Test 2
Yadin Dudai injected __________ into the __________ in order to study the effects of PKMζ in maintenance of taste aversion memory.
ZIP; insular cortex
Epinephrine in the blood stream binds to __________ located on the __________ nerve.
adrenergic receptors, vagus
Inhibiting proteasome activity in the basolateral amygdala can protect memories from the effect of __________.
anisomycin
T/F: In older rats, the adrenal gland no longer releases epinephrine in response to arousing events.
false
T/F: The concept of consolidation is supported by the fact that old events are more vulnerable to disruption than new memories.
false
T/F: The mTORC2 complex regulates protein synthesis but the mTORC1 complex regulates actin polymerization.
false
In old rats, __________ CREB phosphorylation is likely due to __________ glucose release in response to emotional training.
impaired, reduced
According to reconsolidation theory, the very act of retrieval can potentially cause the memory to be lost; the retrieval also initiates another round of __________.
protein synthesis
What is the evidence that Arc is important for LTM?
1) Fear conditioning was found to increase Arc mRNA and protein levels in the lateral amygdala. 2) Arc antisense infused into the lateral amygdala impaired memory for a fear-conditioning experience when the retention interval was 24 hours but not when the interval was 3 hours.
What are the four research strategies (i.e. methods) used to study CREB's contribution to memory?
1) Genetic deletion of CREB; 2) CREB antisense; 3) genetic overexpression of CREB; and 4) CREB selection of neurons that participate in the memory trace.
The existence of a memory trace is inferred when the __________ influences behavior.
training experience
Which receptor subunit is required to form a functional NMDA receptor?
GluN1
T/F: According to reconsolidation theory, retrieving a consolidated memory is enough to disrupt it.
true
T/F: An enduring LTP can be established independent of any contribution from GluA1 receptors, but it requires GluA2 AMPA receptors.
true
T/F: Anisomycin will disrupt a retrieved memory unless the UPS system is inhibited.
true
T/F: C/EBPβ is a transcription factor.
true
T/F: Epinephrine is not found in neurons.
true
T/F: The amygdala consists of many subnuclei, but only neurons in the BLA are critical for memory modulation.
true
The third wave of consolidation (~ 18 to 48 hours after training) depends on the transcription factor C/EBPβ and __________.
IGF-2
Why is it important that manipulating the BLA affects Arc protein synthesis in the hippocampus?
It shows that activity in the BLA can modulate protein levels in other brain areas.
In the radial arm maze methodology, if a rat revisits a baited arm on the same trial, it is making a __________ error.
working memory
Malinow studied AMPA receptor trafficking by labeling the receptors with flourecent protein in the lateral amygdala. What was the difference between the rats that recieved a tone paired with a shock (i.e.paired condition) and the rats that recieved a tone unpaired with shock (i.e. unpaired condition)?
After the training, rats in the paired condition had more GluA1 receptors in the plasma membrane than rats in the unpaired condition.
Compare the results of CREB deletion and CREB overexpression.
CREB deletion results in impaired LTM but not STM, whereas CREB overexpression is useful in recovering some of the lost memory in LTM
Which of the following statements about memory is false? a. Blocking CREB translation impairs STM. b. CREB overexpression can improve LTM under certain conditions. c. Neurons that overexpress CREB successfully compete for selection in the neuronal ensemble that supports a fear memory. d. CREB deletion impairs LTM.
a. Blocking CREB translation impairs STM.
The Doogie mouse is genetically engineered to overexpress __________ subunits. These mice show enhanced memory for contextual fear-conditioning experience. a. GluN2B b. GluN1 c. GluN2C d. GluN2A
a. GluN2B
Clenbuteral is a(n) a. adrenergic receptor agonist. b. adrenergic receptor antagonist. c. sodium channel blocker. d. synthetic glucocorticoid. e. AMPA receptor agonist.
a. adrenergic receptor agonist.
Which of the following is not a factor that contributes to differences between a short-term memory trace and a long-term memory trace. a. State b. Performance c. Vulnerability to disruption/decay rate d. Duration
b. Performance
Which of the following statements about memory modulators is false? a. They can be driven by the arousing level of the experience. b. They affect all memories, regardless of how old the memory is. c. They influence synapses that store memories. d. They influence the strength of the memory.
b. They affect all memories, regardless of how old the memory is.
Which of the following statements about ZIP is false? a. There is no time window constraining the effects of ZIP. b. ZIP alters the acquisition of new taste aversion memories. c. ZIP erases taste aversion memories when injected into the insular cortex. d. ZIP targets PKMζ and potentially other memory maintenance kinases.
b. ZIP alters the acquisition of new taste aversion memories.
According to the active trace theory, which of the following statements is false? a. Memories in an inactive state are less vulnerable to disruption. b. Novel experiences and memory retrieval generate active memory traces. c. Retrieving a memory will further consolidate it. d. Short-term memories are in an active state. e. All of the above are false
c. Retrieving a memory will further consolidate it.
Which of the following statements about memory is false? a. Short-term memory traces are in the active state and are easy to disrupt. b. Long-term memory traces are in the inactive state and are hard to disrupt. c. Retrograde amnesia is more likely to affect long-term memory. d. Retrograde amnesia is more likely to affect short-term memory.
c. Retrograde amnesia is more likely to affect long-term memory.
Which of the following statements is false? a. Inhibiting the proteasome can prevent the impairing effect of anisomycin. b. Ubiquitin can tag scaffolding proteins. c. Ubiquitin degrades protein. d. Memory retrieval can activate the ubiquitin proteasome system.
c. Ubiquitin degrades protein.
The experiment by Natalie Tronson using PKA activator in the BLA revealed that a. PKA does not play a role in reconsolidation b. retrieved memories are not vulnerable to disruption. c. reactivated memories can be strengthened. d. anisomycin can produce side effects.
c. reactivated memories can be strengthened.
Which of the following statements is false? a. Microdialysis was used to extract norepinephrine from the extracellular brain fluid. b. When a rat is either shocked or allowed to explore the avoidance training apparatus, there is no increase in the level of norepinephrine. c. When a rat is both shocked and allowed to explore the avoidance training apparatus, there is an increase in the level of norepinephrine. d. Microdialysis was used to extract epinephrine from the extracellular brain fluid.
d. Microdialysis was used to extract epinephrine from the extracellular brain fluid.
Which of the following statements about the epinephrine-vagus connection is true? a. The vagal nerve releases glutamate on neurons in the NTS. b. Epinephrine binds to adrenergic receptors on the vagus nerve. c. Activated NTS neurons release glutamate onto neurons in the locus coeruleus. d. Norepinephrine binds to adrenergic receptors in the BLA. e. All of the above
e. All of the above
Which of the following statements about inhibitory avoidance conditioning is true? a. Longer latencies reflect a stronger memory trace. b. Crossover latency is the dependent variable c. As shock intensity increases, so does response latency. d. Both a and c e. All of the above are true
e. All of the above are true
Which of the following statements about LTP is true? a. AMPA receptors have been shown to be important in both the induction and expression of LTP. b. NMDA receptors have been shown to be important in both the induction and expression of LTP. c. AMPA receptors have been shown to be important in the induction, but not the expression, of LTP. d. NMDA receptors have been shown to be important in the induction, but not the expression, of LTP. e. Both a and d f. Both b and c
e. Both a and d
Which of the following explains why antisense methodology works for the study of long-term memory? a. It completely blocks all protein synthesis. b. It can prevent the synthesis of a specific protein. c. It can be used to study the role of a specific protein. d. It is a transcription inhibitor. e. Both b and c
e. Both b and c
Which of the following statements about the CA1KO mouse is true? a. GluN1 subunits are absent in the dentate gyrus. b. GluN1 subunits are absent in the CA1 region. c. LTP cannot be induced in CA1 in slices. d. LTP cannot be induced in the dentate gyrus. e. Both b and c f. Both a and d
e. Both b and c
Which of the following statements true? a. Lidocaine injected into the central amygdala prevents memory modulation. b. Lidocaine injected into the basolateral amygdala prevents memory modulation. c. Propranolol is a beta-adrenergic agonist. d. Propranolol is a beta-adrenergic antagonist. e. Both b and d f. Both a and c
e. Both b and d
Which of the following statements about C/EBPβ is false? a. Using antisense ODNs to block its translation 20 hours prior to training has no effect on LTM. b. It is a transcription factor that transcribes IGF-2. c. Its mRNA level is increased 20 hours after conditioning. d. Its translation is necessary for enduring memory. e. Its mRNA level increases as soon as CREB is phosphorylated.
e. Its mRNA level increases as soon as CREB is phosphorylated.
Lewis used Pavlovian fear conditioning and ECS to test the vulnerability of consolidated memories. Which of the following was not one of the training conditions in this experiment? a. Rats that received no ECS following reactivation b. Rats that received neither reactivation nor ECS c. Rats that received ECS following reactivation d. Rats that received no reactivation but did receive ECS e. Rats that received ECS following initial learning experience
e. Rats that received ECS following initial learning experience
The injection of norepinephrine into the amygdala following the place-learning task will __________ retention performance.
enhance
Old animals display a failure of the __________ to respond to epinephrine.
liver
What were the two conclusions of an experiment using rictor KO mouse?
mTORC2 is not needed for STM and mTORC2 helps maintain LTM through the continuation of actin polymerization
If there are more GluN1-GluN2B receptor complexes present in a tissue sample than GluN1-GluN2A receptor complexes, what was the likely age of the mouse?
young mouse/animal