Test 2

Which of the following options correctly describe variations in solar irradiance and its effect on Earth's climate?

-Changes in the Earth's orbit can affect the amount of solar radiation that reaches the Earth. -Seasonal variations in sunlight intensity affect local temperatures significantly.

Place the steps for the production of ethanol from corn in order, with the first step at the top of the list.

1. Corn kernels are mixed with water. 2. Enzymes break down starches into glucose. 3. yeast fermentaion converts sugars into ethanol 4. the mixture is distilled

Which gas is central to the discussion of global climate change?

CO2

Which of the following is an additive commonly added to produce oxygenated gasolines?

Ethanol

What is cellulosic ethanol?

Ethanol produced from inedible parts of plants

Which regions are included in the calculation of biologically productive land? (Select all that apply.)

Fishing zones Croplands

Which of the following are important parameters of a reservoir that would affect the yield of oil from the rock formation? (Select all that apply.)

Permeability Porosity

What is climate adaptation?

The ability of a system to adjust to climate change, in order to moderate potential damage

What is the biggest limitation in the production of petroleum products?

The amount of easily recoverable deposits

Which statement about ice cores is correct?

The deepest layers are the oldest layers.

Which of the following refers to the complex valve systems used for oil recovery?

christmas trees

Which of the following options correctly describe the interaction of a molecule with IR radiation? Select all that apply.

-IR radiation causes the bonds in a molecule to vibrate in various ways. -IR radiation can excite both bending and stretching vibrations. -The wavelengths of IR radiation absorbed depends on the structure of the molecule.

Which of the following options correctly describe activation energy? Select all that apply.

-Lower activation energy generally results in faster reactions. -Increasing temperature allows more particles to have sufficient energy to overcome the activation energy barrier.

Write the balanced equation and draw Lewis structures of reactants and products to determine the number of C=O bonds formed during the combustion of propane.

6

Which of the following fuels should release a net lower amount of CO2 than fossil fuels?

Biodiesel

Match each process correctly with the associated energy change.

Bond breaking->absorbs energy Bond forming->releases energy

Which human activity has the GREATEST net effect on atmospheric CO2 levels?

Burning fossil fuels

Which of the following human activities increase the levels of atmospheric CO2?

Burning fossil fuels Respiration Replacing trees with cultivated crops

What is the name of the hydrocarbon C4H10?

Butane

Which greenhouse gases were specifically targeted by the Kyoto Protocol? Select all that apply.

CO2 N2O hydrofluorocarbons

Which of the following are common greenhouse gases? Select all that apply.

CO2 methane (CH4) H2O

What are the three components of the "triple bottom line" in business today?

Environmental protection Fairness to workers Profitability

What are the biggest advantages of natural gas as a fuel source? Select all that apply.

It produces almost no sulfur oxides. It leaves no ash residue.

Which of the following options correctly explain why petroleum has overtaken coal as the largest energy source in the United States? (Select all that apply.)

It produces more energy per gram than coal. It is easier to extract from underground.

Which of the following processes release CO2 into the atmosphere? Select all that apply.

Respiration Combustion decomposition

Which of the following can be attributed to the atmosphere of planet Earth?

The Earth's average temperature is higher than expected when considering its distance from the Sun.

What was the role of the IPCC (International Panel on Climate Change), established in 1988?

The IPCC was to assess both scientific and socioeconomic data relating to climate change.

Which event corresponded with an increase in the rate of accumulation carbon dioxide in ice cores?

The Industrial Revolution

What is the most common effect of increasing temperature on a chemical reaction?

The reaction rate will increase.

To convert a fat or an oil into biodiesel, the compound is generally heated with an alcohol and a catalytic amount of NaOH. What change results from this process?

The triglyceride is broken into smaller pieces that evaporate more readily.

Which of the following are advantages of oxygenated fuels? Select all that apply.

They produce less CO than traditional gasoline. They enhance the octane rating of the gasoline.

Which of the following describe the purpose of the Kyoto Protocol? Select all that apply.

To set legally binding limits on greenhouse gas emissions To set targets for reduced greenhouse gas emissions for participating countries

Which change would be considered climate mitigation?

Using energy-efficient appliances

Which of the following are biofuels? Select all that apply.

Wood Ethanol

Gasohol is ______.

a blend of gasoline and ethanol

The proportion of incoming radiation that is reflected by a surface is called the __________ . This quantity is a measure of the reflectivity of a surface.

albedo

In order to convert a triglyceride into biodiesel, the compound must be heated with ______ and ______.

an alcohol NaOH

Ozone is able to act as a greenhouse gas because its _____ shape allows it to vibrate in ways that involve _____ in overall charge distribution.

bent; change

Both Venus and Earth have higher average surface temperatures than expected because _____.

both planets have atmospheres that trap radiation

Energy is required to ____________ (break/form) bonds, whereas energy is released when bonds are__________ (broken/formed) .

break; formed

Natural locations that store carbon, usually in the form of one of its compounds, and that naturally exchange carbon with each other are known as ______.

carbon reservoirs

During petroleum refining, catalysts play an extremely important role during the

cracking and reforming processes.

The process by which a solution is heated to its boiling point and the vapors are condensed and collected is known as

distillation.

An estimate of the biologically productive space necessary to support a particular standard of living is called a(n) _____.

ecological footprint

The ability to do work or produce change is called ______.

energy

The first law of thermodynamics states that

energy is neither created nor destroyed.

A chemical reaction accompanied by a release of energy is called a/an __________ reaction.

exothermic

True or false: Energy is required to form bonds.

false

True or false: The worldwide oil reserves will soon be depleted.

false

The most electronegative element is _______.

fluorine

Isomers have the same _____ but different _____.

formula; structures

Fuels formed by natural processes such as the decomposition of prehistoric organisms are called ___________ fuels.

fossil

In a refinery, the components of petroleum are separated by

fractional distillation.

Any substance that may be burned to produce heat or work is called a(n)

fuel

The natural process by which Earth's atmospheric gases trap the infrared radiation radiated by Earth is called the _____ effect. This causes Earth's average surface temperature to be _____ than that predicted when considering the distance of the Earth from the Sun.

greenhouse; higher

The energy that flows from a warmer body to a colder body is called

heat

In order for a molecule to absorb IR radiation, the energy of the IR radiation must _____.

match one of the vibrational energy modes of the molecule

The energy of motion is called __________ energy.

mechanical

Which of the following are examples of fossil fuels?

petroleum coal natural gas

When coal is burned in a power plant, __________ energy is converted into electricity, a form of kinetic energy.

potential

When oil is burned in a power plant, the _____ energy of the oil is converted into heat, which increases the _____ energy of the water.

potential; kinetic

Regions of porous rock that contain crude oil or petroleum are known as oil ______.

reservoirs

Fats are _____ at room temperature, whereas oils are _____ under the same conditions.

solid; liquid

What is a is a homogeneous mixtures of a solvent and one or more solutes?

solution

Energy conversion can never be 100% efficient because _____.

some amount of potential energy is always dissipated as heat

The bond energy of a C-H bond is _____.

the amount of energy consumed to break a C-H bond

Using Figure 6.17, in which of the years below was there the largest overabundance of oil, in which the production exceeded consumption?

2015

In the combustion of methane, how many O-H bonds are formed? Write the balanced equation and consider the Lewis structure of water.

4

How much more energy per gram does petroleum combustion yield relative to coal?

40-60%

Match each ecological footprint with the correct value, according to estimates made in 2011.

6.8-average ecological footprint in the United States average ecological footprint in the United States 2.7-average ecological footprint in the world average ecological footprint in the world 1.7-maximum sustainable ecological footprint on Earth maximum sustainable ecological footprint on Earth

The biologically productive space in Australia is estimated to be 162 million hectares. Calculate the ecological footprint of Australia in 2006 in hectares per person, when the population was estimated at 20.8 million people.

7.8

Which of the following options correctly describes a greenhouse gas?

A gas that absorbs and traps infrared radiation, thus warming the atmosphere

How can ice-core data provide information about changes in atmospheric CO2 levels over time?

Air bubbles trapped in the ice are analyzed to determine the CO2 content at a particular time period.

What is meant by the term "carbon footprint" when applied to an individual?

An estimate of the amount of CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions produced by the individual in a given time frame

Which of the following statements correctly describe the carbon cycle? Select all that apply.

CO2 is generated by the combustion of fossil fuels. The main atmospheric form of carbon is CO2.

Which of the following sources provide information about atmospheric CO2 levels over time? Select all that apply.

Data obtained from air bubbles trapped in ice cores Direct atmospheric measurements

Which of the following are examples of an adaptive climate method? (Select all that apply.)

Developing new crop varieties Constructing new coastline defense systems

Which process plays the most important role in the greenhouse effect?

Energy radiated by the earth is absorbed by the atmosphere

An ecological footprint estimates the biologically productive space required to support a particular lifestyle. Which of the following are included in this estimate? Select all that apply.

Fresh water Land Sea surface

Which of the following options correctly describe a fuel? Select all that apply.

Fuels can be burned to produce heat and/or work. Coal is a common fuel that has been used for centuries.

What is the difference between the terms global warming and climate change?

Global warming is one aspect of climate change.

What type of hydrocarbon molecule burns most smoothly in an internal combustion engine?

Highly branched hydrocarbons

How do temperature and activation energy relate to affect a reaction?

Increasing temperature provides particles with more kinetic energy, so the activation energy is more easily overcome.

Any gas that can absorb _____ radiation can act as a greenhouse gas.

Infared

Which of the following options best describes isomers?

Isomers contain the same number and type of atoms, but they are connected in different ways.

During an energy conversion, what happens to the energy that is "lost"?

It becomes kinetic energy of random motion of the surrounding molecules.

How can sustainable energy production be achieved using combustible fuel sources?

It cannot. Combustion must be supplemented by additional renewable energy sources.

What is the effect of the absorption of infrared energy on matter?

It increases the vibration of chemical bonds

Which of the following options correctly describes an exothermic reaction?

It releases more energy by forming product bonds than is needed to break reactant bonds.

In order for a molecule to absorb IR radiation, which of the following must be true?

Its bond vibrations must involve a change in charge distribution.

Which of the following has the greatest impact on global warming?

Levels of atmospheric greenhouse gases

Rank the following countries in order of increasing ecological footprint. Start with the country that has the lowest ecological footprint at the top of the list.

Mexico China France US

Which atmospheric component does not contribute to global warming?

N2

Which of the following is NOT a greenhouse gas?

N2

How is the octane rating of a fuel assigned?

Octane rating is the percentage of iso-octane that, mixed with n-heptane, burns with the same characteristics as the fuel.

Greenhouse gases have a _____ effect on global warming than other anthropogenic forcings.

greater

A gas that is able to absorb and trap infrared radiation, resulting in a warming of the atmosphere, is called a(n)

greenhouse gas

In business, the "Green Zone" represents _____.

the conditions under which a business is successful economically, in its community, and in its impact on the environment

Activation energy is best described as _____.

the energy required to initiate a chemical reaction

True or false: A Christmas tree is a type of valve system used for oil recovery from reservoirs.

true

Electronegativity generally increases _______ on the periodic table, excluding noble gases.

up and to the right

Ice core data shows that atmospheric CO2 levels _____.

were relatively constant from the beginning of the last millennium until around 1800

energy is able to do _______ or produce _______

work; change

What changes are required to reach sustainable energy production? Select all that apply.

-Additional energy sources must be found to meet increasing demand. -Nonrenewable fuel sources must be replaced by renewable ones.

Which of the following are considered possible effects of climate change?

-An increase in the incidence of insect-borne diseases -Changes in freshwater distribution -Rise in sea levels

Which of the following statements correctly describe the primary uses of the chemical reactions of gasoline? Select all that apply.

-Catalytic combination converts multiple small molecules into larger molecules, and it can be used to form polymers. -Catalytic cracking is used to overcome the high energy expenditure required for traditional thermal cracking.

Which of the following options correctly describe the greenhouse effect? Select all that apply.

-Atmospheric gases on Earth trap about 80% of the infrared radiation produced by the Earth, warming the planet. -The greenhouse effect causes the average temperature on Earth to be higher than predicted when considering its distance from the Sun. -The greenhouse effect is a natural process.

Which of the following statements correctly describe bond energy? Select all that apply.

-Bond energy values are always positive. -The total energy required to break apart a molecule depends on the number and type of bonds.

Which of the following options correctly describe fats and oils? Select all that apply.

-Both fats and oils are triglycerides. -Oils are typically found in plants rather than from animal sources.

Which of the following options correctly explain how carbon-14 levels can provide information about the source of atmospheric CO2? Select all that apply.

-CO2 produced by burning fossil fuels causes the carbon-14 levels in the atmosphere to decrease. -CO2 produced by burning of fossil fuels contains virtually no carbon-14.

Which of the following statements correctly define a solution? Select all that apply.

-A solution is a homogeneous mixture. -A solution can contain one or more solutes. -Solutes may be liquids, solids, or gases.

Which of the following statements correctly describe the possible effects of different hydrocarbons on an internal combustion engine? Select all that apply.

-Preignition occurs when cylinder compression alone can ignite a fuel. -Knocking is a violent and uncontrolled reaction inside an engine cylinder.

Which of the following options correctly describe albedo? Select all that apply.

-The albedo of the Earth affects global temperatures. -Albedo is the fraction of incoming radiation that is reflected by a surface. -A more reflective surface will have a higher albedo than a less reflective one.

Which of the following options correctly describe the changes observed in global temperature over time? Select all that apply.

-The average global temperature of the Earth has increased over the past century. -The average global temperature has increased over the same period as atmospheric CO2 levels have increased.

Which of the following conclusions were reached by the IPCC (International Panel on Climate Change)? Select all that apply.

-The burning of fossil fuels has a major impact on climate change. -Human activities play an important role in climate change. -The average global temperature of the Earth is increasing.

Which of the following options explain why the term "global warming" is considered inaccurate by some scientists? Select all that apply.

-The effects of global warming vary across the globe. -The term "global warming" could be thought to describe a benign influence.

Which of the following options correctly differentiate between weather and climate? Select all that apply.

-The term "climate" refers to regional trends in temperatures, rainfall, etc. -Weather includes daily variations in temperature and rainfall at a single location. -The term "weather" refers to events that have a relatively short duration.

Carbon reservoirs _______. (Select all that apply.)

-exchange forms of carbon with each other -usually contain carbon in the form of one of its compounds

Direct measurements of atmospheric CO2 levels in Hawaii show that since 1960 _____. (Select all the options that complete the sentence correctly.)

-the CO2 levels in a given year fluctuate depending on the time of year -the annual average CO2 levels have increased steadily

In order to be a greenhouse gas, a molecule must _____. (Select all that apply.)

-undergo a change in overall charge distribution during vibration -be composed of three or more different atoms

Which characteristics pertain to the problem of global warming?i. Possible consequences include altered climate and increased sea level.ii. Heat energy radiated by the earth is captured by atmospheric molecules.iii. Increased skin cancer incidence and damage to radiation sensitive species has been observed.iv. The concentration of stratospheric ozone is declining.

1&2 only

In the octane rating system, iso-octane is assigned a rating of ______, while n-heptane has an octane rating of _____.

100;0

Sunspots typically occur about every _____.

11 yrs

What type of radiation is absorbed by all greenhouse gases?

IR radiation

Which of the following options correctly describes the effects of the observed increase in global temperatures over the last century?

On average the planet is warmer than it was a century ago.

In an exothermic chemical reaction

heat is released as the reaction proceeds

Small changes in the average global temperatures are expected to have a(n) _______ impact on our climate.

huge

Petroleum (crude oil) is a complex mixture of thousands of substances, the majority of which are

hydrocarbons

Which of the following is NOT a likely consequence of increased carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere?

increase biodiverstiy

An infrared spectrum records ______.

intensity of transmitted radiation vs. wavelength

A particular blend of gasohol is designated E15. This means that ______.

it contains 15% ethanol and 85% gasoline

The organic material that decomposed to form fossil fuels has a very _____ level of carbon-14. Burning fossil fuels therefore causes a(n) _____ in the levels of carbon-14 in atmospheric CO2.

low; decrease

What compound makes up the majority of natural gas?

methane

Any action undertaken with the purpose of permanently eliminating or reducing the long-term risks and hazards of climate change is called climate .

mitigation

The carbon cycle refers to the

movement of carbon through living organisms, the atmosphere, the sea, and the earth

Which is a fossil fuel? A: wood B: uranium C: ethanol D: natural gas

natural gas

Biofuels are energy sources that are produced from contemporary _______ matter.

organic

Combustion is a chemical process in which a fuel combines with __________ to release energy and form products.

oxygen

Biofuels should release a lower amount of CO2 during their life cycle than fossil fuels, primarily because _____.

plants absorb CO2 from the atmosphere to synthesize biofuels