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Scrotum

a pouch of skin containing the testicles.

chromosome

a structure made of protein and one molecule of DNA

Growth Hormone (GH)

Stimulates growth (bones) and metabolic functions

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Stimulates release of calcium from bones, back into blood

renal pelvis

The center of the kidney where urine collects before moving to the ureter

axon

a nerve fiber that carries a nerve impulse away from the neuron cell body

Distal

away from the point of attachment

Structure of Nucleic Acid

chain of nucleotides that consist of a pentose, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base

pH levels

change by a concentration of 10 (10⁻¹ = 10, 10⁻²= 100, ect)

vaporization :

changing to liquid to gas needs energy added - H = M x L

Lamallae

channels in bone that contain blood vessels and nerves

Metabolism

chemical reactions in living organisms that are necessary to maintain life

Metabolic pathways

chemical reactions within a cell

lypmh

clear fluid that moves throughout the lymphatic system to fight disease

Atherosclerosis

condition in which fatty deposits called plaque build up on the inner walls of the arteries

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

A cell that displays foreign antigens with major histocompatibility complexes on their surfaces

Covalent Bond

A chemical bond where electrons are SHARED between atoms (2 NON metals)

The energy of the sun supports all life on earth by the process of

photosynthesis - covert carbon dioxide and water into organic compounds - sugars and oxygen

sebaceous glands

secrete sebum

Exocrine

secrete substances into ducts

luteinizing hormone (LH)

secreted by the pituitary gland to cause eggs to release

Holocrine

secretory products; whole cells; connected to hair follicle

efferent nerves

send messages out to the muscles

afferent nerves (sensory nerves)

sends messages to the central nervous system

Three main functions of nervous system

sensory, motor, integrative

meter

the basic unit of length in the metric system

enzymatic digestion

the break down of food by enzymes for absorption

Nucleotide

the building block of DNA and RNA

Gametes

the cells that form a new organism via sexual reproduction

dilate

to widen

Columns in the Periodic table

groups = same number of electrons in their valence (outer) orbitals, 1st column=1, 2nd column =2

each family/group/column

have similar arrangements of electrons and chemical properties

cardiovascular system

heart and blood vessels

Circulatory system

heart, blood, and blood vessels

Hypertension

high blood pressure

Metaphase I

homologous chromosome move to metaphase plate

Anaphase I

homologous chromosome separate, sister chromatids stay together

transverse plane

horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions

Rows in the Periodic table

left to right = increasing number of orbital shells, 1st row = 1 orbital, 2nd row = 2 orbitals, ect up to 7

Fertility rates are highr in which of the following type of countries

less developed

Chemotaxis

leukocytes (white blood cells) respond to damage tissue

technical passages

listing ; facts ; no opinions ; precise information (formal / semi - formal)

Lymph Nodes

located in neck, armpit, and groin

long bones

long compact hollow shafts (ex: radius, ulna, femur, tibia and fibula)

Color bands

long to short: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet

index

looking up various topics at the end of the book ; gives pages for more information of certain topics listed bold text = pictures are on that page

What is not found in blood?

lymph

Lymphatic System

lymph nodes, lymph vessels that carry lymph (clear fluid rich in antibodies), the spleen, thymus, tonsils. Supports immune system by transporting white blood cells to and from lymph nodes, one way system - can only transport to the heart

periodic sentence

main idea or point at the end of the paragraph

cumulative sentence

main idea/point at the beginning of the paragraph

urea

major nitrogenous waste excreted in urine

voluntary nerve signals

make skeletal muscles do a deliberate action such as walking, throwing, or typing

Testes

male gonads, produces sperm

liter

measurement of liquid volume

bacteria does not have

membrane bound organelles

Temporal lobe

memory, understanding, language

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

meth eth prop but pent hex hept oct non dec

gram

metric unit of mass

Canaculi

microscoping canals in ossified bone

Centrosomes

microtubule-organizing centers that help to form and organize the mitotic spindle during mitosis

structure of the cell is like tiny, finger-like extensions of the plasma membrane that increases cell's surface area

microvilli

dermis

middle layer of the skin, contains blood vessels, hair follicles, Sebaceous glands, Sweat glands, and Elastin/Collagen fibers

body structures from simplest to most complex

mitochondria, muscle cell, connective tissue, heart.

Chyme

mixture of enzymes and partially-digested food

Substrate

molecular surface acted upon by an enzyme

Nitrogenous base

molecule found in DNA and RNA that encodes genetic information in cells

monomers

molecules that can bond to similar or identical molecules to form a polymer

Flagella

movement of cell, long whip-like

Nucleolus

produce ribosomes that get moved to the cytoplasm to make cell proteins

Cell Differentiation

produces a more specialized cell from a less specialized cell, determines what cell type each cell will become

liver

produces bile, regulates glycogen storage, and performs other bodily functions

Red marrow

produces blood cells

Ovary

produces eggs

Muscle Tissue

producing movement, types: skeletal (voluntary movements), cardiac (heart) , smooth (involuntary movements - hollow organs, intestines)

Epithelial Tissue

provides covering or produce secretions, found on the skin or where secretion, absorption, and filtration occur

Electromagnetic radiation

radiowaves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, UV, X ray, Gamma rays (longest to shortest/highest frequency)

dendrites

receive stimuli from internal/external environment

Photosynthesis is a

redox process in which H20 is oxidized and CO2 is reduced

dominant

refers to the most powerful trait or the allele for that trait

Aldosterone

regulates salt in the blood

Pyloric Sphincter

releases chyme to small intestine

Hypothalamus secretes which hormones

releasing and inhibiting hormones

work

result of change in energy

Punnett Square

show all the possible combinations of alleles given the two parents' genotypes

histograms / bar graph

show frequencies of an event

line graph

shows change over time or compares two quantities ; X _ Y I axis

the adsorption of the nutrients occurs in

small intestine

lipids are digested proteins are digest carbohydrates

small intestine (lipase) stomach (protease) mouth (amylase)

Vesicles

small membrane bound sacs within the cytoplasm, transport proteins in or out of the cell

Nucleic Acid

store and transmit hereditary information (DNA and RNA)

gall bladder

stores bile produced by the liver until it is needed in the duodenum

urinary bladder

stores urine

Nervous Tissue

structure for brain, spinal cord, nerves

Rough ER

studded w/ribosomes, rough gritty appearance

enzymes can work in forward and reverse chemical rxn

true

fallopian tubes

tubes which carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus and which provides the place where fertilization occurs

Amygdala

two lima bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion.

Pentose

type of sugar

subcutaneous

under the skin

Integrative

uses sensory information to make decisions, uses past decisions to develop thoughts and feelings

main idea

usually a sentence that contains the purpose of the writing ; specific message

topic sentence

usually found in early part of the passage ; main point of the paragraph or larger text structure

Lewis dot structure

valence electrons on both elements

occipital lobe

vision

when ultraviolet light hits the skin what is produced?

vitamin d

sensory-somatic nervous system

walking and talking, 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves and associated ganglia (collections of nerve cell bodies)

by products of cellular respiration from heterotrophs

water and carbon dioxide (expelled but used for autotrophs)

homologous

" same / twin " : same size, shape, function, genes

10 gases in the periodic table

(noble gases)

if root word is complete add

- able

if ends with a Y

- and suffix is starting with a vowel keep it - and suffix is starting with a constant then drop and add I then suffix

Kinetic theory states

- atoms are always in motion - amorphous (not ordered) - crystalline (highly ordered)

1 lb

16 ounces

purines

A - G - two sugar

Osteoporosis

A condition in which the body's bones become weak and break easily.

dihybrid cross

A cross between individuals that have different alleles for the same gene

pacemaker

A device that delivers electrical impulses to the heart to regulate the heartbeat

ureter

A duct leading from the kidney to the urinary bladder.

Surfactant

A fluid secreted by alveoli and found in the lungs

cystic fibrosis

A genetic disorder that is present at birth and affects both the respiratory and digestive systems.

adrenal

A gland above the kidney that produces hormones to regulate heart rate, blood pressure, and other functions

Phase Diagram

A graph of physical states of a substance under varying temperature and pressure.

brittle bone disease

A group of diseases that affect collagen and result in fragile bones

Tissue

A group of similar cells that perform the same function.

heart

A hollow, muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body.

if root word is NOT COMPLETE

ADD -ibe

large intestine

Absorbs water (*re absorption) and forms feces

anterior pituitary secretes which hormones

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH), Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH), Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Prolactin, Growth Hormone (GH)

Vena Cava

All veins empty here prior to entering the heart

tidal volume

Amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs during a normal breath

Recessive

An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present

valence electrons

An electron in an outer orbital that can form bonds with other atoms

Liver secretes which hormone

Angiotensin II

Posterior Pituitary secretes which hormones

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) and oxytocin

dendritic cell

Antigen-presenting cells that process antigen material and present it to T-cells

When does the heart pick up oxygen

when the blood is pushed through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery and lungs when the right ventricle contracts

Cerebellum

Balance and coordination

Cell is ready to divide, centriole replication is complete, continued protein synthesis and cell growth

Cells grow rapidly and carry out their routine functions, centrioles begin replicating, mRNA is formed and taken to ribosome

Haversian Canal:

Channels in bone that contain BV and Nerves

Volkmann's canals

Channels in bone that transmit blood vessels and communicate with Haversian canals

Which type of bond is formed when one atom, chemical, or element is joined to another?

Chemical bond

excretion

Elimination of waste products from the body.

Hippocampus

Emotion, memory, autonomic nervous system

Kidneys secrete which hormone

Erythropoietin and Renin

Ovaries secrete which hormone

Estrogen and Progesterone

naturally acquired active immunity

Exposure to pathogen without immunization

coordinating conjunction

FANBOYS (for and nor but or yet so)

Lipids

Fatty acids and their derivatives that are soluble in water

Human body

HIGHEST LEVEL of organization to the lowest organism > organ systems (11) > organ (2 or more tissues working together to function) > tissues (4) > cells (basic unit of life) > molecules (atoms together) > atoms (smallest part of an element that still retain chemical properties)

bone

Hard, calcified material that makes up the skeleton

Glucagon (Alpha Cells)

Increase blood glucose

Calcitonin

Inhibits release of Calcium from bones

Hypodermis

Inner layer of skin

SI units

International System of Units

Smooth Muscle

Involuntary muscle, not striated EX: stomach, lungs, intestine

Cardiac Muscle

Involuntary muscle; striated EX: heart

Four valves of the heart

LEFT = tricuspid and pulmonary, RIGHT = mitral and aortic

interphase

LONGEST PORTION consists of G1, S, G2 - G1 : forming of the mRNA strand then leaving - S : synthesis of DNA ; DNA unwinds with help of enzymes breaking the hydrogen bonds that connect the nitrogenous bases then the DNA polymerase helps by finding complementary pairs ; then new copied strand is ready G2 : cell growth and protein synthesis for cell division

Pleura

Membrane surrounding the lungs

Triiodothyronine (T3)

Metabolism

Thyroxine (T4)

Metabolism and temperature

Protein

Molecules composed of amino acids joined by peptide bonds

Hyperventilation

More CO2 than the body can produce (breathing out more than in)

Cardiovascular system function

Movement of blood and lymph around the body, which permits nutrient distribution, waste removal, communication, and protection

skeletal system function

Movement, Protection, and Metabolism

Mesoderm

Muscle and Connective Tissue

Sarcomere

Myofibril containing myosin and actin

Phenotype

Physical appearance of a trait formed by genetics and environment

Progesterone

Prepares uterus to receive fertilized egg

Renin

Promotes production of Angiotensin

Adenine and Guanine

Purines - two rings

Thymine, Cytosine, Uracil

Pyrimidines - one ring

Amino Acids

RNA is coded into an amino acid chain which results in a protein

Messenger

RNA, message stored in bases of DNA must be transferred to ribosomes to make protein

visible forms of electromagnetic radiation

ROYGBIV (longest to shortest)

Balancing Chemical Equations

Reactants on the left side and the products on the right side

Cellular Mediated Response

Response is to an already infected cell

Erythropoietin

Response to cellular hypoxia

Gastrin

Response to food; stimulates production of gastric juices

Pituitary

The endocrine gland at the base of the brain that controls growth and development

thyroid gland

The gland in the neck that secretes hormones that regulate growth, development, and metabolic rate

Testosterone

The hormone that stimulates male secondary sexual characteristics

Angiotensin II

Vasoconstriction, Increase BP

What is the outer layer of a plant cell?

cell wall

differentiation

cells becoming specific types of cells - occurs in embryos as well as adults

Osteoblasts

cells that make bone

Non-Mendelian Inheritance

inheritance of traits that do not follow Mendelian patterns of inheritance

Mendelian inheritance

inheritance of traits that follow Gregor Mendel's two laws and the principle of dominance

Cytoplasm

inner layer, rich protein fluid with gel-like consistency

renal medulla

inner portion of the kidney

what dissociates in water?

ionic dissociate (high MP) & covalent can dissociate (lower MP)

covalent bonds have the strongest bonds

ionic have weakest ; hydrogen bonds are the weakest bonds of all - EN have strong attraction (covalent to nonmetals with high EN)

Arrthymia

irregular heartbeat

reason for ionic/covalent bonding

it to make the atoms more stable

Binomial Nomenclature

italicize the Genus species

Perforins

pore forming proteins that target cancer and virus cells, cause these cells to lyse

Protons

positive charge (+1), found in nucleus, distinguishes one atoms from another, also atomic number

meiosis

sexual reproduction ; gametes - gametes DNA from 2 separate cells combine - the reduction of genetic information/DNA from the combined pair (because there would be too much = meiosis) - ONLY OCCURS IN GAMETES/FERTILIZED EGGS

Ball and Socket Joint

shoulder and hip

A nurse is planning care for a client who is to receive packed RBCs. The nurse should plan for the total infusion time to not exceed which of the following? A. 2 hr B. 6 hr C. 8 hr D. 4 hr

4 tissue types

- epithelial (squamous/simple ; columnar/cuboidal, squaomous) - connective (bone, ligaments, tendons) - nervous (brain,spinal cord) - muscle (smooth, cardiac, skeletal)

decrease in birth deaths because

- family planning

RNA

- ribonucleic acid - AUCG - single strand - copies the DNA (mRNA)

milli centi deci G deca hecto kilo

.001 .01 .1 1 10 100 1000

Kelvins

273 + C = K

Telophase II

4 haploid cells result

A nurse is assessing a client who has disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Which of the following findings should the nurse expect? A. Excessive thrombosis and bleeding B. Progressive increase in platelet production C. Immediate sodium and fluid retention D. Increased clotting factors

Anion

A negatively charged ion

Organ

A self-contained part of an organism that performs a specific function

Ionic bonds

ATTRACTION between oppositely charge ions, metal and non-metal (sodium chloride = salt)

A nurse is assessing a client who is receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN) therapy via an infusion pump. Which of the following actions should the nurse take? A. Obtain the client's blood glucose every 12 hr. B. Change the IV tubing every 24 hr. C. Change the IV site dressing every 4 days. D. Weigh the client every other day.

A nurse is admitting an infant who has severe dehydration from acute gastroenteritis. Which of the following findings should the nurse expect? A. Bulging anterior fontanel B. Bradypnea C. 13% weight loss D. Capillary refill 3 seconds

Cytokines

Chemical messengers that are released by damaged tissues

Pepsin produced where

Chief Cells (gastric gland)

alkene

CnH2n ; double bonds

osteons

Cylindrical structures that comprise compact bone

Metbolism Equation

C₆H₁₂O₆ +6O₂ → 6CO₂ +6H₂O

A nurse is preparing a client for a hip arthroplasty. For which of the following reasons should the nurse assess the client's vital signs? A. To prevent postoperative hypotension B. To determine how the client will tolerate the procedure C. To assess the client's pain level D. To establish a baseline for postoperative assessment

in cell, information flows

DNA > RNA > proteins

The central dogma of biology states

DNA gives rise to RNA, which gives rise to protein

stroke

Damage to the brain from interruption of its blood supply.

Insulin (Beta Cells)

Decrease blood glucose

Midbrain

Develops from the middle of the embryonic brain

Periosteum

Fibrous sheath that covers bone and contains nerve and blood vessels

lining cells

Flattened bone cells that come from osteoblasts

Norepinephrine

Flight

Condensation

Gas to liquid

stomach enzymes

Gastric Lipase; Pepsin(ogen); HCL

stomach hormones

Gastrin and Ghrelin

Pancreas secretes which hormone

Glucagon (alpha cells) and Insulin (Beta Cells)

Carbon Dioxide + Water + Sunlight =

Glucose + Oxygen = Photosynthesis

Cellular Respiration

Glucose is broken down by glycolysis which forms ATP (energy), then Krebs cycle to make more ATP, oxygen and Co2 are byproducts

Aorta

Largest artery in the body

Macrophages

Largest living phagocyte, engulf and destroy pathogens, found in lymph

Lipids enzymes

Lipase and bile salts

Evaporation

Liquid to gas

urine

Liquid waste matter excreted by the kidneys

Bile Salt

Liver-->Gallbladder

Ectoderm

Nervous Tissue

Irregular Bones

Nonsymmetrical shape EX: Skull, Knee, Elbow, Vertebra

eccrine glands

Not connected to hair follicle, activated by high body temperature, located throughout the body. Secrete (sweat) during anxiety or stress. Secrete a salty solution of electrolytes and water

Flat Bones

Not hollow, but contain marrow EX: Scapula, Ribs, Sternum

Nucleic Acids enzymes

Nuclease and Nucleosidase

oxidation/reduction

OIL(loss of electrons) RIG (gain of electrons) - combustion, photosynthesis, metabolism

Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity

Occurs during pregnancy and during breast feeding

Diastole

Relaxation of the heart, heart fills with blood

Thalamus

Relays sensory information; pain perception

Proteins based on RNA messages from the cell's genes

Ribosomes

Epididymis

Stores sperm as it matures

Lubb sound

Tricuspid and mitral valves closing

Thyroid secretes which hormones

Triiodothyronine (T3), Thyroxine (T4), and Calcitonin

Larynx

Voice box

aneurysm

ballooning of a weakened portion of an arterial wall

joules =

calories

Pathogens

deadly bacteria, foreign invaders

pH scale

neutral is water at 25 degrees celcius ; 1 very acidic and 14 very basic - acid dissociates metals ; acids are sour ; bases are bitter ; - blue = basic ; red = acidic - H = acid ; OH = base - pH = -log (aH) - acid + base = 14

covalent

nonmetal + nonmetal ; sharing of electrons

Bleach

pH about 12.5

constant temperature on Earth

means that the energy has to be equal with energy entering and energy exiting

Plasma Membrane

envelopes the cell and is semipermeable to allow certain substances and water in and out, and cytoplasm -gel-like fluid

Chemical reactions

enzymes attach to substrate which convert molecules into products (E + S→ES→E+P)

Asthma

episodes of breathing difficulty due to narrowed or obstructed airways

Tissue Types

epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

photosynethesis can occur in

eukaryotes & prokaryotes but cellular respiration occurs in plants and animals

I before E

except after C

supporting detail

explains the main idea throughout the passage

Ovaries

female gonads

muscle

fibrous tissue that produces force and motion to move the body or produce movement in parts of the body

Epinephrine

fight

Villi and microvilli

finger-like projections that are used in adsorption, increase surface area

Prophase

first and longest phase of mitosis in which the genetic material inside the nucleus condenses and the chromosomes become visible

primary source

first hand records of the event (publications/unpublished & first people to see the event occur, books, theories, opinions.)

organic cmpds

hydrocarbons

strongest intermolecular force

hydrogen bonding

apostrophes

possessive is before the S (boy's dog) plural is after s (soccer teams') pluralize numbers or letters put two words together (can't) or shorten year ('98)

Mitochondria

powerhouses of cell because they are the locations where they produce ATP, large kidney bean shaped organelle

Peyer's patches

Lymphatic Tissue found in Ileum to protect GI tract from pathogens

B-cell

Lymphocytes that mature in bone marrow and make antibodies in response to antigens

ion

a positively or negatively charged atom

gas

a state of matter that does not have volume or shape and is highly compressible

Polymer

a substance composed of similar units bonded together

compound

a substance of two or more elements

nonpolar

a type of covalent bonds in which two atoms share electrons at equal distances from their atomic nuclei

polar

a type of covalent bonds in which two atoms share electrons that are not at equal distances from their atomic nuclei.

hydrogen bond

a type of non-covalent bond; a weak attraction between a hydrogen atom bound to an electronegative atom and a second highly electronegative atom

renal vein

a vein carrying blood from a kidney to the inferior vena cava

Transcription

cells copy the instructions from DNA to RNA and send the messenger RNA to ribosomes, then proteins are made by ribosomes from the information and sent out to the entire cell

Microtubules

cellular tracks that during mitosis form the mitotic spindle

how food is processed through the body

bolus of food →esophagus →stomach→cells secrete mucus→absorption→mechanical churning→colon→water and electrolyte balance, feces formation and storage in colon→anus

Hydrocarbons

bond to hydrogen and carbon atoms

Osteocytes

bone cells

Central nervous system

brain and spinal cord

Hypothalamus

brain region controlling the pituitary gland

proteasome

breakdown and recycle damaged or abnormal protein

lungs

breathing in oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide

Prophase II

brief stage which centrioles appear and centrioles move to opposite poles

sequence

bullet points / listing

.A nurse is preparing to transfuse one unit of packed RBC to a client who experienced a mild allergic reaction during a previous transfusion. The nurse should administer diphenhydramine prior to the transfusion for which of the following allergic responses? A. Urticaria B. Fever C. Fluid overload D. Hemolysis

mass

A measurement of inertia, commonly considered the amount of material contained by an object an causing it to have weight in a gravitational field

organic molecule

A molecule found in a living thing that contains carbon

compare & contrast : plant cells & eukaryotic cells

- plant cells contain BOTH mitochondria & chloroplast for ATP production (power for cell energy) - plants have chlorophyll (traps light ; pigment) - plants have a cell wall on top of the cell membrane (rigid structure) - plants have vacuoles filled with water to maintain the pressure

order of events during mitosis/meiosis

1) interphase (G1, S, G2) 2) prophase (membrane disappear, spindle fibers form) 3) metaphase (meet in the middle) 4) anaphase (move toward opposite poles) 5) telophase/cytokinesis (membrane reappears, cells separate) --- meoisis straight into prophase II (variation due to homologous/crossing over), metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II

Artery

A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart

pineal gland

A small gland near the center of the brain that secretes melatonin

solid

A state of matter that has a definite shape and a definite volume

liquid

A state of matter that has definite volume but not definite shape

gene

A string of DNA that is the basic unit of heredity

metal

A substance that is a good conductor of electricity and heat, forms cations by loss of electrons and yields basic oxides and hydroxides.

Antimicrobial

A substance that kills or inhibits growth of micro-organisms with minimal damage to the host

base

A substance with a pH greater than 7

acid

A substance with a pH less than 7

DNA bases

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

Calculating Neutrons

Atomic mass - Atomic #

Heart secretes which hormone

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

small intestine hormones

Cholecystokinin; Somatostatin; Secretin; Motilin

metaphase

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

Spleen

Cleans blood of dead cells and pathogens

Stratum Lucidum

Clear layer of the epidermis

Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment

alkane

CnH2n+2 ; single bonds

Alkyne

CnH2n-2 ; triple bonds

Cytokinesis

Completes mitosis, separating the two sets of chromosomes into different cells

Ligament

Connects bone to bone

Tendon

Connects muscle to bone

Synovial Joint

Contain lubricating synovial fluid

Clitoris

Contains erectile tissue and nerve endings for sensual pleasure

Systole

Contraction of the heart, blood is expelled

antibody mediated response

Immune response that targets viruses, bacteria, and foreign molecules

thymus

Maturation chamber for immune T Cells formed in bone marrow

vas deferens

Mature sperm move from epididymis to Vas Deferens to the ejaculatory duct

Mitosis (PMATI)

ONE DIVISION!! creating two new cells with EQUAL numbers of chromosomes , division of the nucleus, occurs in the skin, liver, and digestive organs, occurs to replace old cells in all cell types

hemoglobin

Oxygen carrying pigment in red blood cells

carb enzymes

Salivary Amylase, Pancreatic Amylase, Maltase

salivary amylase produced where

Salivary Glands

Bulbourethral (Cowper's) Gland

Secrete a fluid to neutralize the acidity in the urethra

seminal vesicles

Secrete alkaline fluids with protein and mucus into ejaculatory duct

Apocrine

Secrete an oily solution (fatty acids, triglycerides, and proteins). Located in Armpits, Groin, Palm and Soles of feet

Bartholin's Glands

Secrete lubricating fluid

Intestine secretes which hormone

Secretin and Cholecystokinin

Neutrophil

Short living phagocyte; responds quick to invaders

Haploid Cells

Single set of chromosomes, gametes in mammals

Chloroplast

Site of photosynthesis, only found in plants

Melatonin

Sleep cycles; biorhythms

Maltase produced where

Small Intestine

B lymphocytes

Target specific bacteria for destruction

Testes secrete which hormone

Testosterone

anus

The opening of the rectum from which solid waste is expelled

Triple Point

The temperature and pressure at which all 3 phases of a pure substance coexists.

critical point

The temperature at which the liquid and gas phases of a substance have the same density

Vagina

The tube that connects the external genitals to the cervix

renal arteries

The two branches of the abdominal aorta that supply the kidneys

if word ends with S

add -ion

blood plasma

contains nutrients, hormones, antibodies, and other immune proteins

measure of hydrogen ion concentration within a solution (1-14)

metaphase difference mitosis vs meiosis

meiosis : line up in the middle and find homologous pair mitosis : chromosomes line up in the middle ; causing chromatids to separate

gastrulation

most critical stage of development because individual tissue layers begin to form

Passive Immunity

mother to infant through breast milk, individual doesn't produce its own antibodies but rather receives them from another source

Photosynthesis

process carried out by green plants, green algae, and certain bacteria, energy from sunlight is trapped by the green pigment, chlorophyll, and used for synthesis of glucose, ***carried out in the organelle chloroplast

Natural Selection

process in which individuals of a species carrying certain mutations are better able to survive and reproduce in their natural environment than others members of the species (survival of the fittest)

expression of gene traits

proteins

graduated cylinder

a narrow cylinder used to measure liquid volume

phosphate group

a phosphorus atom bound to four oxygen atoms

Motor nervous system

efferent; sends messages to muscles

Hinge Joint

elbow and knee

Reduction

electron gain to produce a negative ion

Oxidation

electron lose to produce a positive ion

what cannot be broken down any simpler?

element

exothermic

emitting energy/heat in the products

law of conservation of energy

energy can neither be created nor destroyed but can be transferred between KE & PE

Conservation Energy

energy is not lost but rather transferred back and forth between KE and PE, increase in KE decreases PE but total energy remains the same (pendulum)

Kinetic Energy

energy of motion, any increase in the objects velocity

Phagocytosis

engulfing of pathogens by white blood cells

Bolus

food that is chewed up by accessory structures - teeth

Connective Tissue

found throughout the body, connects different structures of the body, bone, cartilage, adipose (fat), blood vessel

Peroxisome

functions to rid the body of toxic components, such as hydrogen peroxide, major site of oxygen use and energy production (liver)

Deposition

gas to solid

chromosomes consist of

genes

Alleles

genes in different forms, some alleles contain mutations

mutations can be passed on only by...

germ cells ; reproductive cells like sperm and ovum cells

Scientific Reasoning

identify potential problems and to create solutions to those problems before they actually occur

Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity

immunization given during an outbreak or emergency, quick and short living

Adaptation

increase from generation to generation of alleles of genes that allows a species to survive in their environment. A positive mutation that makes it easier for the organism to survive is an adaption

Electronegativity

increase from left to right on the periodic table, so covalent bonding often results between atoms on the same side of the table (similar attraction for electrons)

compound sentence

independent clauses put together with coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS) or semicolon if similar

Active Immunity

individual received a vaccination for future protection

pneumonia

inflammation of the lungs

osmosis

passage of fluid through a membrane

Parietal Lobe

perception, making sense, arithmetic, spelling

sympathetic nerves

person is excited or scared, fight or flight

respiratory system

pharyxn, larynx, trachea, bronchi (cilia) , bronchioles , alveoli (exchange O2 & CO2)

hyaline cartilage

prevents bones from grinding against each other

contraction

process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in a muscle

Translation

process of protein production from mRNA

DNA RNA Ribosomes

produce proteins that are necessary for life

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

promotes retention of water by kidneys

extensive properties

properties that depend on the size of the sample of a substance

intensive properties

properties that do not depend on the size of the sample of a substance

amino acid chain made by ribosome + mRNA =

proteins

Globular proteins

proteins that are water soluble

Mass number

protons + neutrons

Factors that affect birth and fertility rate

religion, culture, economy, employment, government, education, literacy, infant mortality rates, abortions, and accesiblity to family planning

kidney

responsible for filtering blood, creating urine, stabilizing water balance, maintaining blood pressure, and producing the active form of vitamin D.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

responsible for the synthesis of lipids and hormones which are used for the production of new cellular membranes.

Peristalsis

rhythmic contractions that propel food towards the colon and anus

Heart consists of FOUR chambers

right and left atriums and right and left ventricles

bronchial tubes

right and left in the lungs, contain cilia that clean unwanted matter from the lungs

mouth enzymes

salivary amylase, salivary lipase

Isotope

same number of protons, different number of neutrons

parietal cells

secrete hydrochloric acid

goblet cells

secrete mucus

Chief Cells

secrete pepsinogen

Cristae

series of folds in which enzymes are found

Bands of wavelengths

short to long: gamma rays, x-rays, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, microwave, radio waves

Plasmids

similiary to DNA, contain small number of genes, RNA is copied from DNA to take instructions from the nucleoid to the rest of the cell

Everyone/any of us/noone/anyone/somebody

singular third person

Metaphase II

sister chromatids align in metaphase plate

Anaphase II

sister chromatids separate again

ribosome

site of protein synthesis

Arteriole

small artery

Where are nutrients absorbed?

small intestine

Venule

small vein

Capillary

smallest blood vessel connects arterioles to venules

Bronchioles

smallest branches of the bronchi, connects bronchi to alveoli

Sublimation

solid to gas

action of chewing is controlled by

somatic division of the nervous system

variable

something that changes in the experiment

Thymosin

stimulates T-cell development

Vaccine

stimulates an actual infection by a pathogen, stimulating the body to produce antibodies for future protection

CCK

stimulates gall bladder to secrete bile to emulsify fats in the small intestine

Prolactin

stimulates milk production

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

stimulates production of ova and sperm

secretin

stimulates the bicarbonate to be released by pancreas as well as pancreatic enzymes

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

stimulates thyroid gland

function of nucleic acid

store & transmit hereditary information

Endoplasmic Reticulum

synthesis and process of proteins, lipid expression

Cell-mediated immunity

t-cell (lymphocyte that triggers the action of other lymphocytes) are primarily responsible for recognizing nonself cells

inspiration

taking in oxgenated air

narrative passages

tell a story / can contain chain of events

subordinating conjunction

when, as, as if, although, though, because, while (complex sentence)

Leukocytes

white blood cells, produced in red bone marrow

Trachea

windpipe, connects Larynx to lungs

Uterus

womb

Natural Immunity

your body produces its own antibodies.

plasma cell

A white blood cell that produces a single type of antibody

2.54 cm

1 inch

if absolute value

1) check to see if solution side is negative (if negative & is < or = then NO solution) but (if negative is greater than then ALL REAL NUMBERS) 2) if absolute value is negative once numbers are added/subtracted outside of absolute then base off of above

Scientific notation

1) find a problem 2) ask questions 3) make a hypothesis (prediction of what can occur) 4) do the experiment/ collect data 5) analyze data 6) write a conclusion (no biases/lying or else it will get thrown out ; also experiment must be able to be done again)

absolute values

1) use the equation given and solve - if there is a number outside of absolute values, then use it then solve. - once solved the original, put negative sign outside absolute, then divide by -1 to both sides causing the change for solution side/the symbol

Scientific Method

1. Problem identification 2. Questions Asking 3. Hypothesis 4. Data Collection/experiment 5. Analysis 6. Conclusion

Two differences in DNA and RNA

1. different pyrimidine bases 2. different pentose component, deoxyribose (DNA) and ribose (RNA)

KE = motion

1/2mv^2

Helium VE

1s²

Carbon VE

1s² 2s² 2p²

Lithium VE

1s² 2s¹

Hydrogen Valence Electron

1s¹

Telophase I

2 haploid daughter cells remain

1 kg

2.2 pounds

Photosynthesis Equation

6CO₂ +6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ +6O₂

How many periods are on the periodic table?

.A nurse is assessing a client who is receiving a unit of packed red blood cells. Which of the following findings is a manifestation of acute hemolytic reaction? A. Client report of low back pain B. Client report of tinnitus C. A productive cough D. Distended neck veins

.A nurse is assessing a client who is receiving one unit of packed RBCs to treat intraoperative blood loss. The client reports chills and back pain, and the client's blood pressure is 80/64 mm Hg. Which of the following actions should the nurse take first? A. Stop the infusion of blood. B. Inform the provider. C. Obtain a urine specimen. D. Notify the laboratory

.A nurse is assessing a client who is receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Which of the following findings should the nurse recognize as a complication of this therapy? A. Hyperglycemia B. Aspiration C. Diarrhea D. Stomatitis

.A nurse is assessing an older adult client who is receiving digoxin. The nurse should recognize that which of the following findings is a manifestation of digoxin toxicity? A. Anorexia B. Ataxia C. Photosensitivity D. Jaundice

.A nurse is auscultating a client's lung sounds and identifies crackles in the left lower lobe. Which of the following interventions should the nurse take? A. Repeat auscultation after asking the client to breathe deeply and cough. B. Instruct the client to limit fluid intake to less than 2,000 mL/day. C. Prepare to administer antibiotics. D. Place the client on bed rest in semi-Fowler's position.

.A nurse is caring for a client who has congestive heart failure and is taking digoxin daily. The client refused breakfast and is complaining of nausea and weakness. Which of the following actions should the nurse take first? A. Check the client's vital signs. B. Request a dietitian consult. C. Suggest that the client rests before eating the meal. D. Request an order for an antiemetic.

.A nurse is caring for a client who has heart failure and a potassium level of 2.4 mEq/L. The nurse should identify which of the following medications as the cause of the client's low potassium level? A. Furosemide B. Nitroglycerin C. Metoprolol D. Spironolactone

.A nurse is caring for a client who is taking digoxin for heart failure and develops indications of severe digoxin toxicity. Which of the following medications should the nurse prepare to administer? A. Fab antibody fragments B. Flumazenil C. Acetylcysteine D. Naloxone

.A nurse is caring for a client who is taking lisinopril. Which of the following outcomes indicates a therapeutic effect of the medication? A. Decreased blood pressure B. Increase of HDL cholesterol C. Prevention of bipolar manic episodes D. Improved sexual function

.A nurse is caring for a client who will have blood sampling for a serum creatinine level and asks what this test shows. Which of the following responses should the nurse make? A. "This test will tell your doctor how your kidneys are functioning." B. "You'll have to ask your doctor." C. "This test will tell if you have severe renal impairment or a disease." D. "We'll find out if any medications, such as steroids, are interfering with your kidney function."

.A nurse is monitoring the cardiac output of a client who has left-sided heart failure using pulse pressure analysis. Which of the following findings can compromise the readings? A. The client is experiencing premature atrial contractions. B. The client has a decreased oxygen saturation level. C. The client has bilateral wheezes. D. The client has lower leg edema.

.A nurse is reviewing the arterial blood gas values of a client who has chronic kidney disease. Which of the following sets of values should the nurse expect? A. pH 7.25, HCO3- 19 mEq/L, PaCO2 30 mm Hg B. pH 7.30, HCO3- 26 mEq/L, PaCO2 50 mm Hg C. pH 7.50, HCO3- 20 mEq/L, PaCO2 32 mm Hg D. pH 7.55, HCO3- 30 mEq/L, PaCO2 31 mm Hg

A client is admitted to the emergency room with a respiratory rate of 7/min. Arterial blood gases (ABG) reveal the following values. Which of the following is an appropriate analysis of the ABGs? pH 7.22 PaCO2 68 mm Hg Base excess -2 PaO2 78 mm Hg Saturation 80% Bicarbonate 26 mEq/L A. Respiratory acidosis B. Metabolic acidosis C. Metabolic alkalosis D. Respiratory alkalosis

A nurse is assessing a client who has a fracture of the femur. The nurse obtains vital signs on admission and again in 2 hours. Which of the following changes in assessment should indicate to the nurse that the client could be developing a serious complication? A. Increased respiratory rate from 18 to 44/min. B. Increased oral temperature from 36.6° C (97.8° F) to 37° C (98.6° F). C. Increased blood pressure from 112/68 to 120/72 mm Hg. D. Increased heart rate from 68 to 72/min.

A nurse is assessing a client who is receiving dopamine IV to treat left ventricular failure. Which of the following findings should indicate to the nurse that the medication is having a therapeutic effect? A. Systolic blood pressure is increased B. Cardiac output is reduced C. Apical heart rate is increased D. Urine output is reduced

A nurse is assessing the respiratory pattern of an older adult client who is receiving end-of-life care. Which of the following assessment findings should the nurse identify as Cheyne-Stokes respirations? A. Breathing ranging from very deep to very shallow with periods of apnea B. Shallow to normal breaths alternating with periods of apnea C. Rapid respirations that are unusually deep and regular D. An inability to breathe without dyspnea unless sitting upright

A nurse is caring for a client who has cirrhosis and a prothrombin time of 30 seconds. Which of the following medications should the nurse plan to administer? A. Vitamin K B. Heparin C. Warfarin D. Ferrous sulfate

A nurse is caring for a client who is postoperative and whose respirations are shallow and 9/min. Which of the following acid-based imbalances should the nurse identify the client as being at risk for developing initially? A. Respiratory acidosis B. Respiratory alkalosis C. Metabolic acidosis D. Metabolic alkalosis

A nurse is caring for a client who receives furosemide to treat heart failure. Which of the following laboratory values should the nurse monitor for this client due to this medication? A. Potassium B. Albumin C. Cortisol D. Bicarbonate

A nurse is caring for a client whose arterial blood gas results show a pH of 7.3 and a PaCO2 of 50 mm Hg. The nurse should identify that the client is experiencing which of the following acid-base imbalances? A. Metabolic acidosis B. Metabolic alkalosis C. Respiratory acidosis D. Respiratory alkalosis

A nurse is monitoring a client who reports having chills and back pain during a blood transfusion. Which of the following actions is nurse's priority? A. Stopping the transfusion B. Covering the client with a blanket C. Notifying the provider D. Assessing the client's skin for a rash

A nurse is reviewing a client's lab results. Which of the following lab values should the nurse report to the provider? A. Sodium 126 mEq/L B. Potassium 3.6 mEq/L C. Magnesium 1.9 mEq/L D. Chloride 99 mEq/L

A nurse is reviewing the EKG strip of a client who has prolonged vomiting. Which of the following abnormalities on the client's EKG should the nurse interpret as a sign of hypokalemia? A. Abnormally prominent U wave B. Elevated ST segment C. Wide QRS D. Inverted P wave

A nurse is reviewing the laboratory results of a client who is dehydrated. Which of the following BUN lab values should the nurse report to the provider? A. 25 mg/dL B. 13 mg/dL C. 10 mg/dL D. 18 mg/dL

A nurse is reviewing the laboratory results of a client who takes furosemide. Which of the following results should the nurse identify as the priority finding? A. Potassium 2.9 mEq/L B. Phosphorous 4.5 mEq/L C. Sodium 145 mEq/L D. Calcium 8.2 mg/dL

A nurse is teaching a client who takes warfarin daily. Which of the following statements by the client indicates a need for further teaching? A. "I have started taking ginger root to treat my joint stiffness." B. "I take this medication at the same time each day." C. "I eat a green salad every night with dinner." D. "I had my INR checked three weeks ago."

vein

A blood vessel that carries blood back to the heart.

salt

A chemical compound formed from the reaction of an acid with a base, with at least part of the hydrogen of the acid replaced by a cation.

Neurotransmitter

A chemical substance that is released from the AXON TERMINAL by the arrival of a nerve impulse

Flagellum

A long, whiplike structure that helps a cell to move

Cation

A positively charged ion

rheumatoid arthritis

A progressive disease that causes joint inflammation and pain

Antibody

A protein that acts against a specific antigen

Organelle

A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell

Lymphocytes

A type of white blood cell that make antibodies to fight off infections

Control Variable

A variable that is kept constant during a controlled experiment.

RNA bases

Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine

deep

Away from the body surface; more internal

.A nurse in a cardiac care unit is caring for a client with acute right-sided heart failure. Which of the following findings should the nurse expect? A. Decreased brain natriuretic peptide (BNP). B. Elevated central venous pressure (CVP). C. Increased pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP). D. Decreased specific gravity

.A nurse in an urgent care center is assessing a client who reports a sudden onset of irregular palpitations, fatigue, and dizziness. The nurse finds a rapid and irregular heart rate with a significant pulse deficit. Which of the following dysrhythmias should the nurse expect to find on the ECG? A. First-degree AV block B. Atrial fibrillation C. Sinus bradycardia D. Sinus tachycardia

.A nurse is administering platelets to a client who reports having lower back pain and feeling chilled and itchy. Which of the following actions should the nurse take first? A. Notify the provider. B. Stop the infusion. C. Collect a urine sample from the client. D. Return the platelet bag and tubing to the blood bank

.A nurse is assessing a client in the oliguric phase of acute kidney injury. Which of the following findings should the nurse expect? A. Decreased creatinine level B. Hyperkalemia C. Hypomagnesaemia D. Increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

.A nurse is assessing a client who has developed atelectasis postoperatively. Which of the following findings should the nurse expect? A. Facial flushing B. Increasing dyspnea C. Decreasing respiratory rate D. Friction rub

.A nurse is caring for a client who has heart failure and is receiving IV furosemide. The nurse should monitor the client for which of the following electrolyte imbalances? A. Hypernatremia B. Hyperuricemia C. Hypercalcemia D. Hyperchloremia

.A nurse is caring for a client who is receiving a continuous IV infusion of heparin. Which of the following actions should the nurse take? A. Administer 50,000 units of heparin by IV bolus every 12 hr. B. Check the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) every 4 hr. C. Have vitamin K available on the nursing unit. D. Use IV tubing specific for heparin sodium when administering the infusion.

.A nurse is caring for a female client in the emergency department who reports shortness of breath and pain in the lung area. She states that she started taking birth control pills 3 weeks ago and that she smokes. Her heart rate is 110/min, respiratory rate 40/min, and blood pressure 140/80 mm Hg. Her arterial blood gases are pH 7.50, PaCO2 29 mm Hg, PaO2 60 mm Hg, HCO3 20 mEq/L, and SaO2 86%. Which of the following is the priority nursing intervention? A. Prepare for mechanical ventilation. B. Administer oxygen via face mask. C. Prepare to administer a sedative. D. Assess for indications of pulmonary embolism.

.A nurse is interpreting a client's ECG strip. Which of the following components of the ECG should the nurse examine to determine the time it takes for ventricular depolarization and repolarization? A. PR interval B. QT interval C. ST segment D. QRS complex

.A nurse is monitoring a client who is receiving packed RBCs. The nurse identifies which of the following as an expected finding? A. The drip chamber with filter is filled completely with blood. B. The packed RBCs are connected by Y tubing to normal saline. C. The blood has been infusing steadily for 5 hr with no client symptoms. D. A medication is being administered IV through the injection site closest to the client.

.A nurse is planning care for a client who has a decreased level of consciousness. The client is receiving continuous enteral feedings via a gastrostomy tube due to an inability to swallow. Which of the following is the priority action by the nurse? A. Observe client's respiratory status. B. Elevate the head of the client's bed 30° to 45°. C. Monitor intake and output every 8 hr. D. Check residual volume every 4 to 6 hr

.A nurse is preparing to measure a client's level of oxygen saturation and observes edema of both hands and thickened toe nails. The nurse should apply the pulse oximeter probe to which of the following locations? A. Finger B. Earlobe C. Toe D. Skin fold

.A nurse is teaching a client who has acute kidney disease about fluid restrictions. Which of the following statements by the client should the nurse identify as understanding of the teaching? A. "I should consume most of the fluid during the evening." B. "I will make a list of my favorite beverages." C. "I will put beverages in large containers to give the appearance of drinking a lot." D. "I will not add ice cream to the amount of fluid intake."

A home health nurse is making a home visit to a client who takes a daily diuretic for heart failure. Which of the following manifestations should the nurse identify as indicating the client is hypokalemic? A. Pitting edema B. Fatigue C. Dyspnea D. Oliguria

A nurse in the ICU is caring for a client who has heart failure and is receiving a dobutamine drip. The nurse should identify that which of the following findings indicates that the medication is effective? A. Increased heart rate B. Increased urine output C. Decreased blood pressure D. Decreased blood glucose level

A nurse is assessing a client who has right ventricular failure. Which of the following findings should the nurse expect? A. Dry, hacking cough B. Hepatomegaly C. Dizziness D. Crackles in the lungs

A nurse is caring for a 3-year-old child who has had 160 mL of urine output over the past 8 hr period. The child weighs 33 lb. Which of the following actions should the nurse take? A. Notify the provider. B. Continue to monitor the client. C. Provide oral rehydration fluids. D. Perform a bladder scan at the bedside

A nurse is caring for a client immediately following a hemodialysis treatment. For which of the following manifestations will the nurse administer a PRN dose of phenytoin? A. Decreased blood pressure, rapid pulse B. Headache, restlessness C. Pain and tingling at the access site D. Muscle cramps, chest heaviness

A nurse is caring for a client who has esophageal varices and is hypotensive after vomiting 500 mL of blood. Which of the following actions is the nurse's priority? A. Elevate the client's feet. B. Increase the client's IV fluid rate. C. Initiate a dopamine IV infusion for the client. D. Administer a unit of packed RBC

A nurse is caring for a client who is prescribed warfarin therapy for an artificial heart valve. Which of the following laboratory values should the nurse monitor for a therapeutic effect of warfarin? A. Hemoglobin (Hgb) B. Prothrombin time (PT) C. Bleeding time D. Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)

A nurse is caring for a client who is to receive a unit of packed RBCs. The nurse should prime the blood administration tubing using which of the following IV solutions? A. Lactated Ringer's solution B. 0.9% sodium chloride C. Dextrose 5% in water D. Dextrose 5% in 0.45% sodium chloride

A nurse is completing dietary teaching on consuming a low fiber diet with a client who has ulcerative colitis. Which of the following foods should be eliminated in the client's diet? A. Cooked cabbage B. Dried apricots C. Ripe bananas D. Ice cream

A nurse is monitoring a client who is receiving a unit of packed RBCs following surgery. Which of the following assessments is an indication that the client might be experiencing circulatory overload? A. Flushing B. Dyspnea C. Bradycardia D. Vomiting

A nurse is reviewing the PT, aPTT, and INR laboratory values for a client who is experiencing an acute episode of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Which of the following laboratory results should the nurse expect? A. The laboratory values are within the expected reference range. B. The laboratory values are prolonged. C. The laboratory values are decreased. D. The laboratory values are the same as the previous test values.

A nurse is teaching a client who has chronic obstructive pulmonary disease about ways to facilitate eating. Which of the following statements indicates a need for further teaching? A. "I will rest for at least 30 minutes before eating." B. "I will take my bronchodilators after meals." C. "I will eat five or six small meals each day." D. "I will choose foods that are not gas-forming."

A nurse on a telemetry unit is caring for a client who has premature ventricular contractions (PVCs). While sitting in a chair, the client feeling reports feeling lightheaded. If the client is having PVCs, which of the following findings should the nurse expect when auscultating the client's apical pulse? A. Bounding pulsations B. Irregular pulsations C. Tachycardia D. Bradycardia

Prokaryotes

BACTERIA, cell wall, cytoplasm, nuceloid, plasmids, ribosomes, flagella

Cells

Basic unit of life

Osteoclasts

Bone-destroying cells

Stratum Basale

Bottom layer; contains melanocytes.

Pons

Brainstem that links medulla and thalamus

Hypoventilation

Breathing at an abnormally slow rate, resulting in an increased amount of carbon dioxide in the blood

small intestine enzymes

Brush border enzymes (Proteases, lactase, disaccharides)

.A nurse in the PACU is assessing a client who has an endotracheal tube (ET) tube in place and observes the absence of left-sided chest wall expansion upon respiration. Which of the following complications should the nurse suspect? A. Blockage of the ET tube by the client's tongue B. Passage of the ET tube into the esophagus C. Movement of the ET tube into the right main bronchus D. Infection of the vocal cords

.A nurse in the emergency department is caring for a client who collapsed after playing football on a hot day. After reviewing the admission laboratory findings, the nurse recognizes that these findings are consistent with which of the following conditions? Sodium 152 mEq/L Glucose 102 mg/dLPotassium 3.6 mEq/L BUN 18 mg/dLChloride 105 mEq/L Creatinine 0.7 mg/dL A. Renal failure B. Low-protein diet C. Dehydration D. Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)

.A nurse is assessing a client who has atrial fibrillation. Which of the following pulse characteristics should the nurse expect? A. Slow B. Not palpable C. Irregular D. Bounding

.A nurse is caring for a client who has a new arteriovenous (AV) graft in his left forearm. Which of the following techniques should the nurse use to assess the patency of this graft? A. Measure the client's blood pressure to ensure it is higher in the left arm than the right. B. Check the brachial and radial pulses of the left arm simultaneously. C. Auscultate the site for a bruit. D. Auscultate the antecubital fossa using a Doppler stethoscope

.A nurse is caring for a client who has a prescription for one unit of packed RBCs. The nurse should plan to remain in the room with the client at which of the following times during the infusion to observe for a transfusion reaction? A. The first 2 min B. The final 2 min C. The first 15 min D. The final 15 min

.A nurse is caring for a client who has just developed a pulmonary embolism. Which of the following medications should the nurse anticipate administering? A. Furosemide B. Dexamethasone C. Heparin D. Atropine

.A nurse is caring for a client who has valvular heart disease and is at risk for developing left-sided heart failure. Which of the following manifestations should alert the nurse the client is developing this condition? A. Anorexia B. Weight gain C. Breathlessness D. Distended abdomen

.A nurse is caring for a client who is receiving a transfusion of packed red blood cells and suspects that the client is experiencing a hemolytic reaction. Which of the following interventions is the priority? A. Collect a urine specimen. B. Administer 0.9% sodium chloride through the IV line. C. Stop the transfusion. D. Notify the blood bank.

.A nurse is teaching a client who has septic shock about the development of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Which of the following statements should the nurse make? A. "DIC is controllable with lifelong heparin usage." B. "DIC is characterized by an elevated platelet count." C. "DIC is caused by abnormal coagulation involving fibrinogen." D. "DIC is a genetic disorder involving a vitamin K deficiency."

A nurse in a clinic is caring for a client who has a prescription for digoxin. Which of the following statements indicates the client is experiencing digoxin toxicity? A. "I am gaining weight." B. "I am constipated." C. "My vision seems yellow." D. "My tongue is red and beefy."

A nurse is assessing a client before administering a unit of packed RBCs. The nurse should identify which of the following data as most important to obtain prior to the infusion? A. Skin color B. Fluid intake C. Temperature D. Hemoglobin level

A nurse is assessing a client who has peritonitis. Which of the following findings should the nurse expect? A. Hyperactive bowel sounds B. Increased urinary output C. Rigid abdomen D. Frequent bowel movements

A nurse is caring for a client who has atrial fibrillation and receives digoxin daily. Before administering this medication, which of the following actions should the nurse take? A. Offer the client a light snack. B. Measure the client's blood pressure. C. Measure the client's apical pulse. D. Weigh the client.

A nurse is caring for a client who has heart failure and a new prescription for furosemide. Which of the following laboratory values should the nurse review before administering furosemide? A. Bicarbonate B. Carbon dioxide C. Potassium D. Phosphate

A nurse is caring for a client who is taking montelukast. Which of the following outcomes indicates a therapeutic effect of the medication? A. The client experiences less muscle pain. B. The client's seizure threshold is reduced. C. The client experiences an increased ease of breathing. D. The client's platelet count is increased.

A nurse is interpreting the ECG strip of a client who has bradycardia. Which of the following cardiac components should the nurse identify as the role of the P wave? A. Ventricular depolarization B. Slow repolarization of ventricular Purkinje fibers C. Atrial depolarization D. Early ventricular repolarization

A nurse is monitoring a client who is receiving a unit of packed RBCs following surgery. Which of the following assessments is an indication the client might be experiencing a hemolytic reaction? A. Flushing B. Dyspnea C. Hypotension D. Vomiting

Glucose + Oxygen=

Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy

pulmonary loop

Carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart

Somatic nervous system

Carries information to CNS from senses, and from CNS to skeletal muscles

Medulla Oblongata

Control center for heart and lungs

Neuromuscular System function

Controls voluntary and involuntary movement.

adrenal cortex secretes what hormone

Cortisol/Glucocorticoids and Aldosterone

.A nurse is assessing a client who has COPD. The nurse should expect the client's chest to be which of the following shapes? A. Pigeon B. Funnel C. Kyphotic D. Barrel

.A nurse is assessing a client who has postoperative atelectasis and is hypoxic. Which of the following manifestations should the nurse expect? A. Bradycardia B. Bradypnea C. Lethargy D. Intercostal retractions

.A nurse is caring for a client who has acute kidney injury (AKI). Which of the following arterial blood gas values would the nurse expect this client to have? A. pH 7.49, HCO3 24, PaCO2 30 B. pH 7.49, HCO3 30, PaCO2 40 C. pH 7.26, HCO3 24, PaCO2 46 D. pH 7.26, HCO3 14, PaCO2 30

.A nurse is caring for a client who has heart failure and a new prescription for furosemide. For which of the following adverse effects should the nurse monitor? A. Hypervolemia B. Hypertension C. Hypokalemia D. Hypoglycemia

.A nurse is developing a plan of care for a client who has COPD. The nurse should include which of the following interventions in the plan? A. Restrict the client's fluid intake to less than 2 L/day. B. Provide the client with a low-protein diet. C. Have the client use the early-morning hours for exercise and activity. D. Instruct the client to use pursed-lip breathing.

.A nurse is teaching a client about taking an expectorant to treat a cough. The nurse should explain that this type of medication has which of the following actions? A. Reduces inflammation B. Suppresses the urge to cough C. Dries mucous membranes D. Stimulates secretions

.A nurse is teaching a client who has acute kidney injury about dietary sources of potassium. Which of the following statements by the client indicates a need for clarification? A. "I will enjoy eating cantaloupe for my morning snack." B. "I can easily add baked potatoes to my diet." C. "Eating yogurt will be a new experience." D. "Adding pecans will be a change I can readily make."

.A nurse receives a unit of packed RBCs from a blood bank and notes that the time is 1130. The nurse should begin the infusion at which of the following times? A. When the client has finished eating lunch B. When the client states he is ready to start the infusion C. 2 hr after obtaining blood from the blood bank D. As soon as the nurse can prepare the client and the administration set

A nurse is assessing a client who has left-sided heart failure. Which of the following findings should the nurse expect? A. Jugular venous distention B. Abdominal distension C. Dependent edema D. Hacking cough

A nurse is caring for a client who has chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The client tells the nurse, "I can feel the congestion in my lungs, and I certainly cough a lot, but I can't seem to bring anything up." Which of the following actions should the nurse take to help this client with tenacious bronchial secretions? A. Maintaining a semi-Fowler's position as often as possible B. Administering oxygen via nasal cannula at 2 L/min C. Helping the client select a low-salt diet D. Encouraging the client to drink 2 to 3 L of water daily

A nurse is caring for a client who has heart failure and a prescription for digoxin. Which of the following statements by the client indicates an adverse effect of the medication? A. "I can walk a mile a day." B. "I've had a backache for several days." C. "I am urinating more frequently." D. "I feel nauseated and have no appetite."

A nurse is caring for a client who has returned to the unit following a surgical procedure. The client's oxygen saturation is 85%. Which of the following actions should the nurse take first? A. Administer oxygen at 2 L/min. B. Administer prescribed analgesic medication. C. Encourage coughing and deep breathing. D. Raise the head of the bed.

A nurse is caring for a client who is on warfarin therapy for atrial fibrillation. The client's INR is 5.2. Which of the following medications should the nurse prepare to administer? A. Epinephrine B. Atropine C. Protamine D. Vitamin K

A nurse is caring for a client who is receiving a unit of packed red blood cells. Fifteen minutes following the start of the transfusion, the nurse notes that the client is febrile, with chills and red-tinged urine. Which of the following transfusion reactions should the nurse suspect? A. Febrile B. Allergic C. Acute pain D. Hemolytic

A nurse is caring for a male client who reports nausea and vomiting and is receiving IV fluid therapy. His blood urea nitrogen (BUN) is 32 mg/dL, creatinine 1.1 mg/dL, and hematocrit 50%. Which of the following nursing interventions is appropriate? A. Collect a urine specimen for culture and sensitivity. B. Continue routine care because the results are within the expected reference range. C. Decrease the IV fluid infusion rate and limit oral fluid intake. D. Evaluate urine for amount and for specific gravity

A nurse is discussing kidney transplant with a client who has end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Which of the following should the nurse identify as a contraindication for this treatment? A. Breast cancer survivor for 8 years B. Pacemaker C. 65-years of age D. Alcohol use disorder

A nurse is planning care for a client who has acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Which of the following interventions should the nurse include in the plan? A. Administer low-flow oxygen continuously via nasal cannula. B. Encourage oral intake of at least 3,000 mL of fluids per day. C. Offer high-protein and high-carbohydrate foods frequently. D. Place in a prone position.

A nurse is preparing to administer a unit of packed red blood cells to a client. Which of the following actions should the nurse plan to take? A. Check the unit of blood with an assistant personal (AP) B. Premedicate the client with an antiemetic. C. Plan to infuse the unit of blood over 6 hr. D. Remain with the client for the first 15 minutes of the transfusion.

A nurse is preparing to administer dabigatran to a client who has atrial fibrillation. The nurse should explain that the purpose of this medication is which of the following? A. To convert atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm B. To dissolve clots in the bloodstream C. To slow the response of the ventricles to the fast atrial impulses D. To reduce the risk of stroke in clients who have atrial fibrillation

A nurse is preparing to administer digoxin to a client who has heart failure. Which of the following actions is appropriate? A. Withholding the medication if the heart rate is above 100/min B. Instructing the client to eat foods that are low in potassium C. Measuring apical pulse rate for 30 seconds before administration D. Evaluating the client for nausea, vomiting, and anorexia

A nurse is prioritizing client care after receiving change-of-shift report. Which of the following clients should the nurse plan to see first? A. A client who is scheduled for an abdominal x-ray and is awaiting transport B. A client who has a prescription for discharge C. A client who received oral pain medication 30 min ago D. A client who told an assistive personnel he is short of breath

A nurse is providing instruction to a new nurse about caring for clients who are receiving diuretic therapy to treat heart failure. The nurse should explain that which of the following medications puts clients at risk for both hyperkalemia and hyponatremia? A. Furosemide B. Hydrochlorothiazide C. Metolazone D. Spironolactone

A nurse is reviewing the medical record of a client who has a potassium level of 3.0 mEq/L. Which of the following findings should the nurse recognize as a potential causative factor? A. Client is currently prescribed spironolactone. B. Client has a history of alcohol abuse disorder. C. Client reports drinking 3.5 to 4 L of water each day. D. Client has an NG tube to gastric suction.

A nurse is teaching a client who is obese and has obstructive sleep apnea how to decrease the number of nightly apneic episodes. Which of the following client statements indicates an understanding of the teaching? A. "It might help if I tried sleeping only on my back." B. "I'll sleep better if I take a sleeping pill at night." C. "I'll get a humidifier to run at my bedside at night." D. "If I could lose about 50 pounds, I might stop having so many apneic episodes.

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

Increase renal Na excretion, decrease ECF

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid, double helix, form from WEAK bonds between HYDROGEN atoms between bases in complementary strands of DNA

Inhalation

Diaphragm contracts downward, ribs push out, lungs fill with air

Exhalation

Diaphragm relaxes upward, ribs relax, air pushes out

Endoderm

Digestive System

T Lymphocytes

Directly attack cells infected by viruses and bacteria

frontal plane

Divides the body into front and back portions.

Did King Philip Come Over For Good Spaghetti

Domain - Kingdom - Phylum - Class - Order - Family - Genus- Species

Pharynx

Located behind mouth, also part of GI system

tonsils

Located in pharynx, protect against pathogens entering via mouth or throat

penis

Organ for elimination of urine and sperm from the male body

Epidermis

Outer layer of skin - does not have blood vessels

Cell wall

PLANTS and PROKAYOTES ONLY, outside rigid layer, separate the inside and outside of a cell, has an inside semipermeable membrane

Lipase produced where

Pancreas

Pancreatic Amylase produced where

Pancreas

Trypsin produced where

Pancreas

pancreas enzymes

Pancreatic juices (Bicarbonate, lipase, trypsin(ogen), proteases, and amylase)

Parathyroid secretes which hormone

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

protein enzymes

Pepsin, Trypsin, and Peptidases

adaptive immune system

a kind of passive or active immunity in which antibodies to a particular antigen are present in the body

Peptidases produced where

Small Intestine

Stratum Spinosum

Spiny Layer, - Thickest layer, keratinocytes, immune dendritic cells, and sensory cells

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids

Oxytocin

Stimulates contraction of uterus and mammary gland cells

Estrogen

Stimulates egg maturation, controls 2ndary sex characteristics

Antigens

Substances on the surfaces of agents that act to identify them, to the body, as being native or foreign

Carbohydrate

Sugars and starches which body breaks down to glucose

pyrimidines

T - C & U - one sugar

Myosin

THICK FILAMENT; fibrous protein; forms the contractile filaments of muscle cells

Actin

THIN FILAMENT; protein involved in motion; works with myosin

prophase I

THIS IS THE TIME OF SPLITTING TO HALF NUMBER : 2 copies of genes at prophase I ; therefore 4 chromosomes

Meiosis (PMATIx2)

TWO DIVISIONS!! Process which gametes reduce their DNA content, occurs in plants, animals, sometimes fungi, occurs in gametes to bring about genetic variation among offspring

nephron

The part of the kidney responsible for filtering and excretion

Perfusion

The passage of fluid to an organ or a tissue

Cervix

The passage that forms the lower part of the uterus

Bronchi

The passages that direct air into the lungs

diffusion

The passive movement of substances from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration

Collagen

The primary structural protein of connective tissue

Independent variable

Thing you are testing; cause

anatomical position

To stand erect with arms at the sides and palms of the hands turned forward

Lymph Tissue

Tonsils, adenoids, thymus, spleen, peyer's patches

Striated Muscle

Voluntary muscle; striated EX: Biceps, triceps, and gluteus maximus

T-Cell

White blood cells that mature in the thymus and participate in immune response

Short Bones

Wider than they are long EX: Metatarsals, Clavicle

nerve

a bundle of nerve fibers that transmits electrical impulses toward and away from the brain and spinal cord

innate immune system

a collection of nonspecific barriers and cellular responses that serve as an inborn first and second line of defense against pathogens

monohybrid cross

a cross between parents heterozygous at one specific gene

volumetric pipette

a device used for precise measurement of small amounts of liquid

autoimmune disease

a disease in which the immune system attacks the organism's own cells

enzymes are used for almost all chemical rxn

a few metabolic rxn because highly selective

Basophil

a granular leukocyte, named for the dark stain of its granules, that brings anticoagulant substances to inflamed tissues

Macromolecules

a molecule that contains a large number of atoms

Superior (cranial)

above another structure

nonmetals

accept electrons in order to become more stable ; poor heat/electrical ; brittle ; not shiny

Higher number of hydrogen bonds

acidic solution

Acid and Bases reactions

acid⁺ +base⁻ → salt + water

Enzymes

act as catalysts for special chemical reactions within the human body, they are protein molecules within body tissue

substrate reacts with

active site of an enzyme to make new product (conformational change- enzyme changes shape of itself)

parasympathetic nerves

active when eating (digestion) or at rest

if word ends with T

add -ion

endothermic

add energy/heat to the reactants

anabolism

adding small molecules to larger ones

ATP

adenosine triphosphate, cellular fuel produced in mitochondria, enzymes on the cristae help convert sugar into ATP to power the cell

Sensory nervous system

afferent; sends messages to the CNS

Digestive System

alimentary canal includes: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum), large intestine (colon) and anus and accessory structures, includes: teeth, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gall bladder

saturated

alkane

Saturated hydrocarbons

alkanes, carbon is completely connected with hydrogen, single bonds (methane, octane)

unsaturated

alkenes & alkynes

Area

all of the sides together (A2+B2=C2 if hypotenuse)

Pilli

allow communication and transfer of information between cells

internal factors for enzymes

amino acid structure

each codon matches to specific

amino acids ; 20 amino acid pairs for 64 codons

latent heat

amount of heat needed to cause a phase change (ex : L>g / g>l / etc.)

light years

amount of light than travels within a year

Potential Energy

amount of stored energy in an object, battery cell or gasoline in a fuel tank

orbital

an area around the nucleus where an electron can be found

immunoglobulins

antibodies

Artificially Acquired Active Immunity:

antibodies are made due to exposure to a vaccine

matter

anything that takes up space and has a mass

Organic compounds

are rich in carbon and provide a major source of biomass on earth

what is the smallest part of an element?

atom

what nervous system controls digestion

automatic nervous system

digestion of food is controlled by

autonomic division of the nervous system

heterotroph vs. autotroph

autotroph produces its own energy source but heterotrophs cannot

Atomic Mass

average of all isotopes of an element

empty follicle

corpus luteum

emperical

based on observation

Smaller number of hydrogen bonds

basic solution

Vacuole

basic storage unit of the cell that can hold various compounds

Water

becomes more dense when heated and expands when cools, compound of hydrogen and oxygen, polar compound, good solvent, neutral pH, max density at 4 Celsius

constrict

becomes narrower

Inferior (caudal)

below another structure

Platelets

blood clotting

Interferons

body's response to a viral infection and prevent replication of virus after 7-10 days

glycolysis (cellular respiration/heterotrophs)

break down glucose to produce ATP ; end product is then sent into the Krebs cycle/citric acid cycle to make more ATP - mitochondria is used

catalysts/enzymes increase chemical rxn

by lowering the activation energy (lowering amount of energy needed to get rxn going)

rational numbers

can be repeated numbers, can be fractions, terminating numbers (they end)

metalloids

can either donate/accept depending ; in - between metals / nonmetals - staircase

elements

cannot be broken down into anything simpler

autotroph formula

carbon dioxide + water + energy (sun) > oxygen + glucose

expiration

carbon dioxide is forced out of the body

Motor

carries electrical impulses from central nervous system to effectors - glands and muscles

Blood

carries oxygen to and carbon dioxide from the tissues of the body

systemic loop

carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body, returning deoxygenated blood to the right atrium

red blood cells

carry hemoglobin and transport oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body

Diploid Cells

cells that contain two sets of chromosomes, fertilized egg, twin (homologous chromosome)

zygote

comes before embryo , this is where the fertilized egg (one cell) ; then start to divide to become a mass of cells AKA embryo

Codon

composed of three of the bases, is part of the code that makes up the genes that make up DNA, matches to a specific amino acid

Nuceloid

condensed DNA of cell - contains genes for the formation of proteins that make up the machinery of the cell

simple sentence

contains one clause ; doesn't contain any dependent sentences ; subject and verb to complete

control group vs. experimental group

control group = placebo ; nothing happens to them experiment group = is the one being tested on

Catalyst

control the rate of chemical reactions, increase reaction rates by lower activation energy, help molecules combine,

Brainstem

controls basic body functions such as breathing, swallowing, heart rate, blood pressure, consciousness, and whether one is awake or sleepy

autonomic (involuntary) nervous system

controls involuntary actions involving cardiac and smooth muscle, such as heart rhythm, digestion, and breathing

sodium

controls water balance in the body

heart attack (myocardial infarction)

damage or death of cardiac muscle tissue resulting from blockage of one or more coronary arteries

Osteoarthritis

degenerative joint disease

right side of heart pumps

deoxygenated blood to the lungs

Pancreas

digestive and endocrine system, endocrine gland producing several important hormones, including insulin, as well as an exocrine gland, secreting pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes that pass to the small intestine

Lysosome

digestive enzymes that are capable of disposing of cellular debris and worn cellular parts

expository passages

discusses a topic/subject giving groundwork information for understanding later ideas, or analyzes information objectively

weakest intermolecular force

dispersion

sagittal plane

divides body into left and right

moon

does not produce own energy ; light is from the reflection of the sun hitting the surface

Incomplete dominance

dominant and recessive genotypes interact to produce an intermediate phenotype, mix of two traits

"genetic variation"

due to meiosis (prophase I?)

small intestine

duodenum, jejunum, ileum, where digestion and absorption of food occurs

heterozygous

each parent gives the offspring a different allele for a particular trait (Gg)

embryo

early stages of development after fertilization (an animal/plant)

Anemia

lack of a normal number of red blood cells

catabolism

large molecules to smaller ones

Nucleus

large organelle, control center - genetic material and controls cell activities

Eukaryote

large, complex, plasma membrane, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, vesicles, vacuole, lysosome, peroxisome, mitochondria, cristae, microtubules, centrosomes, nucleus, nucleolus, chloroplasts

Cerebrum

largest part of the brain

Density

mass/volume, liquid has the highest density, smallest volume has greatest density

Ventilation

movement of air in and out of the lungs

Diapedesis

movement of white blood cells through intact capillary walls into surrounding body tissue

superficial

near the surface of the body

Pivot Joint

neck

liquid to gas is usually

needs more energy compared to solid to liquid

Electron

negatively charged particle

motor nuerons

neurons that carry outgoing information from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands

Neutrons

neutral charge, found in nucleus

Keratin and Collagen (hydrophobic)-

not soluble in water, found in structural protein

Telophase

nuclear envelope forms, chromosomes decondense, spindle fibers disappear

Atomic number

number of protons in the nucleus

irregular numbers

numbers that cannot be written as a fraction ; numbers that do not repeat but continue ; square/cube roots that are not complete #

Mutation

occurs from errors in DNA replication or a mutagen (substance that induces mutations)

cell processes are needed by use

of an enzyme for chemical rxn

Carbon is large majority

on earth

preposition

on, below, on top, near, far, around, to, from

chromatid

one of two identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome

gland

organ that secretes a substance

Autotroph

organism that is able to produce its own food, most autotrophs use photosynthesis to live

renal cortex

outer layer of the kidney

Valence Shell

outer shell of electrons, most energy, this shell causes the exchange that creates molecules between atoms, chemical reactions happen because of this shell

table of contents

overview of the document ; usually in the front ; basic structure

oxidation-reduction process in Metabolism

oxidation of glucose (loses electrons) to carbon dioxide and the reduction of oxygen (gains electrons) to water

heterotroph formula

oxygen + glucose > carbon dioxide + water + energy

nucleic acids contain what elements?

oxygen, phosphate, nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon

After the oxygen is picked up then

oxygenated blood is then carried back to the heart (by pulmonary veins) → left atrium →mitral valve → left ventricle→ aortic valve →aorta→out to entire body

left side of heart pumps

oxygenated blood to the rest of the body

cl used to break down

ozone

Battery Acid

pH below 1

H₂O

pH neutral

Golgi apparatus

packaging and transporting or proteins in the cell, including protein secretion, works with the ER in protein movement and processing

Sensory

pain, heat. Sensory neurons on fingers, toes, face. Reflex- neurons transmit a message to the spinal cord and reacts

Nuclease and Nucleosidase produced where

pancreas

PEMDAS

parentheses exponent multiply/divide add/subtract

External factors for enzyme activity

temperature, pH, substrate concentration

Sun

the Earth's energy source ; Earth travels around the sun

malleability

the ability of a metal to be shaped

Energy

the ability to do work

specific heat capacity

the amount of energy needed to change the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius

Artificial Immunity

the antibodies are produced elsewhere and injected

Activation Energy

the energy needs to make a reaction happen

Rectum

the final section of the large intestine, terminating at the anus.

genotype

the genetic makeup of an individual

prostate

the gland in males that controls the release of urine and secretes a part of semen that enhances motility and fertility of sperm

Synapse

the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron

Labia Majora

the larger outer folds of the vulva.

stomach

the major portion of digestion occurs

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

the material that contains genetic information

Atom

the most basic complete unit of a chemical element.

plasma

the pale yellow component of blood that carries red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets throughout the body

peripheral nervous system

the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body

Labia Minora

the smaller inner folds of the vulva.

Deoxyribose sugar

the sugar portion of deoxyribose nucleotide

Deoxygenated blood enters

the superior and inferior vena cava→ right atrium→tricuspid valve →right ventricle

boiling point

the temperature at which a liquid boils and turns to vapor.

Anaphase

the third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles

oxidation-reduction process in Photosynthesis

the water is oxidized (loses electrons) and the CO2 is reduced (gains electrons)

Vitamins

they help catalyze chemical reactions in the body, we get them from the food we eat, plants get them from the soil and sun and then we ingest them, Many vitamins (e.g., the B vitamins) assist enzymes (act as coenzymes) in activities ranging from vision to growth ability.

stratum granulosum

thin granular layer

Frontal Lobe

thinking, organizing, emotions, behavior, personality

Adaptive Responses

third line of defense - anti-body mediated and cell-mediated

thymus secretes what hormone

thymosin

alveoli

tiny air sacs that are surrounded by capillaries, permits the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide to occur

Immune System

tissues, cells, organs that fight off disease

Stratum Corneum

top layer of epidermis, Dead keratinocytes

Cartilage

tough, elastic connective tissue that is more rigid than ligaments but less dense than bone

Posterior (dorsal)

toward the back of the body

anterior (frontal)

toward the front of the body

medial plane/midsagittal plane

toward the midline of the body

introns leave during

transcription within the nucleus ; therefore exons stay

inheritance

transmission of characteristics to offspring

neurons

transmit messages in the nervous system

Urethra

tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

comparison - contrast

two cases that will be making the reader consider the difference

stem cells

undifferentiated cells ex: totipotent ; pluripotent ; multipotent

Changes in population

up = immigration and births, down = emmigration and death

semicolons

used with 2 independent clauses before HOWEVER or THEREFORE

electromagnetic waves

waves of radiation that are characterized by electric and magnetic fields

dependent variable

what is measured in an experiment as a possible effect

hyphens

when words are separated on a line (separated by syllables) writing out numbers in words (fractions, 23...) separate a prefix from proper noun

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