Test 1 Chapter 1-5

According to _____, if a person believes that he or she is not likely to get a promotion at work, he or she may not be motivated to try and get it

Expectancy theory

In an organization, high morale contributes to _____

Employee loyalty

In a Theory Z organization, _____

Employment is long term

According to _____, employees assess their contribution to an organization against the rewards offered by the organization

Equity theory / Explanation: According to equity theory, each worker develops a personal input-output ratio by taking stock of his or her contribution (inputs) to the organization in time, effort, skills, and experience and assessing the rewards (outputs) offered by the organization in pay, benefits, recognition, and promotions.

Under Maslow's hierarchy, _____ are not easily satisfied because they do not always provide tangible evidence of success

Esteem needs

Marcel, a manager at an accounting firm, reprimands his subordinates each time they are late to work. Thus, Kelly is using

A behavior modification strategy / Explanation: Marcel is using a behavior modification strategy to change his subordinates' behavior of coming to work late. Behavior modification involves changing behavior and encouraging appropriate actions by relating the consequences of behavior to the behavior itself.

Explore the evolution of information technology and its relevance to today's time.

Digitizing Information - Data representation using #'s (ex. phone # ISBN SSN) *BREAKTHROUGH* Digital Machines

Akansha believes that if a person wants something and has a reason to be optimistic, he or she will be strongly motivated. Akansha's belief is most closely related to_____

Expectancy theory / Akansha's belief is most closely related to expectancy theory. Psychologist Victor Vroom described expectancy theory, which states that motivation depends not only on how much a person wants something but also on the person's perception of how likely he or she is to get it. A person who wants something and has reason to be optimistic will be strongly motivated.

The employees at Cressida's company are allowed to come into the office anytime between 7:00 a.m. and 7:00 p.m., as long as they work 40 hours each week. This is an example of

Flextime / Explanation: Flextime is a program that allows employees to choose their starting and ending times, as long as they are at work during a specified core period. It does not reduce the total number of hours that employees work; instead, it gives employees more flexibility in choosing which hours they work.

Flextime is an employee motivation program that

Gives employees more flexibility in choosing which hours they work

The idea of management by objectives that was introduced by Peter Drucker in 1954 was the precursor to which motivational theory of today

Goal-setting theory / Explanation: Management by objectives has become important to goal-setting theory. MBO refers to the need to develop goals that both managers and employees can understand and agree upon. Goal-setting theory reflects the impact that setting goals has on performance.

The _____ marked the beginning of a concern for human relations in the workplace

Hawthorne experiments

Poor morale among employees is likely to result in _____

High turnover

According to Herzberg's two-factor theory, _____ include adequate wages, working conditions, and job security

Hygiene factors

According to Maslow, self-actualization needs

Is the need to be the best one can be

Ruth, a manager at 4Palm Corp., provides her subordinates plenty of opportunities to grow and be recognized at their job by allowing them to take on challenging tasks. Which of the following strategies is Ruth using to motivate her subordinates

Job enrichment / Explanation: Ruth is using job enrichment to motivate her subordinates. Job enrichment incorporates motivational factors such as opportunity for achievement, recognition, responsibility, and advancement into a job. Job enrichment programs enhance a worker's feeling of responsibility and provide opportunities for growth and advancement when the worker is able to take on the more challenging tasks.

Jim, the production head at a manufacturing firm, moves employees from one job to another to relieve them from boredom caused by job specialization. Which of the following strategies is Jim using to motivate his employees

Job rotation / Explanation: In this scenario, Jim is using job rotation to improve employee motivation. Job rotation allows employees to move from one job to another in an effort to relieve the boredom that is often associated with job specialization. Job rotation reduces this boredom by allowing workers to undertake a greater variety of tasks and by giving them the opportunity to learn new skills.

According to Herzberg's two-factor theory, the presence of _____ does not necessarily motivate employees to excel, but its absence may be a potential source of dissatisfaction and high turnover

Job security

To improve productivity of employees, Frederick Taylor suggested that

Managers should break down each job into its component tasks / Explanation: To improve productivity, Taylor thought that managers should break down each job into its component tasks (specialization), determine the best way to perform each task, and specify the output to be achieved by a worker performing the task.

Which of the following needs in Maslow's hierarchy are similar to the motivational factors in Herzberg's two-factor theory

Maslow's esteem needs / Explanation: Herzberg's motivational factors and Maslow's esteem and self-actualization needs are similar. To improve productivity, management should focus on satisfying workers' higher-level needs (motivational factors) by providing opportunities for achievement, involvement, and advancement and by recognizing good performance.

The assumption that expenditure of physical and mental effort in work is as natural as play or rest is associated with

McGregor's Theory Y

Joanna believes her employees like to work, and if she provides them with challenging tasks and the tools they need to accomplish the tasks, they will want to be responsible for doing well at their jobs for their own personal reward. Which motivational theory does Joanna's management style reflect

McGregor's Theory Y / Explanation: McGregor's Theory Y assumes that the expenditure of physical and mental effort in work is as natural as play or rest. Managers subscribing to the Theory Y view assume that workers like to work and that under proper conditions employees will seek out responsibility in an attempt to satisfy their social, esteem, and self-actualization needs.

The classical theory of motivation suggests that _____ is the sole motivator for workers

Money / Explanation: According to the classical theory of motivation, money is the sole motivator for workers. Frederick W. Taylor suggested that workers who were paid more would produce more, an idea that would benefit both companies and workers.

_____ is an employee's attitude toward his or her job, employer, and colleagues

Morale / Explanation: Morale is an employee's attitude toward his or her job, employer, and colleagues. High morale contributes to high levels of productivity, high returns to stakeholders, and employee loyalty.

Frederick W. Taylor developed the _____, under which employees were paid a certain amount for each unit they produced

Piece-rate system

Marisol told her co-workers that, while she appreciated the intrinsic rewards of her job, she sometimes wished for more extrinsic rewards. Which of these is an example of an intrinsic reward Marisol might have received

Satisfaction for having contributed to society / Explanation: An intrinsic reward is the personal satisfaction and enjoyment that a person feels from attaining a goal. If a person believes that his or her job provides an opportunity to contribute to society or the environment, then that aspect would represent an intrinsic reward.

Which of the following is an example of an intrinsic reward

Satisfaction for having contributed to the society

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the need to protect oneself from physical and economic harm is related to _____

Security needs

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, a person who buys a smoke alarm is motivated to do so in an attempt to fulfill his or her _____

Security needs / Explanation: According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, a person who buys a smoke alarm is fulfilling his or her security needs. Security needs relate to protecting oneself from physical and economic harm. Actions that may be taken to achieve security include reporting a dangerous workplace condition to management, maintaining safety equipment, and purchasing insurance with income protection in the event one becomes unable to work.

Jenna wanted her new co-workers to accept her, so three weeks after she started her job, she invited them to have dinner at her house. Which of Maslow's needs is Jenna trying to fulfill

Social needs / Explanation: Social needs reflect the need for love, companionship, and friendship and the desire for acceptance by others.

Identify the key differences between technology and information technology.

Technology: the branch of knowledge that deals with the creationand use oftechnical means and their interrelation with life, society, and the environment, drawing upon such subjects as industrial arts, engineering, applied science, and pure science. (ex. paper, pencil/pen, books, magazines, newspaper) Information Technology: the development, implementation, and maintenance of computer hardware and software systems to organize and communicate information electronically. (ex. smartphone, games, software)

Jake, a manager at Black Inc., follows McGregor's Theory X style of management. He is likely to assume that

The average worker prefers to be directed

Managers who adopt McGregor's Theory X assume that

The average worker wants security / Explanation: According to McGregor, managers adopting Theory X assume that the average worker prefers to be directed and to avoid responsibility, has relatively little ambition, and wants security. They also believe that workers generally dislike work and must be forced to do their jobs.

According to managers who adopt McGregor's Theory X, _____

The average worker will avoid work when possible / Explanation: According to McGregor, managers adopting Theory X assume that workers generally dislike work and must be forced to do their job. The average person naturally dislikes work and will avoid it when possible.

The Hawthorne studies were based on the idea that employee productivity is affected by

The physical conditions of the workplace / Explanation: The Hawthorne Studies began as a study of how the physical conditions of the workplace affect employee productivity. The Hawthorne experiments marked the beginning of a concern for human relations in the workplace. They revealed that human factors do influence workers' behavior and that managers who understand the needs, beliefs, and expectations of people have the greatest success in motivating their workers.

_____ is a management philosophy that stresses employee participation in all aspects of company decision making

Theory Z

Which of the following management styles emphasizes moderate amount of specialization, allowing a worker to learn all aspects of an organization

Theory Z / Explanation: Theory Z is a management philosophy that emphasizes moderate amount of specialization, which allows workers to learn all aspects of an organization. Theory Z results in employees feeling organizational ownership.

Sandra, a manager at GL Inc., follows McGregor's Theory Y style of management. She is likely to assume that workers

Will exercise self-direction and self-control to achieve objectives to which they are committed / Explanation: Sandra is likely to assume that workers will exercise self-direction and self-control to achieve objectives to which they are committed. Theory Y managers maintain less control and supervision, do not use fear as the primary motivator, and are more democratic in decision making, allowing subordinates to participate in the process.