Test 2

what is sea lettuce and where is it common?

Known as Ulva a type of green algae - form paper thin sheets whose shape varies depending on environmental factors - widespread from polar to tropical waters - common on rocks where freshwater often containing high amounts of nutrients reach sea

What are protozoans?

structurally simple and diverse eukaryotic and unicellular organisms that are traditionally considered to be animal like - having a single cell is only thing all protozoans have in common - heterotrophic and ingest food as animals do

Chemosynthesis

synthesis of organic compounds by bacteria or other living things using energy deriving from reactions involving inorganic chemically in absence of sunlight

Diatoms

unicellular organisms that live mostly as part of plankton - many species aggregate into chains or star like groups - important open-water primary producers in cold water (temperate and polar regions) - most are planktonic

Photosynthesis

using energy from sunlight to produce sugar, which cellular respiration converts to ATP (fuel used by all "living" things)

Toxins produced in HABs by dinoflagellates?

- pfiesteria piscicida (associated with fill kills) - Karenia brevis (neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP) * brevetoxin

What toxins do cyanobacteria produce in HABs?

- potent neurotoxins, hepatotoxins, cytotoxins, and endotoxins - microcystins (freshwater) - saxitoxins (paralytic shellfish poisoning-PSP) - tetrodotoxxins * common in pufferfish

What role does seaweed play in many coastal environments?

- transform solar energy into chemical energy in form of organic matter making it available to organisms - some can be parasites to other seaweeds - take carbon dioxide from their environment and release oxygen to be used by organisms both in ocean and land

Salt marshes

-Intertidal - Not really marine species but land plants tolerant of salt and do not tolerate total submergence by sea water - largely temperate - very important habitats for birds and marine lives - high productivity, source of detritus, shelter for many marine and terrestrial species and protection against erosion - halophytes - sometimes anoxic sediments ex.) spartina

What are some examples of Rhodophyta?

-Porphyra (black looking) - Chondrus (irish moss) * red sprig like - Nori (pyropia) *sushi

How are seaweed products used commercially?

1. Algin kelps is used as a emulsifier 2. Carageenan, red seaweeds is used as a thickening agent in dairy products such as yogurt and milkshakes 3. Agar, red seaweeds used for biological research, foods, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, etc.

What are the distributrions of the major types of kelps?

1. Canopy - fronds on surface or midwater 2. Understory - fronds erect or close to the bottom * laminaria, pterygophora* 3. Algal turf - short clumps, filaments and encrusting algae *mostly red algae*

What are the 2 primary groups of phytoplankton?

1. Diatoms 2.Dinoflagellates * planktonic and benthic forms

Cyanobacteria contain pigments ____ that all eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms have as well as _______ and _______

Chlorophyll a - phycocyanin (bluish pigments) - phycoerythrin (reddish pigment) * visible color depends on relative amount of two pigments

Eutrophication

Excess nutrients in aquatic ecosystems (coastal regions) - can produce excess algae: Micro- cynoplankton Macro - seaweeds - can contribute to increase in HABS and algal blooms * increased algal growth due to pollution

Where can bacteria grow in extremely high numbers?

Favorable environments such as detritus (particles of dead organic matter)

Giant kelp (macrocystis) provide habitat for what?

Fish and invertebrates

______ and __________ use pseudopods to capture food

Foraminfers and radiolarians

Which group of seaweeds photosynthetic pigments and food reserve are the same as those in plants, and so it is thought that land plants evolved from this?

Green algae - chlorophyll in both green algae and plants is not masked by any other pigments - typically have bright green thallus

What are the three types of seaweeds?

Green, brown and red algae

Marine fungi are _______ and often occur as _______

Heterotrophic - lichens

A strucure in seaweeds that look like roots are known as ________

Holdfasts

What are the three different kinds of kelp?

Hollow stemmed kelp, horsetail kelp, edible kelp

HAB

(harmful algal blooms) - major blooms of algae or cyanobacteria that are capable of producing toxins - red tides that cause problems - 1/3rd of red tide organisms produce toxins - mussles, clams, crabs, etc can tolerate these but if eaten can cause harm to people - not always caused by toxins (diatoms spines kill fish,etc.) - becoming more frequent widespread, intense and persistant than in the past

Green algae are part of the phylum ______, brown algae ________, and red algae ________

- Chlorophyta - phaeophyta - Rhodophyta

Examples of chlorophyta

- Dead mans fingers (codium) - Sea lettuce (Ulva)

What conditions contribute to algal blooms?

- Eutrophication (excess nutrients) - increase in temperature - hypoxia - when turbidity is low light can penetrate more allowing more alga to grow

What are some examples of phaeophyta?

- Rockweeds (Fucus) - kelp (macrocystis) - sargassum

Marine flowering plants that involve true angiosperms with leaves, stems, roots and conducting tissues are known as..?

- Seagrasses, salt marshes and mangroves * nutrient rich environments cause natural eutrophication

Why is decay bacteria vital to life on earth?

- break down waste products and dead organic matter releasing nutrients into the environment - they constitute a major part of the organic matter that feeds countless bottom dwelling animals - some marine bacteria involved in degrading oil and other toxic pollutants

Green algae has prominent pigment ______, brown algae has prominent pigment ______, red algae has pigment ______

- chlorophyll - yellow-brown pigment particularly fucoxanthin - phycoxanthin and phycoerythrin * red pigments

Why would algal blooms cause increase in hypoxia since algae produces oxygen?

- during night there is net production of CO2 - organisms eating algae causing respiration - temperature of water - algae dies, and then bacteria feeds on these taking oxygen

Dinoflagellates

2nd large group of planktonic, unicellular organisms - most are photosynthetic but others can ingest food particles - reproduce by cell division - sometimes form blooms that color water red, reddish brown, yellow, etc. - some release toxic substances - other can produce light

What are diatoms most distinctive feature?

A silica shell or frustule (cell wall) - allows light to pass through so that golden brown chloroplasts can capture light energy for photosynthesis - minute preforations allow dissolved gases and nutrients to enter and exit - sinking is slowed by oil droplets in their cells and spines

How do salt marsh plants adapt?

Aerenchyma - specialized tissue supplying oxygen to roots embedded in anoxic muds - cordgrasses inhavit zone above mudflats that becomes submerged by seawater only at high tide, so their leeaves are always parly exposed to air. - salt glands in leaves excrete excess salt

How do mangroves tolerate anoxic sediment?

Aerial roots and pneumatophores - leaves of red mangrove are thick, an adaptation to water loss

Holdfasts

Attaches the thallus to the bottom - well developed in the kelps

What major taxonomic groups of marine microorganisms are autotrophic vs. heterotrophic?

Autotrophic: - photosynthetic bacteria (cyanobacteria) - phytoplankton (algae) - chemosynthetic bacteria Heterotrophs: - Archea - Bacteria (aerobic and anaerobic) - some phytoplankton (algae)

Autotrophs

Bacteria and archaea make their own organic compounds and are primary producers - energy sources vary (photosynthetic or chemocynthetic)

Prokaryotic organisms include _____ and _______ as well as ______ that have some eukaryotic traits

Bacteria, cyanobacteria - archea

The leaf like flattened portions of thallus are known as _______

Blades - main photosynthetic part of thallus

____ ______ ____ accumulation of dead calcified segments play important role in formation of coral reefs

Calcareous green alga

How do seaweeds pick up water and nutrients?

Directly across surface because water and nutrients bathe entire thallus

How are seaweeds different from seagrasses, marsh grasses, and mangroves?

Do not have true leaves, stems and roots unlike the others - seaweed is a protist

Phytoplankton (unicellular algae)

Eukaryotic protists, and are mostly aquatic primary producers that lack the specialized tissues of plants - single celled - mostly photosynthetic organisms - lack true leaves, stems, roots, and flowers like land plants - have similar reproductive structures

What is an algal bloom? what makes it an HAB?

Excess growth of alga or cyanobacteria in water, can cause coloring of water - HAB occurs when the algae or cyanobacteria are capable of producing toxins

what is kelp and where is it found?

Most complex and largest of all brown algae. - found below low tide level in temperate and subpolar latitudes * can occur in great abundance providing food and shelter for many other organisms - kelp beads are among richest most productive environments in marine realm * show very high primary production, rate of production of organic matter *

Seaweed

Most familiar type of marine algae (macroalgae) - multicellular algae , eukaryotic - distinguished primarily by different pigments, all have chlorophyta, others will have phaeophyta and rhnodophyta (phycoxanthin and phycoerythnin = found in cyanabacteria as well) - multicellular condition allows many adaptations unlike unicellular ones

How are macrocyst affected by el Nino?

Most live in temperate temperature, therefore increase in temp causes kelp to die - loses habitat - build up of ditritis - increase in nitrification

Where do red algae inhabit?

Most shallow water marine environments - some are harvested for food and for the extraction of various products

How do diatoms reproduce and when?

Mostly by cell division - overlapping halves of frustule separate and each secretes small half Favorable conditions such as abundunt nutrients and light trigger periods of rapid reproduction (bloom) - during most become smaller due to asexual reproduction and depletion of silicate from water by growing population

Where are filamentous green algae most common?

On rocks in shallow water and other seaweeds - short tide pools - filaments can be branched or unbranced

Heterotrophs

Organisms that cannot make their own food and must use organic matter produced by autotrophs - obtain energy from organic matter by respiration - many are decomposers - aerobic and anaerobic bacteria use respiration (oxygen/ no oxygen)

Hypoxia

Oxygen deficiency - algal blooms cause this * low dissolved oxygen* * high CO2* * reduced pH* *anoxia --> no Dissolved oxygen*

Cyanobacteria

Photosynthetic bacteria known as blue-green algae - one of the first groups of photosynthetic organisms on earth - thought to have had important role in accumulation of oxygen in atmosphere - many can tolerate wide ranges of salinity and temperature while others are found in unexpected areas - many can get concentrated enough that can turn toxic causing skin rashes and can cause red tides

______ is a photosynthetic blue pigment and ______ is red pigment

Phycocyanin phycoerythrin

Red Algae (seaweed)

Phylum Rhodophyta - more species than marine green and brown algae - have red accessory pigments called phycobilins which mask chlorophyll

Radiolarians

Planktonic marine protozoans that secrete elaborate and delicate skeletons made of glass (silica) and other materials - shperical with radiating spines - thin pseudopodia capture food as in foraminferans - inhabit open water throughout ocean * Shells of silica and heterotrophs*

What are dinoflagellates most unique characteristic?

Posession of two flagella - one wrapped around groove along middle of cell and one trailing free *direct movement in any direction* - cell wall armored with plates made of cellulose - contain spine and spores

Plankton

Primary producers (phytoplankton) and consumers (zooplankton) that drift with currents

Bacteria

Prokaryotes, unicellular that are structurally simple and are particularlly significant as decomposers, breaking down organic compounds into nutrients that can be used by other organisms and as primary producers. They are also an important food source - essential role in nutrient cycle: autotrophs, heterotrophs, nitrogen fiixers, some cause disease and blooms

Largest group of seaweeds are _________

Red algae

Which seaweed group is more abundant?

Red algae

Which macroalgae are simplifed by their structure by becoming parasites of other seaweeds?

Red algae - a few have lost all trace of chlorophyll and become heterotophs depending entirely on host for nutrition

Coralline algae (branching or encrusting)

Red algae that deposit calcium carbonate within their cell walls - different shapes: 1. branching 2. smooth or rough encrusting growths on rocks - color varies from light to intense reddish pink, dead ones are white - warm water ones are involved in formation and development of coral reeds

Halophytes

Salt tolerant plants such as pickle weed, salt grasses and rushes - found at higher levels on marsh

All _____ and _______ are considered to be protist

Seaweeds and unicellular green and red algae vs. seagrasses, salt marsh grasses and mangroves are true plants

How do mangroves germinate?

Seeds of mangroves germinate while still attached to parent plant - develop into seedlings before falling into water Seeds germinate on tree --> drops to water --> Floats upright --> touches bottom --> puts out roots and leaves

_____ provide support for seaweeds in which blades originate

Stipe

The _____ and ________ usually lack tissues specialized for water and nutrient transport?

Stipe and holdfast

What are major structures of kelp?

Stipe, blade, pneymatocyst, holdfast

Thallus

complete body of sea weeds - lack stems, leaves and roots of plants - can be filament, thin leafy sheet or giant kelp - able to photosynthesize in light as long as they have chlorophyll

How chemoautotrophs function?

They derive energy not from light but from chemical compounds including hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and other sulfur, nitrogen and iron compounds - also involved in altering some of the minerals found in sea floor rocks - some produce methane (methanogens)

Mangroves

Trees and shrubs adapted to live long tropical and subtropical shores around world - interdidal, tropical and subtropical - land plants that tolerate salt to varying degrees - adapted in various ways to survive in a salty environment where loss from leaves is high and sediments are soft and poor in oxygen - adaptations become more crucial in mangroves living right on shore like red mangroves (found in tropics and subtropics) ex.) Rhizophora

Pneumatophores

Upward extension of roots of some mangroves

______ water contributes to hypoxic zones

Warmer

Can diatoms be toxic?

Yes, some planktonic diatoms produce a potent toxin called domoic acid - accumulates in shellfish and plankton feeding fishes that eat diatoms - causes serious, sometimes fatal illness tat eat contaminated shellfish or fish

Why are holdfasts not true roots?

are not involved in any significant absorption of water and nutrients and do not penetrate through the sand or mood - cannot anchor in soft sediments so are restricted to hard bottoms

What is the mixture of gases in pneumatocysts of some seaweeds?

carbon monoxide - gas toxic to humans

How do photoautotrophs function?

contain chlorophyll or other photosynthetic pigments to trap light energy to manufacture organic compounds from carbon dioxide (CO2) -photosynthesis takes place on folded membranes within bacteria cell) - accounts for much of the primary production in many open ocean areas, even where no surface light penetrates (using faint glow of hydrothermal vents)

Stipe

distinct stem like structure of seaweeds that provide support - long and tough in the large kelps

Brown algae is predominant in what areas?

dominant primary producers on temperate and polar rocky coasts including the largest and most complex seaweeds

Sargassum

found in warm waters, including gulf of Mexico and California - spherical air bladders that keep small leaf like blades afloat at sea surface - most species grow on rocks but at least two float offshore in huge masses * Have pneumatocyst, but no holdfasts* - phaeophyta

Pneumatocysts

gas filled bladers that sometimes keep blades close to sea surface maximizing their exposure to sunlight

Toxins produced by diatoms in HABs?

genus pseudo-nitzschia - domoic acid - neurotoxin * Amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP)

Where do photosynthesis take place in phytoplankton?

in chloroplasts - green, brown or red organelles with layers of internal membranes that contain photosynthetic pigments

As temperature increases, hypoxic zones _______

increase - gulf zones known as "dead zones"

Chlorophyll

is a green pigment in all green plants and in cyanobacteria - responsible for absorption of light to provide energy for photosynthesis

Why are blades not leaves?

no veins or specialized transport tissue and the upper and lower surfaces are identicle to each other

zooxanthellae

non toxic producing dinoflagellates (symbiotic) - live in close association with a variety of animals (sponges and sea anemones to giant clams) - reef building corals where it is most significant - produce corals and giant clams

Why is radiolarian ooze more extensive in deep water than forams?

ooze is when abundant it settles to bottom forming siliceious ooze(radio) and calcareous ooze(forams) - more extensive because radiolarian is more resistant to dissolving under pressure

brown macroalgae (seaweed)

phylum phaeophyta - varies from olive green to dark brown due to preponderance of yellow-brown accessory pigments especially fucoxanthin over chlorophyll

Green macroalgae

phylyum chlorophyta - live in fresh water and terrestrial environments - only around 10% of 7,000 are marine - most are unicellular but some are multicellular in marine environments - wide variations in salinity, such as bays and estuaries and isolated tide pools on rocky coasts - most have simple thallus

Bubble like structures containing air that help keep plant parts up floating in water are ________

pneumatocyst

Archaea

prokaryotic organisms once though to be bacteria but more closely related to eukaryotes. - first known from extreme environments but are now common in marine environments - found in very deep water and high temps in hydrothermal vents, others depend on salt environments - some live in sediments and in sponges, sea cucumbers and fishes (not all extreme) - autotroph and heterotroph nitrogen fixers

Foraminifera

protozoans characterized by a test (shell) usually made of calcium carbonate - exclusively marine, non- photosynthetic (heterotrophs, animal - like) - most live on bottom (benthic) - long, thin retractable pseudopodia extensions of cytoplasm - pseudopodia trap diatoms and other organisms in water - common in fossil record - often used to characterize temperature and climate patterns

Dinoflagellates can produce _______ and others can produce light called _______

red tides Bioluminescense

Seagrasses

resemble grass - subtidal - temperate and tropical distribution - flowers and seeds are very small - have horizantal stems --> rhizomes that commonly grow beneath sediment - sexual and asexual reproduction ex.) eelgrass (Zostera)

_______ and ______ _______ together produce 90% of all oxygen in atmosphere

seaweeds and unicellular algae

Bioluminescence

some bacteria (some vibrio) and some dinoflagellates that produce light - luciferin-luciferase system - water, sediments/ sand - symbiotic with invertebrates - Phosphorescent bay "bay of fire" - observed in some bacteria and many types of animals - seen only at night and especially bright if water is disturbed by a boat or wave crashing