, senseless, insentient, insensate, comatose, inert, knocked out, stunned; More done or existing without one realizing. "he would wipe back his hair in an unconscious gesture of annoyance" synonyms: subconscious, latent, suppressed, subliminal, sleeping, dormant, inherent, instinctive, involuntary, uncontrolled, spontaneous; More unaware of. ""What is it?" he said again, unconscious of the repetition" synonyms: heedless of, unmindful of, disregarding of, oblivious to, insensible to, impervious to, unaffected by, unconcerned by, indifferent to; More noun noun: unconscious 1. the part of the mind that is inaccessible to the conscious mind but that affects behavior and emotions. synonyms: subconscious, psyche, ego, id, inner self "fantasies raging in the unconscious"

Conscious

adjective aware of and responding to one's surroundings; awake. synonyms: aware, awake, alert, responsive, sentient, compos mentis "the patient was conscious" having knowledge of something; aware. "we are conscious of the extent of the problem" synonyms: aware, mindful, sensible; More painfully aware of; sensitive to. "he was very conscious of his appearance"

Causal

adjective of, relating to, or acting as a cause. "the causal factors associated with illness" GRAMMARLOGIC expressing or indicating a cause. "a causal conjunction"

Instincts

an innate, typically fixed pattern of behavior in animals in response to certain stimuli. "birds have an instinct to build nests" a natural or intuitive way of acting or thinking. "they retain their old authoritarian instincts" synonyms: natural tendency, inherent tendency, inclination, urge, drive, compulsion, need; More a natural propensity or skill of a specified kind. "his instinct for making the most of his chances" synonyms: talent, gift, ability, aptitude, faculty, skill, flair, feel, genius, knack, bent "his instinct for music"

Comprehensive

covering completely or broadly : inclusive <comprehensive examinations> <comprehensive insurance> 2 : having or exhibiting wide mental grasp <comprehensive knowledge> — com·pre·hen·sive·ly adverb — com·pre·hen·sive·ness noun

Conceptual Costs

examine each theory and see what assumptions are implicit in them and what implications are entails in accepting them.

Theories

formalized ideas, constructed from other ideas (assumptions, understandings, observations, etc. Any idea explaining the world.

Contention

heated disagreement. "the captured territory was one of the main areas of contention between the two countries" synonyms: disagreement, dispute, disputation, argument, discord, conflict, friction, strife, dissension, disharmony "a point of contention" antonyms: agreement 2. an assertion, especially one maintained in argument. "statistics bear out his contention that many runners are undertrained for this event" synonyms: argument, claim, plea, submission, allegation, assertion, declaration; More

Warrant

law : a document issued by a court that gives the police the power to do something : a reason for thinking, deciding, or doing something

Salient

moving by leaps or springs : jumping 2 : jetting upward <a salient fountain> 3 a : projecting beyond a line, surface, or level b : standing out conspicuously : prominent; especially : of notable significance <similar to ... Prohibition, but there are a couple of salient differences — Tony Gibbs> — sa·lient·ly adverb

Incongruent

not : congruous 2 : superposable so as to be coincident throughout 3 : having the difference divisible by a given modulus <12 is congruent to 2 (modulo 5) since 12−2=2·5>

Unobservable

not : in-, non- —in adjectives formed from adjectives <unambitious> <unskilled> or participles <undressed>, in nouns formed from nouns <unavailability>, and rarely in verbs formed from verbs <unbe> —sometimes in words that have a meaning that merely negates that of the base word and are thereby distinguished from words that prefix in- or a variant of it (as im-) to the same base word and have a meaning positively opposite to that of the base word <unartistic> <unmoral> 2 : opposite of : contrary to —in adjectives formed from adjectives <unconstitutional> <ungraceful> <unmannered> or participles <unbelieving> and in nouns formed from nouns <unrest>

Behavioral Sciences

noun 1. a science or branch of learning, as psychology or sociology, that derives its concepts from observation of the behavior of living organisms.

Reflex

noun 1. an action that is performed as a response to a stimulus and without conscious thought. "a newborn baby is equipped with basic reflexes" a person's ability to respond quickly. "he was saved by his superb reflexes" (in reflexology) a response in a part of the body to stimulation of a corresponding point on the feet, hands, or head. "reflex points" 2. a thing that is determined by and reproduces the essential features or qualities of something else. "politics was no more than a reflex of economics" a word formed by development from an earlier stage of a language. archaic a reflected source of light. "the reflex from the window lit his face" adjective adjective: reflex 1. (of an action) performed without conscious thought as an automatic response to a stimulus. "sneezing is a reflex action" synonyms: instinctive, automatic, involuntary, reflexive, impulsive, intuitive, spontaneous, unconscious, unconditioned, untaught, unlearned "sneezing is a reflex action" antonyms: conscious 2. (of an angle) exceeding 180°.

Impression

noun 1. an idea, feeling, or opinion about something or someone, especially one formed without conscious thought or on the basis of little evidence. "his first impressions of Manchester were very positive" synonyms: feeling, feeling in one's bones, sense, fancy, (sneaking) suspicion, inkling, premonition, intuition, presentiment, hunch; More an effect produced on someone. "her courtesy and quick wit had made a good impression" synonyms: impact, effect, influence "school made a profound impression on me" a difference made by the action or presence of someone or something. "the floor was too dirty for the mop to make much impression" 2. an imitation of a person or thing, especially one done to entertain. "he did an impression of Frank Sinatra" synonyms: impersonation, imitation; More

Implication

noun 1. the conclusion that can be drawn from something, although it is not explicitly stated. "the implication is that no one person at the bank is responsible" synonyms: suggestion, insinuation, innuendo, hint, intimation, imputation "he was smarting at their implication" a likely consequence of something. "a victory that had important political implications" synonyms: consequence, result, ramification, repercussion, reverberation, effect, significance "important political implications" 2. the action or state of being involved in something. "our implication in the problems" synonyms: incrimination, involvement, connection, entanglement, association; datedinculpation "his implication in the murder case"

Postmodernism

noun a late-20th-century style and concept in the arts, architecture, and criticism that represents a departure from modernism and has at its heart a general distrust of grand theories and ideologies as well as a problematical relationship with any notion of "art."

Structuralism

noun a method of interpretation and analysis of aspects of human cognition, behavior, culture, and experience that focuses on relationships of contrast between elements in a conceptual system that reflect patterns underlying a superficial diversity. the doctrine that structure is more important than function.

Worldview

noun a particular philosophy of life or conception of the world. "I have broadened my worldview by experiencing a whole new culture"

Psychoanalysis

noun a system of psychological theory and therapy that aims to treat mental disorders by investigating the interaction of conscious and unconscious elements in the mind and bringing repressed fears and conflicts into the conscious mind by techniques such as dream interpretation and free association.

Response

noun a verbal or written answer. "without waiting for a response, she returned to her newspaper" a written or verbal answer to a question in a test, questionnaire, survey, etc. synonyms: answer, reply, rejoinder, retort, riposte; informalcomeback "his response to the question" a reaction to something. "an extended, jazzy piano solo drew the biggest response from the crowd" synonyms: reaction, reply, retaliation, feedback; informalcomeback "an angry response"

Assumptions

noun plural noun: assumptions 1. a thing that is accepted as true or as certain to happen, without proof. "they made certain assumptions about the market" synonyms: supposition, presumption, belief, expectation, conjecture, speculation, surmise, guess, premise, hypothesis; More 2. the action of taking or beginning to take power or responsibility. "the assumption of an active role in regional settlements" synonyms: seizure, arrogation, appropriation, expropriation, commandeering, confiscation, hijacking, wresting More

Motivations

noun plural noun: motivations the reason or reasons one has for acting or behaving in a particular way. "escape can be a strong motivation for travel" synonyms: motive, motivating force, incentive, stimulus, stimulation, inspiration, inducement, incitement, spur, reason; informalcarrot "his motivation was financial" the general desire or willingness of someone to do something. "keep staff up to date and maintain interest and motivation" synonyms: enthusiasm, drive, ambition, initiative, determination, enterprise; informalget-up-and-go "keep up the staff's motivation"

Stimuli

noun plural noun: stimuli a thing or event that evokes a specific functional reaction in an organ or tissue. "areas of the brain which respond to auditory stimuli" a thing that rouses activity or energy in someone or something; a spur or incentive. "if the tax were abolished, it would act as a stimulus to exports" synonyms: spur, stimulant, encouragement, impetus, boost, prompt, prod, incentive, inducement, inspiration; More an interesting and exciting quality. "she loved the stimulus of the job"

Human Nature

noun the general psychological characteristics, feelings, and behavioral traits of humankind, regarded as shared by all humans. "he had a poor opinion of human nature"

Reinforcement

reinforcements : people and supplies that are sent to help or support an army, military force, etc. : the act of strengthening or encouraging something : a thing that strengthens or encourages something

Ideas

the ones that they have recognized as explanations with formal scientific methods to see whether those explanations seem justified and supported by experimental data.

Psychology

the science of mind and behavior 2 a : the mental or behavioral characteristics of an individual or group b : the study of mind and behavior in relation to a particular field of knowledge or activity 3 : a theory or system of psychology <Freudian psychology> <the psychology of Jung> — psy·chol·o·gist noun

Psychodynamic

the struggle to reconcile sexual instinctual urges with the demands of society is the fundamental condition we as human beings find ourselves in

Intimate

to make known especially publicly or formally : announce 2 : to communicate delicately and indirectly : hint — in·ti·mat·er noun — in·ti·ma·tion noun

Attuned

verb past tense: attuned; past participle: attuned make receptive or aware. "a society more attuned to consumerism than ideology" accustom or acclimatize. "students are not attuned to making decisions" synonyms: accustom, adjust, adapt, acclimatize, condition, accommodate, assimilate; acclimate "we are finally attuned to city life" become receptive to or aware of. "a conscious attempt to attune to the wider audience"

Explicated

verb past tense: explicated; past participle: explicated analyze and develop (an idea or principle) in detail. "attempting to explicate the relationship between crime and economic forces" synonyms: explain, make explicit, clarify, make plain/clear, spell out, untangle; More analyze (a literary work) in order to reveal its meaning.

Espouse

verb (used with object), espoused, espousing. 1. to make one's own; adopt or embrace, as a cause. 2. to marry. 3. to give (a woman) in marriage.

Unique

—used to say that something or someone is unlike anything or anyone else : very special or unusual : belonging to or connected with only one particular thing, place, or person