Test 1

Estimated age of the universe: 13.8 billion years old 13.8 million years old 4.6 million years old 4.6 billion years old

13.8 billion years old

1. Approximately how old is the oldest oceanic crust? a. 180,000 years b. 1,800,000 c. 180,000,000 years d. 4,400,000 years e. 4,400,000,000 years

180,000,000 years

Estimated age of the Earth: 13.8 million years old 4.6 billion years old 13.8 billion years old 4.6 million years old

4.6 billion years old

1. Which of the following minerals does NOT belong to the Native Element mineral group? a. Gold b. Copper c. Silver d. Diamond e. Quartz

?

Mid-oceanic ridges (MOR's) are the site of: sea floor spreading All of these production of new lithosphere undersea volcanoes

All of these

1. The lithosphere is made up of the upper-most mantle and the a. Crust b. Hydrosphere c. Asthenosphere d. Outer core

Asthenosphere

Who publishes "principles of grology"

Charles Lyell

1. ________________ is thick (30 - 75 km), old (up to 4,400,000,000 years), composed of felsic (granitic) silicates, light (~2.7 g/cm3), and is highly deformed by folding a. Continental crust b. Oceanic crust c. The mantle d. The core

Continental crust

What causes plate tectonics?

Convection

Continental crust is older and denser than oceanic crust. True False

False

4 eons of geologic time

Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic, Phanerozoic

Precambrian 3 eras:

Hadean, Archean, Proterzoic

Who realized the sea floor is spreading and changing

Harry Hess

The mechanical layers of the earth in order from interior to exterior are: -Inner core, outer core, lithosphere, asthenosphere, crust -Inner core, outer core, lithosphere, asthenosphere, mantle -Inner core, outer core, lower mantle, upper mantle, asthenosphere, lithosphere -Core, mantle, crust

Inner core, outer core, lower mantle, upper mantle, asthenosphere, lithosphere

The geologic principle that states "sediments extend in all directions until pinching out" is: Superposition Original Horizontality Cross-cutting relationships Lateral Continuity

Lateral Continuity

What is paleomagnetism?

Lava that comes up from the sea floor and hardens into salt rock

What are deep ocean trenches?

Lithosphere bends and descends into the mantle

Why are ocean ridges elevated?

Newly formed crust moves away from center and cools

3 Cenozoic eras oldest to youngest

Paleogene, Neogene, Quaternary

3 Phanerozoic eras oldest to youngest

Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic

Which of these eras are in the correct order from oldest to youngest? Mesozoic, Paleozoic, Cenozoic Paleozoic, Cenozoic, Mesozoic Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic Cenozoic, Mesozoic, Paleozoic

Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic

The laws of stratigraphy allow us to sort rocks based on their __________ ages. Relative Absolute Mechanical Chemical

Relative

Theory that explains the origin of the Earth and our solar system: The Great Expansion None of these The Big Bang Solar Nebula Theory

Solar Nebula Theory

The geologic principle that states "rocks are layered with the oldest on the bottom and the youngest on the top" is: Superposition Original Horizontality Cross-cutting relationships Uniformatarianism Lateral Continuity

Superposition

1. Which is the best explanation for the formation of the moon? a. A planetesimal the size of Mars struck the earth, ejecting large volumes of matter. A disk of orbiting material was formed, and this matter eventually condensed to form the Moon in orbit around the Earth b. The Moon was formed somewhere else, and was later captured by the gravitational field of the Earth. c. Meteoroids collected and solidified within the pull of Earth's gravity d. Gases from Earth escaped from the atmosphere and condensed in space.

The Moon was formed somewhere else, and was later captured by the gravitational field of the Earth.

1. A very massive star may collapse and explode at the end of its life. This is a: a. Supernova explosion b. Black hole c. Neutron Star d. Proton Star

a

1. A(n) ______________ is a negatively charged element or element group such as Cl- or CO3 -2 a. Anion b. Cation c. Radioactive ion d. Polymorph

a

1. Each element has a unique number of : a. Protons b. Neutrons c. Electrons d. All of these

a

1. Evidence about ancient climates indicates that ____________. a. glacial ice once covered much of what is now India and Australia b. continents in the Northern Hemisphere today were once centered over the South Pole c. continents in the Southern Hemisphere today were once centered over the North Pole d. no continents occupied the Southern Hemisphere

a

1. How many neutrons are in an atom of 6C12? a. 6 b. 18 c. 12 d. Not enough information is given

a

1. Most common rock-forming minerals are ______________. a. Silicates b. Carbonates c. Oxides d. Sulfides

a

1. What type of mineral is calcite (CaCO3)? a. carbonate b. single chain silicate c. double chain silicate d. ring silicate

a

1. Which of the following features is not associated with a convergent plate boundary? a. a mid-ocean ridge b. earthquakes c. a deep-sea trench zone d. volcanic activity

a

1. Which of the following is a geographic example of a transform boundary? a. San Andreas Fault, California b. Andes Mountains, West Coast of South America c. Cascade Mountains, West Coast of North America d. Sunda Megathrust Fault, Indonesia

a

1. Which of the following represents the longest time period? a. Precambrian (name collectively given to Hadean, Archaen, and Proterozoic eons) b. Mesozoic c. Cenozoic d. Paleozoic

a

1. You live in the ________________ era. a. Cenozoic b. Mesozoic c. Paleozoic d. Phanerozoic

a

1. __________________ are scratches or gouges cut into bedrock by glacial abrasion. a. Striations b. Tills c. Sediments d. Breccias

a

1. ___________________ was a classical and biblical scholar who created a careful and critical chronology of human history, including the date of the Creation of the Earth (4004 BC). a. James Ussher b. Edmond Halley c. George-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon d. William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin e. Ernest Rutherford

a

1. Which of the following best describes the material that makes up the Earth's asthenosphere? a. a rigid solid b. a solid that is able to flow c. a liquid at high temperature d. a gas under great pressure

a rigid solid

1. According to the theory of plate tectonics, ____ a. the asthenosphere is divided into plates b. the lithosphere is divided into plates c. the asthenosphere moves over the lithosphere d. the asthenosphere is strong and rigid

b

1. An example of modern continental rifting (divergent plate boundary) is a. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge b. The East African Rift Valley c. The East Pacific Rise d. The Andes Mountains

b

1. Approximately how fast does a tectonic plate move? a. several millimeters per year b. several centimeters per year c. several meters per year d. several kilometers per year

b

1. Atoms that have gained or lost electrons are no longer electrically neutral are called : a. Polymorphs b. Ions c. Isotopes d. Isobars

b

1. H2 is an example of which type of bonding? a. Ionic b. Covalent c. Metallic d. Bail

b

1. New seafloor is created at a ____________? a. deep-sea trench b. mid-ocean ridge c. subduction zone d. volcanic mountain chain

b

1. The descent of oceanic lithosphere into the mantle is the process of ______. a. Accretion b. Subduction c. Divergence d. Contraction

b

1. The study of fossil succession allows ___________. a. matching of similarly-aged rocks from different outcrops b. absolute dating of fossil-bearing strata c. cloning of ancient species d. geologists to determine the age of the Earth

b

1. Tyrannosaurus Rex lived during the Upper Cretaceous period (roughly 100-66 Ma ago) in the ________________era. a. Cenozoic b. Mesozoic c. Paleozoic d. Phanerozoic

b

1. What is the most common structural element of the silicate mineral group? a. a silicon-oxygen octahedron b. a silicon-oxygen tetrahedron c. a silicon-aluminum tetrahedron d. a silicon-nitrogen tetrahedron

b

1. What was the main reason the Continental Drift hypothesis was rejected? a. The scientist who proposed it was not well liked by other scientists b. The scientist who proposed it could not provide a mechanism for the movement of the continents c. The evidence supporting Continental Drift was sketchy at best d. It did not coincide with Biblical accounts

b

1. Where did the heavier elements (like C, O, Si, Ca, Mg, K, and Fe) that make up the bulk of the Earth originate? a. In very massive stars b. In a supernova explosion c. During the Big Bang d. In the Earth itself

b

1. Which of the following is NOT included in the definition of a mineral? a. Naturally occurring b. Inorganic c. Solid substance d. Specific, orderly crystalline structure e. Variable chemical composition

b

1. Who proposed Continental Drift? a. Harry Hess b. Alfred Wegener c. Sam Warren Carey d. William Smith

b

1. ________________ is/are the most common member of the silicate group, comprising more than 50% of Earth's crust. a. Quartz b. Feldspars c. Micas d. Olivine

b

1. A disconformity is ___________. a. a rock unit that does not contain fossils b. an erosional surface between igneous or metamorphic rocks and sedimentary rocks c. an erosional surface between horizontal sedimentary rocks d. an erosional surface between tilted igneous rocks

c

1. In the plate tectonic theory, a plate can be made up of ____. a. continental lithosphere only b. oceanic lithosphere only c. both continental and oceanic lithosphere d. both continental and oceanic asthenosphere

c

1. Radiometric dating is possible if a rock contains a measurable amount of ________ . a. only parent isotopes b. only daughter isotopes c. both parent and daughter isotopes d. either parent or daughter isotopes

c

1. The supercontinent in the Continental Drift hypothesis was called ___________ a. Gondwana b. Laurasia c. Pangaea d. Rodinia

c

1. Uranium-238 decays to which of the following daughter isotopes? a. rubidium-87 b. uranium-235 c. lead-206 d. nitrogen-14

c

1. Which of the following radioactive isotopes is most useful for dating a very young sample (<20,000 years) of wood? a. rubidium-87 b. uranium-238 c. carbon-14 d. potassium-40 e. Silicon-28

c

1. Which of the following statements about convection is true? a. heat is transferred from hot material to cool material without inducing a flow. b. cool material flows upward and displaces hot material c. hot material flows upward and displaces cool material d. random circulation occurs

c

1. ______________ describes two atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers. a. solid solution b. polymorphism c. isotopes d. isomorphs

c

1. the atomic mass number of an element is the __________. a. number of protons b. number of neutrons c. number of protons plus neutrons d. number of electrons

c

The type of plate boundary responsible for the formation of extensive mountain ranges is a(n) __________________. continent-continent divergence continent-ocean convergence continent-ocean divergence continent-continent convergence

continent-continent convergence

Which is the thinnest physical (mechanical) layer of the Earth? a. Crust b. Lithosphere c. Asthenosphere d. Inner core e. Mesosphere

crust

1. Both you and Tyrannosaurus Rex live (lived in the case of T-Rex...) in the _____________ eon. a. Hadean b. Archean c. Hadean d. Phanerozoic

d

1. Clay minerals are common examples of _________ silicate structures. a. 3D framework b. single chains c. 2D sheet silicates d. Independent tetrahedral

d

1. The two most abundant elements in the Earth's crust are _______________. a. calcium and carbon b. oxygen and nitrogen c. iron and nickel d. oxygen and silicon

d

1. When did geologists develop the theory of plate tectonics? a. in the mid-1800's b. in the early 1900's c. in the 1940's d. in the 1960's

d

1. Which of the following principles CANNOT be used to determine the relative age of rocks? a. Superposition b. Cross-cutting relationships c. Inclusions and components d. Relativity

d

1. Which of the following was NOT used in support of the Continental Drift hypothesis? a. fossil evidence b. ancient climate belts c. fit of the continents (particularly South America and Africa) d. paleomagnetism

d

13.82 billion years ago, the Big Bang created the _____________ from a point source. a. Earth b. Sun c. Solar System d. Universe

d

1. Which of the following is the correct order from LONGEST to SHORTEST time span? a. Period, era, eon b. Era, eon, period c. Eon, era, period, d. Period, eon, era e. Era, period, eon

e

1. Who actually figured out that radioactive decay can be used to date rocks? a. James Ussher b. Edmond Halley c. George-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon d. William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin e. Ernest Rutherford

e

Which of these are associated with continental rifting? faulting and volcanism Tsunamis Volcanic island arcs mountain building

faulting and volcanism

Inclusions and components are

fragments or rocks enclosed within another rock

The type of plate boundary responsible for the formation of a volcanic island arc is a(n) ________________________. ocean-ocean convergence continent-continent convergence continent-ocean convergence ocean-ocean divergence

ocean-ocean convergence

1. An undeformed sedimentary layer is __________ than the layer above and ____________than the layer below. a. younger ---younger b. younger---older c. older--- younger d. older---older

older--- younger

1. The only layer of the Earth that is a liquid is the a. Asthenosphere b. Lithosphere c. Mesoshpere d. Inner Core e. Outer Core

outer core

Index fossils are useful because they

tell the relative ages of the rock layers in which they occur.

Cross cutting relations are when

younger features cut across older ones