TECH 202 Test 3

example of how Marx ignores imagination and entrepreneurship

What if you are working in a piston factory and find a better way to make pistons and then go to the bosses- they don't have the means to award you, you won't get anything for sharing it, and if you did make more, we might have too many and then not enough jobs for people

how did conservatives view liberals and Marxists?

as two sides of the same coin (they were very skeptical of liberalism)

why can the capitalist often pay workers less?

because of the industrial revolution (there is no communism without the ID)

what is Karl Marx famous for developing?

communism

what is the most radical outgrowth of the Enlightenment?

communism

liberalism aimed at..?

complacent (conceited) middle class

socialism raised the feelings of what throughout Europe?

conflict

principle of workings of a communist

controlled economy

captive markets do what?

extract raw materials and sell products

for the 6 months of no monarchs, what were the ideas people were buying into?

hope and change

Where was Karl Marx born?

in Germany

liberals were more focused on protecting what?

individual liberties

some socialist programs might be negative in the long run but...

it has done something to alleviate the concerns of the poor

imperialism

less positive way of saying colonialism

what are we all probably in the 1800s?

liberals in the sense that liberty exists- we don't need a monarch to tell us what is best for us

Das Kapital

long document on communism by Karl Marx

what was the deal with the urban poor?

no one was really concerned about the situation with the urban poor since no party represented radical liberals- so change was very slow because no one was fighting for it

why did Marx argue for revolution?

only because he believed it would happen again, so why not just do it now?

what were there a lot of in liberalism?

poets and novelists

liberalists focused on...?

political minorities and their rights (like women, children, Scottish, Irish (who are under represented in Parliament), etc.)

socialism grew tremendously among the...?

proletariat - they were the largest party in Germany (accepted Marxism and the idea of revolution) - growth in Great Britain (did not accept Marxism or revolution); became Labor Party and eventually merged with the Liberal Party

What is a Marxist concept?

public education

what were the poets/novelists trying to do?

push classical liberal agendas- they wanted to say public opinion (wanted social change)

What was Karl Marx kicked out of Germany for? and where'd he go after that?

radical politics; England

Marxist Socialism grew where?

rapidly in every other European country and in the U.S. (usually associated with labor unions)- but some weren't Marxist

Communist Manifesto

short communist pamphlet by Karl Marx

classical liberalism favored changes in...?

social and economic policies

Europeans believed that their culture was ______ to other cultures

superior

Whigs

supported limited monarchy (like roundheads)

Tories

supported strong monarchy (like cavaliers)

Utilitarianism is the first real political philosophy that....?

takes the liberal concept that argues for a much more activist/interventionist type of gov't instead of an enlightenment gov't

what does Marx say about private property?

that there won't be NONE of it, but there will be small scale possessions

who sided with the kings against the Americans in the American Revolution?

the Whigs (damaged them = Tories now rule)

most of who was not part of the overthrowing of the monarchs?

the armies

utilitarianism

the best moral action is the one that maximizes utility (value)

who is no longer a major political player in the 1800s?

the church

by liberalists, gov't was seen as...?

the vehicle for change

conservatism was reluctant to change but accepted some changes to remain in power like...?

universal male suffrage

what does communism ultimately lead to?

workers rebelling

purpose of the points in Communist Manifesto?

(By Marx) - If it's going to happen eventually, why wait? Workers you have nothing to lose! Unite! Rise up! And no one could stop you - they should identify by social class (not by nation or country)

6 Basic Premises of Das Kapital

(book by Marx) 1. the value of a product is the amount of labor to produce it 2. the fair wage for a worker is the value of his work (the value of the product) 3. in capitalism, the owner must sell the product for more than the worker is paid (profit) 4. The capitalist increases profits by increasing selling price and/or reducing wages (often both) 5. The lowest possible wage is the subsistence level and this is the level paid (because of a surplus of labor) 6. Surplus labor is maintained by replacing workers with machines.

what were the 5 basic premises of Communist Manifesto?

(pamphlet by Marx) 1. history of world is driven by class struggles (one always rules) 2. one class always exploits others 3. Middle Class (bourgeoisie) no longer ruled by aristocracy -> Enlightenment and Industrial Revolution 4. Working Class (proletariat) does the same- triumphs over Middle Class (with revolution as the method) 5. workers should unite in revolution across national borders and seize power -> unify class and not country

The Georges

- George I and II let the Whigs rule (60 years) - Parliament largely ran Europe - Robert Walpole (first prime minister) - Whigs fell from power because of the American Revolution

Core Liberal Beliefs

- Man has both the ability to reason and innate dignity (regardless of social class) and that using these qualities leads to progress - Humankind can use reason to eventually create a perfect (or at least a much better) society on Earth - The Rule of Law protects the dignity of man and allows individual liberty to exist so that man can reason and allow his conscience to guide his actions

Core Conservative Beliefs

- Mankind is fallen and does not improve when left to its own devices, but instead falls prey to instability, selfishness, and chaos - A perfect society can never be created here on Earth, thus it is a foolish, and even dangerous, goal -> Enlightenment ideals are false - The leadership of the strong and wise (or wealthy and educated) is needed to lead mankind to a better future and to protect them from themselves

what were the first REAL political parties in Great Britain?

- Whigs - Tories (Parliament split)

Facts about the Liberals

- an outgrowth of the Enlightenment (man can think and be educated, ultimately people are good and will make right decisions, etc.) - believed people have progressed since the beginning (are less immoral than before) - wanted gov'ts that protected and enshrined the rule of law (no one could infringe upon it) -> liberty exists

Great Expectations

- book written by Charles Dickens - about classes

Hard Times

- book written by Charles Dickens - about factories belting out ash and smoke = pollution; also about utilitarianism

Bleak House

- book written by Charles Dickens - about judicial reform

Christmas Carol

- book written by Charles Dickens - about the greedy rich

Oliver Twist

- book written by Charles Dickens - talked about urban poverty and helping kids in the orphanages

non-landed middle class and white collar workers changed to what in the 1800s?

- bourgeoisie (classical liberals) - change is okay, but only if necessary - bankers, lawyers, teachers, professors, etc. - lived in urban areas but don't own land

what labels were created by Karl Marx?

- capitalists/gentry - bourgeoisie - proletariat

owners/landholders changed to what in the 1800s?

- capitalists/gentry (conservatives) - old 2nd estate - don't want change - (owners of factories)

"Centralization of power in state hands (temporarily)" part of Marx's plan for change in detail

- credit controlled by the state - communication and transportation are state owned (anyone who leaves or complains too much, their stuff is taken; now have access to information) - Control of factories/means of production (later land itself would be owned by the state)

3 benefits of socialism adopted by capitalist societies

- free public education - socialist programs temper the harshness of capitalism (Worker's comp, child labor laws, minimum wage, 40 hour work week, gov't regulation, overtime pay, labor unions, welfare, Social Security, etc.) - capitalist democracies have few, if any, major wars between them (Marx theorized they would increasingly go to war over markets and resources and that Capitalist nations would, in effect, destroy themselves. This has not happened)

Moral Calculus

- gave a series of questions that gov't should ask about any policy (to see if it should be pursued or not) - utilitarianism - Intensity - how intensely happy? - duration - how long will we stay happy? (probably until tax cuts affect things that affect the people- like pot holes, schools closed, etc.) - certainty - how sure are we that it will make people happy? (probably at first!) - propinquity - how soon will we be happy? (as soon as they take my first check and I have to pay 50% less money) - fecundity - how many more? (at first, but when it becomes the new norm, we will campaign again) - purity - how free from pain? - extent - how many people are affected?

poor workers in the 1800s tended to identify with what class in their political leanings?

- gentry (conservatives) - aren't part of proletariats

Summary of Karl Marx's beliefs

- he saw the Enlightenment and what it said about the equality of man because of reason and dignity and our leaders; he saw that it said that man was inherently good; he saw this process and he said "this is the natural process"- ultimately the enlightenment will win, and it will ultimately be take to its extreme conclusion that all men are literally equal (Eutopia) - AKA Communism takes the Enlightenment concepts concerning man's dignity to its extreme conclusion that all can literally be equal

"Redistribution of Wealth" part of Marx's plan for change in detail

- heavily graduated income tax (move money from rich to poor) - abolition of inheritance rights (children can't take money from parents when they die- it goes to the state) - confiscation of emigrant and rebel property

what were the problems with Moral Calculus and Utilitarianism?

- how do you know the long-term effects? - who is to decide? (elected leaders? public surveys? experts? (how do you determine if someone is an expert?) supreme court/judges? - problems: no protections for the minority, majority always rules (= utilitarianism deeply discussed by not implemented) - is happiness the objective of this life? (animals seek pleasure and flee from pain but we are here to be tested) - what is God's objective for us in life?

Marx was a .....

- idealist/dreamer in a way - he believed if we were all enlightened enough, we would help each other out and lift each other up

conservatism rejected...?

- intellectualism - most ideals of the Enlightenment (people could all be educated; equality among people; all can be equal)

slavery in the 1800s

- it always existed but was always an outgrowth of war

why did the monarchies return?

- lack of organization (liberals don't have a lot of experience in gov't) - started falling as soon as they hit the first few bumps - now soldiers weren't getting paid = supported the monarchs who did pay them - liberals claimed they wanted change and liberal principles, but there was a huge spectrum (not all on the same page)- they didn't know how to bring the gov'ts to the people and make them succeed

connection between Socialism and Communism

- loosely have the same goals - can be a socialist without being a communist

facts about conservatives

- mostly the old second estate (the landed elite) - man murders, steals, and lies because he wants what is best for himself - since there were high levels of illiteracy and lack of education, believed that the wealthy and educated should lead

"Social changes" part of Marx's plan for change in detail

- obligation of all to work (even women) - free education for all children and abolition of child labor (so they can go to school)

Jane Austen

- poet/novelist - always wrote about middle class girl falling in love with a rich boy; so he can't marry her because he is rich; but says "what the heck!" and then throws away everything and marries her - she was against classes (fairly liberal concepts)

The Bronte Sisters

- poets/novelists - against male domination (fairly liberal concepts)

Charles Dickens

- popular novelist of the day - wrote about social conditions and individual complacency - he wrote liberal essays that were given characters to make them interesting

factory and trade workers changed to what in the 1800s?

- proletariats (radical liberals) - wanted change and wanted it now!

what values did conservatism adopt associated with the roots of the country?

- religion (not freedom of religion but was like church states) - individualism (rely on yourself and family instead of gov't) - nationalism (Britain first! France first! United Germany first!, etc.)

4 imperialism points

- scientific expeditions (interest in other countries) - industrial revolution (a desire for resources and captive markets) - Social Darwinism (belief that whites were superior to other races)- nicer way of saying "racism" - motivators for empire (gold, glory, God)

traditionalists

- supported status quo - they were okay with Parliament's existence - they were okay with the basic rights that had been guaranteed by the Magna Carta, etc. - they didn't need to turn back the clock but didn't continue down the Enlightenment road much longer - maybe just wanted men who owned all sized of land to vote, but that's about it

what began the first political parties?

- the Glorious Revolution (William and Mary invited to rule as limited monarchs

utilitarianisms believed...?

- the industrial age would change the world - science and technology should be used to solve society's problems - they advocated activist (wanted political or social change) gov'ts and inventionists to assist people; Moral Calculus

socialism feared what?

- the rising communist threat - "upper-classes" were nervous

what two major groups was conservatism divided into?

- traditionalists - reactionaries

reactionaries

- want to go back for some event (felt things had gone too far) - much smaller group that the traditionalists - many wanted to go back before the American and French Revolutions - embodied idea of liberalism ? - died a slow death since Napoleon had spread the concept of liberalism so widely

Jeremy Bentham/John Stuart Mill

- wrote "On Liberty" - philosophers, economists and political theorists - utilitarianism - believed gov't is meant to provide happiness to the most people it can; if they aren't accomplishing that, then they need to change something (democratic) - believed mankind seeks pleasure and flees pain

What were the two revolutions of 1848?

1. "Successful" democratic revolutions in nearly all continental European countries 2. monarchies returned after 6 months in all countries except France which became the Second French Empire in 1852 (monarch again 4 years later)

5 goals of communism

1. Put the means of production (ownership of the factories, etc.) in the hands of the workers so they won't be exploited by owners 2. all own all in common (everyone paid the same, everyone owns everything) 3. all contribute (radical) 4. A temporary central government oversees this transition from a capitalist society - ("Dictatorship of the Proletariat) 5. Eventually a utopian-like brotherhood where all needs are met is established and the government dissolves

order of the group names of the liberalists?

1. Whigs 2. Liberal Party 3. Labor Party in Britain (radicals; democrats)

4 steps to Marx's plan for change

1. abolition of private property 2. redistribution of wealth 3. centralization of power in state hands (temporarily) 4. social changes

6 Marx Problems

1. ignores imagination and entrepreneurship 2. ignores technological improvements (difficult to manage improvements in a whole nation) 3. attacks natural self-interest 4. leads to stagnation (communist economies are not flexible/not responsive) 5. ignores human education, experience, talents, and work differences 6. assumes capitalism/gov't policy will not adjust (in reality, it's strong because it embraces socialist concepts- so the exact opposite)

???ppt 17 slide 5 - tories in Britain

?

why did Britain and other countries go out and colonize?

A newer reason is science- curious about the world; interest in new medicines and new products that could be used as raw materials, etc.

why hasn't Marx's prediction that capitalism would fail occurred?

Capitalism is much more flexible than communism

Whigs became....

Classical Liberals

summary of Marx problems

Communism has difficulty allowing creativity and creates an environment that works against it

what was like Hobbes and Locke in the 1800s?

Conservative vs. Liberal beliefs

Tories became....

Conservatives

Whigs are ________ today

Democrats

which goal of communism has never occurred in practice?

Eventually a utopian-like brotherhood where all needs are met is established and the government dissolves

View on Industrial Revolution (according to Marx in Das Kapital)

Industrial Revolution not bad, just part of the natural evolution of history that will lead to power being held by all people instead of a wealthy few -> Capitalism & democracy are also part of the process

who had a desk at the public library of London? what did they do there?

Karl Marx; wrote many communist documents

Tories are ________ today

Republicans

who was the first prime minister?

Robert Walpole (during reign of George I/II