Terms Ch. 3 The Skeletal System
fontanelles
aka: soft spots, normally present on the skull of a newborn; facilitate the passage through the birth canal; allow for growth of the school during the first year
fibrous joints
aka: sutures, consisting of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, hold the bones tightly together; do not allow for movement in adults, some do allow for movement in newborns and young children
cartilaginous joints (kar-tih-LADJ-ih-nus)
allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage. (ex. where the ribs connect to the sternum (breast bone)-allow movement for breathing)
acromion
an extension of the scapula that forms the high point of the shoulder
foramen (plural = foramina)
an opening in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass
talus
anklebone that articulates with the tibia and fibula
ligaments
bands of fibrous tissue that form joints by connecting one bone to another bone, or joining bone to cartilage
humerus (pl.-humeri)
bone of the upper arm
functions of the skeletal system
bones act as framework; bones support and protect the internal organs; joints work in conjunction with muscles, ligaments, and tendons, making possible the wide variety of body movements; calcium stored in bones, which is required for normal nerve and muscle function; red bone marrow, which has an important function in the formation of blood cells, is located within spongy bone.
sphenoid bone (SFEE-noid)
bones of the cranium that forms part of the base of the skull and parts of the floor and sides of the orbits (bony socket that surrounds and protect the eyeball)
phalanges (toes)
bones of the toes; great toe has 2 phalanges; each of the other toes have 3
carpals
bones that form the wrist
body of the sternum
bony structure that forms the middle portion of the sternum
manubrium
bony structure that forms the upper portion of the sternum
ilium
broad blade-shaped bone that forms the back and sides of the pubic bone
pubic symphysis
cartilaginous joint that allows some movement to facilitate childbirth; located between pubic bones in the anterior of the pelvis
yellow bone marrow
functions as a fat storage area, composed chiefly of fat cells and is located in the medullary cavity
spongy bone
lighter, and not as strong, as compact bone; commonly found in the ends and inner portions of long bones such; red bone marrow located here.
synovial membrane
lines the capsule and secretes synovial fluid
medullary cavity
located in the shaft of a long bone and is surrounded by compact bone.
external auditory meatus (mee-AY-tus)
located in the temporal bone on each side of the skull, is the opening of the external auditory canal of the outer ear
red bone marrow
located within the spongy bone, is hemopoietic tissue that manufactures red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells and thrombocytes.
intervertebral disks
made of cartilage, separate and cushion the vertebrae from each other; act as shock absorbers and allow for movement of the spinal column
cruciate ligaments (KRRO-shee-ayt)
make possible the movement of the knee
appendicular skeleton
makes body movement possible and protects the organs of digestion, excretion, and reproduction; consists of 126 bone that are organized into the upper extremities (shoulders, arms, forearms, wrists, and hands) and lower extremities (hips, thighs, legs, ankles, and feet)
scapula (plural-scapulae)
shoulder blade
pectoral girdle
shoulders form this, which supports the arms and hands; aka shoulder girdle (girdle-structure that encircles the body
vertebrae
single segment of the spinal column; 26 make up the spinal column; bony structure units of the spinal column.
sacrum (SAY-krum)
slightly curved, triangular-shaped bone near the base of the spine that forms the lower portion of the back (25th vertebrae)
radius
smaller and shorter bone in the forearm; runs up the thumb side of the arm
fibula
smaller of the two bones of the lower leg
cartilage
smooth, rubbery, blue-white connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber between bones
components of synovial joints
synovial capsule synovial membrane synovial fluid ligaments bursa
ball and socket joints
synovial joint such as hips and shoulders, allow a wide range of movement in many directions
hinge joints
synovial joint such as knees and elbows, allow movement primarily in one direction or plane
mastoid process
the bony projection located on temporal bones just behind the ears.
cervical vertebrae
the first set of 7 vertebrae that form the neck; know as C1-C7
bone
the form of connective tissue that is the second hardest tissue in the human body, behind dental enamel; capable of healing, growth and reshaping itself.
pubic bones
the ileum, ischium, and pubis are seperate at birth, but fuse to form the left and right __________, which are held together by the pubic symphysis.
epiphysis
wide end of a long bone that is covered with articular cartilage
occipital bone
forms the posterior floor and walls of the cranium
appendicular
referring to an appendage, which is anything that is attached to a major part of the body
popliteal (pop-LIT-ee-al)
refers to the posterior space behind the knee where the ligaments, vessels, and muscles related to this joint are located
lumbar
relating to the part of the back between the ribs and pelvis
malleolus (mal-LEE-oh-lus) (pl. malleoli)
rounded bony protuberance on each side of the ankle
thoracic vertebrae
second set of 12 vertebrae; form the outward curve of the spine; known as T1-T12
ribs
12 pairs, aka costals, attach posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae
phalanges (s-phalanx)
14 bones of the fingers (and toes); each of the 4 fingers has 3 bones-distal, middle, and proximal phalanges; thumb has 2 bones-distal and proximal.
inferior conchae (KONG-kee or KONG-kay) (sing. = concha)
2 bones of the face that are thin, scroll-like bones that form part of the interior of the nose
zygomatic bones
2 bones of the face that articulate with the frontal bone; aka; cheekbones
maxillary bones
2 bones of the face that form most of the upper jaw; aka: maxilla; singular maxilla
palatine bones
2 bones of the face that form part of the hard palate of the mouth and the floor of the nose
nasal bones
2 bones of the face that form the upper part of the bridge of the nose
lacrimal bones
2 bones of the face that make up part of the orbit of the inner angle of the eye
parietal bones
2 bones that form most of the roof and upper sides of the cranium
temporal bones
2 bones that form the sides and base of the cranium
metatarsals
5 bones that form part of the foot to which the toes are attached
metacarpals
5 bones that form the palm of the hand
auditory ossicles (OSS-ih-kulz)
6 tiny bones of the middle ear
tarsal
7 bones that make up the ankle
coccyx (KOCK-sicks)
aka tailbone, forms the end of the spine and is actually make up of 4 small vertebrae that are fused together (26th vertebrae)
spinal column
aka vertebal column, supports the head and body, and protects the spinal cord
olecranon process (ol-LEK-rah-non)
aka funny bone; large projection on the upper end of the ulna; forms point of the elbow and exposes a nerve that tingles when struck
calcaneus
aka heel bone, largest of the tarsal bones
joints
aka: articulations, the place of union between two or more bones
acetabulum (ass-eh-TAB-you-lum)
aka hip socket, the large circular cavity in each side of the pelvis that articulates with the head of the femur for form the hip joint
mandible
aka jawbone, only movable bone of the skull
patella
aka kneecap; bony anterior portion of the knee
pelvic girdle
aka pelvis or hips; protects internal organs and supports the lower extremities; a cup-shaped ring of bone at the lower end of the trunk that consists of the ilium, ischium, and pubis.
thoracic cavity
aka rib cage; bony structure that protects the heart and lungs; includes ribs, sternum, and upper portion of the spinal column extending from the neck to the diaphragm, not including the arms.
tibia
aka shinbone, larger weight-bearing bone in the anterior of the lower leg
temporomandibular joint
aka TMJ; mandible attached to the skull at this location
sternum
aka breastbone, forms the middle of the front of the rib cage and is divided into three parts: manubrium body of the sternum xiphoid process
clavicle
aka collar bone, slender bone that connects the manubrium of the sternum to the scapula (bones of the shoulder)
knees
complex joints that make possible movement between the upper and lower leg
skull
consists of 8 bones that form the cranium, 14 bones that form the face, and 6 bones that form the middle ear
skeletal system
consists of: bones bone marrow cartilage joints ligaments synovial membrane synovial fluid bursa
articular cartilage
covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form joints; makes smooth joint movement possible and protects the bones from rubbing against each other.
synovial joints
created where two bones articulate (come together) to permit a variety of motions
meniscus
curved fibrous cartilage found in some joints, such as the knee and the temporomandibular joint of the jaw
compact bone
dense, hard, and very strong bone that forms the protective outer layer of bones
ischium (ISS-kee-um)
forms the lower posterior portion of the pubic bone, bears the weight of the body when sitting
meatus
external opening of a canal
vomer bone
facial bone that forms the base for the nasal septum (cartilage wall that divides the 2 nasal cavities
bursa (plural = bursae)
fibrous sac that acts as a cushion to ease movement in areas that are subject to friction
true ribs
first seven pairs of ribs attached anteriorly to the sternum
synovial fluid
flows within the synovial cavity, acts as a lubricant to make the smooth movement of the joint possible
ankles
form the joint between the lower leg and the food are made up of 7 short tarsal bones
ethmoid bone
forms part of the posterior portion of the nose, the orbit, and the floor of the cranium
pubis
forms the anterior portion of the pubic bone, is located below the urinary bladder
ulna
larger and longer bone of the forearm; proximal end of the ulna articulates with the distal end of the humerus to form the elbow joint
floating ribs
last 2 pairs of ribs attached posteriorly
false ribs
next three pairs of ribs attached anteriorly to cartilage that joins with the sternum
process
normal projection on the surface of a bone that serves as an attachment for muscles and tendons
synovial capsule
outermost layer of strong fibrous tissue that resembles a sleeve as it surrounds the joint
frontal bone
part of the cranium that forms the forehead
axial
pertaining to an axis, which is an imaginary line that runs lengthwise through the center of the body
hemopoietic (hee-moh-poy-ET-ick) or hematopoietic
pertaining to the formation of blood cells
medullary
pertaining to the inner section
cervical
pertaining to the neck
cranium
portion of the skull that encloses the brain, made up of 8 bones
axial skeleton
protects the major organs of the nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems; consists of 80 bones including those of the skull, ribs, sternum, and thoracic vertebrae of the thoracic cavity, and other vertebrae of the spinal column
diaphysis
the shaft of a long bone
sacroiliac
the slightly movable articulation between the sacrum and posterior portion of the ilium
xiphoid process
the structure made of cartilage that forms the lower portion of the sternum
lumbar vertebrae
third set of 5 vertebrae and form the inward curve of the lower spine; known as L1-L5
endosteum
tissue that lines the medullary cavity
periosteum
tough, fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of bone
femur
upper leg bone; largest bone in the body; aka thigh bone