Terminologies Part 2 CONSTRUCTION METHODS AND MANAGEMENT

Heaped volume

is the maximum volume that can be placed in the bucket without spillage based on a specified angle of repose for the material in the bucket.

Rimpull

is the pull available at the rim of the driving wheels under rated conditions

Building codes

which are concerned primarily with public safety, provide minimum design and construction standards for structural and fire safety. As the name implies, such codes apply only to the construction of buildings.

dozer or bulldozer.

A tractor equipped with a front-mounted earthmoving blade is known as a _____. A dozer moves earth by lowering the blade and cutting until a full blade load of material is obtain.

excavator

An _____ is defined as a power-driven digging machine. The major types of excavators used in earthmoving operations include hydraulic excavators and the members of the cable-operated crane-shovel family.

Mat or raft foundations

consist of a heavily reinforced concrete slab extending under the entire structure, in order to spread the structure's load over a large area.

Rolling resistance

is primarily due to tire flexing and penetration of the travel surface

soil's angle of repose

is the angle that the sides of a spoil bank or pile naturally form with the horizontal when the excavated soil is dumped onto the pile.

Struck capacity

is the bucket capacity when the load is struck off flush with the bucket sides.

Plate line capacity

is the bucket volume contained within the bucket when following the outline of the bucket sides.

Drawbar pull

is the power available at the hitch of a crawler tractor operating under standard conditions

Trimming

is the process of bringing each roadway layer to its final grade.

Grading

is the process of bringing earthwork to the desired shape and elevation (or grade).

Vibratory compaction, also called vibroflotation and vibrocompaction

is the process of densifying cohesionless soils by inserting a vibratory probe into the soil.

Compaction

is the process of increasing the density of a soil by mechanically forcing the soil particles closer together, thereby expelling air from the void spaces in the soil.

Grade resistance

represents that component of vehicle weight which acts parallel to an inclined surface.

Variable time

represents the travel time required for a unit to haul material to the unloading site and return.

Fixed time

represents those components of cycle time other than travel time.

Zoning regulations

which control land use, limit the size, type, and density of structures that may be erected at a particular location.

Quality control (QC)

which is a part of the quality management process, is primarily concerned with the process control function.

Consolidation

which is an increase in soil density of a cohesive soil resulting from the expulsion of water from the soil's void spaces

caisson

A _____ is a structure used to provide all-around lateral support to an excavation.

pile

A _____ is nothing more than a column driven into the soil to support a structure by transferring building loads to a deeper and stronger layer of soil or rock.

spread footing

A _______ is the simplest and probably the most common type of building foundation. It usually consists of a square or rectangular reinforced concrete pad that serves to distribute building loads over an area large enough so that the resulting pressure on the supporting soil does not exceed the soil's allowable bearing strength.

pier

A ____is simply a column, usually of reinforced concrete, constructed below the ground surface. It performs much the same function as a pile. That is, it transfers the load of a structure down to a stronger rock or soil layer.

bucket fill factor or bucket efficiency factor

A better estimate of the volume of material in one bucket load will be obtained if the nominal bucket volume is multiplied by a

spoil pile

If the material is dumped from a fixed position, a _______ is created which has a conical shape.

spoil bank

If the pile of material is long in relation to its width, it is referred to as a

liquefaction (or quicksand).

If the water pressure exactly equals soil weight, the soil will behave like a liquid and we have a condition called

boiling or piping.

If the water pressure is strong enough to move subsurface soil up through the bottom of the cut, this condition is called

balancing.

In highway construction, the process of cutting down high spots and filling in low spots of each roadway layer is called

soil relaxation

In some cases, pile capacity decreases with time. This decrease in capacity is referred to as ____. Soil setup or ____ can be measured by performing load tests or by restriking the pile several days after pile driving. bae's note: both blanks have the same answer

Compacted

Material after compaction

Bank

Material in its natural state before disturbance.

Loose

Material that has been excavated or loaded.

soil setup or soil freeze.

Pile capacity usually increases after a period of time following driving. This increase in capacity is referred to as

dragline

The _____ is a very versatile machine that has the longest reach for digging and dumping of any member of the crane-shovel family.

motor grader

The ______ is one of the most versatile items of earthmoving equipment. It can be used for light stripping, grading, finishing, trimming, bank sloping, ditching, backfilling, and scarifying.

optimum moisture content of the soil.

The moisture content at which maximum dry density is achieved under a specific compaction effort is referred to as the

hydraulic excavator

The original and most common form of hydraulically powered excavator is the ________ equipped with a hoe front end.

ground modification or soil stabilization

The process of giving natural soils enough abrasive resistance and shear strength to accommodate traffic or design loads is called

clamshell

When the crane shovel is equipped with a crane boom and clamshell bucket, it becomes an excavator known as a ______. The _____ is capable of excavating to great depths but lacks the positive digging action and precise lateral control of the shovel and backhoe. bae's note: both blanks have the same answer.

ramping down

When the material to be excavated is located below ground level, the shovel must dig a ramp down into the material until a digging face of suitable height is created. This process is known as

Safety regulations

are designed to protect both construction workers and the public.

Wagons

are earthmoving trailers pulled by tractors or truck-tractors.

Grade excavators or trimmers

are machines that are capable of finishing roadway and airfield subgrades and bases faster and more accurately than can motor graders.

Water line capacity

assumes a level of material flush with the lowest edge of the bucket (i.e., the material level corresponds to the water level that would result if the bucket were filled with water).

Individual footings

include isolated (or single) footings, which support a single column, and wall footings, which support a wall.

Quality management

includes such activities as specification development, process control, product acceptance, laboratory and technician certification, training, and communication.

Dynamic compaction, or deep compaction

involves dropping a heavy weight from a crane onto the ground surface to achieve soil densification.

Finish grading, or simply finishing

involves smoothing slopes, shaping ditches, and bringing the earthwork to the elevation required by the plans and specification.

Surcharging

or placing additional weight on the soil surface, has long been used to densify cohesive soils.

Environmental regulations

protect the public and environment by controlling such factors as water usage, vehicular traffic, precipitation runoff, waste disposal, and preservation of beaches and wetlands.

Combined footings

support a wall and one or more columns, or several columns.

Earthmoving

the process of moving soil or rock from one location to another and processing it so that it meets construction requirements of location, elevation, density, moisture content, and so on.

Trucks

used for hauling on public highways are limited by transportation regulations in their maximum width, gross weight, and axle load.