TEST 2 Vis Com History

1. What are the three principles of Russian Constructivism?

1. Tectonics: unification of communist ideology with visual form 2. Texture: the nature of materials and how they are used in industrial production 3. Construction: the creative process and the search for the laws of visual organization

2. The visual aesthetic of de Stijl is marked by three distinctive features.

1. straight horizontal and vertical lines (later diagonals) 2. plain blocks of red, blue, yellow and black, white, grey 3. intense awareness of proportion and balance

His love of letterforms is evidenced by an exceptional ability to integrate words and images into a total composition. Among his well-known works is the Dubonnet advertising campaign.

A.M. Cassandre

Which designer said the following? "...the poster need not necessarily be pleasant or congenial. Its task is not to make itself loved or understood but to hold the viewer in its grip."

A.M. Cassandre

Which designer said the following? "A poster has to contain the solution the three problems: 1. An optical problem. 2. A graphic problem. and 3. A poetic problem."

A.M. Cassandre

Who was the designer, working in the 1920s/1930s, that was inspired by Cubism, Futurism, Constructivism, Geometry, Architecture and began his designs with typography first before he developed the image?

A.M. Cassandre

Russian Constructivists renounced "art for art's sake" to devote themselves to industrial design, visual communications, and applied arts serving the new communist society. ___________ gave up painting for graphic design and photojournalism. He also called himself an advertising constructor.

Alexander Rodchenko

The popular graphic design style, during the 1920s, was influenced by Cubism, Futurism, Constructivism and geometric design elements from Egyptian, Assyrian and Persian cultures.

Art Deco

Guillaume Apollinaire's unique contribution to graphic design was the 1918 publication of a book entitled _____________, poems in which the letterforms are arranged to form a visual design, figure, or pictograph, such as the poem entitled "Il Pleut."

Calligrammes

1. Briefly explain why the design—use of images, use of type, color, charts & graphs and printing techniques —of The Five Year Plan and USSR Under Construction publications fooled Europe and the United States into believing that the USSR was successful and strong. Use visual art vocabulary in your answer. Make sure you talk about the influences from the avant-garde movements that inspired the design of these publications.

Colors: Red, because it is the color of communism. Images: Military photos, shows they are powerful and no one should mess with them. The camera angles have the viewer looking up=heroic realism(they have power and are better than everyone else). Printing Techniques: Folding of papers means prosperous and money because it is expensive, each paper had to be individually folded by hand. Charts and Graphs: Whether the information is true of not it shows that they are rising and doing better than they actually are. Use of Type: Avant-Garde Movement: Russian Constructivism, they used tectonics, texture and construction—to guide their designs.

The avant-garde art movement that was concerned with composition and the use of the elements and principles of art & design. It's long-lasting contribution was artistic understanding that the subject of art was the artwork itself and that artists & designers no longer were required to realistically paint the 3-dimensional world. A major breakthrough was it's use of simultaneity.

Cubism

The avant-garde art movement that was concerned with shock, protest and nonsense. It's long-lasting contribution to graphic design was new image-making techniques: montage and photomontage.

Dada

Kurt Schwitters collaborated with another artist/designer during the development of his Merz publications. What was this designer's name?

El Lissitsky

The constructivist ideal was best exemplified by ____________, who was influenced by Kasimir Malevich and applied suprematist theory to constructivism, as evident in the 1919 poster Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge, in which he transformed suprematist design elements into political symbolism for communication purposes.

El Lissitzky

________________ encourages "superior" people to reproduce and discourages "inferior" people to reproduce in order to speed up human evolution.

Eugenics

The avant-garde art movement that tried to express their inner emotions through the use of distortion, point-of-view, color, artistic technique in their artwork.

Expressionism

The avant-garde art movement that radically changed artist & designers use of color. Color could now be used to convey emotions or be used as a compositional device rather than accurately and realistically portraying the 3-dimensional world. The artists painting like this were called wild beasts.

Fauvism

The avant-garde art movement that challenged graphic designers to rethink the very nature of the typographic word and its meaning. It's long-lasting contribution to graphic design is that it freed typography from the horizontal and vertical constraints of the printed page.

Futurism

Which Fine Art movement changed our understanding of typography through doing the following: 1. Defied correct syntax and grammar to express their emotionally charged ideas. 2. Used a variety of sizes, weights and styles of type to tranform the printed page into a work of visual art. 3. Explored the potential fusion of poetry and painting.

Futurism

All of the following but one were influences on art deco. Which one does NOT belong?

German Expressionism

Dada artists claim to have invented photomontage—the technique of manipulating found photographic images to create jarring juxtapositions and chance associations. Female Dadaist, ____________, created outstanding work in the photomontage.

Hannah Hoch

The avant-garde art movement that rejected "art for art's sake" in favor of art in service of the state (goverment). Practitioners were promoting a new Utopian ideal and used three principles—tectonics, texture and construction—to guide their designs.

Russian Constructivism

There are two avante-garde art movements that Kurt Schwitters combined for his Merz designs. What are they?

Russian Constructivism and de Stijl

___________ ____________ proposes that people who gain power, prestige and wealth are winners (in the struggle for existence) while the poor, disabled and powerless are losers.

Social Darwinism

Which designers recreated photographs by hand because of the limitations of printing and photographic process, (Photographs could not be enlarged to the desired size for their posters.) and their artwork was frequently based on stills from film?

Stenberg Brothers

The technique of manipulating found photographic images to create jarring juxtapositions and chance associations

photomontage

Political cartoons are mostly composed of two elements: 1. ____________, which parodies the individual. 2. ____________, which creates the situation or context into which the individual is placed.

caricature and allusion

A composition of elements glued onto a surface

collage

The avant-garde art movement that sought universal harmony through using horizontal and vertical grids, the primary colors plus black and gray and pursued an intense awareness of proportion and balance. It's major contribution to graphic design was the use of dynamic grid structures and large areas of negative (white) space.

de Stijl

Charles Darwin's observations on ______________ and __________ __________ in his book, The Origin of the Species, was distorted by four prominent men to justify their ideological and social agendas.

evolution, natural selection

Propaganda relies on people making decisions based on _________ not mature, rational thought.

feelings

People affected by ____________ ignore alternatives and take irrational actions that dehumanize other groups.

groupthink

During World War One, propaganda posters from the United States tended to be more ____________ than those from Germany.

illustrative

A public declaration of principles, policies, or intentions

manifesto

Concurrent existence or occurrence, such as the presentation of different views in the same work of art

simultaneity