Test 2.2

Which of the following is true of a night's sleep? a. Individuals normally spend about 20 percent of sleep in light sleep. b. REM sleep decreases as the night progresses. c. Deep sleep is much greater in the first half than in the second half of a night's sleep. d. Most REM sleep takes place during stage N1 of a night's sleep

Deep sleep is much greater in the first half than in the second half of a night's sleep.

Hannah, a call center employee working in day shift, has been asked to work a night shift on Tuesday. During her night shift, Hannah falls asleep at her desk around midnight. Which of the following can best explain her behavior? a. Her biological clock has become desynchronized. b. She is experiencing an altered state of consciousness. c. She is demonstrating incubation. d. Her metacognition level has significantly increased.

Her biological clock has become desynchronized.

________ refers to memory in which behavior is affected by prior experience without a conscious recollection of that experience. a. Implicit memory b. Explicit memory c. Sensory memory d. Short-term memory

Implicit memory

Identify a true statement about positive punishment. a. In this punishment, a behavior decreases when it is followed by the presentation of a stimulus. b. It means taking away something pleasant to reduce the frequency of a behavior. c. Time-out is a form of this punishment, in which a child is removed from a positive reinforcer, such as his or her toys. d. It involves the removal of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior.

In this punishment, a behavior decreases when it is followed by the presentation of a stimulus.

In the context of the three components of working memory, which of the following statements is true of the central executive? a. It integrates information not only from the phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad but also from long-term memory. b. It has a virtually unlimited capacity like the phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad. c. It holds information from the world in its original sensory form for only an instant, not much longer than the brief time it is exposed to the visual, auditory, and other senses. d. It is a limited-capacity memory system in which information is usually retained for only as long as 30 seconds unless people use strategies to retain it longer.

It integrates information not only from the phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad but also from long-term memory.

Which of the following is true of a fixed-ratio schedule in operant conditioning? a. It reinforces a behavior after a fixed amount of time has passed. b. It reinforces a behavior after a set number of behaviors. c. It produces high, steady rates of behavior that are more resistant to extinction than the other schedules. d. It is determined by the time elapsed since the last behavior was rewarded.

It reinforces a behavior after a set number of behaviors.

________, the third element of observational learning, is the process of imitating a model's actions. a. Attention b. Motor reproduction c. Replication d. Reinforcement

Motor reproduction

________ is caused by a genetic disorder. a. Organic intellectual disability b. Cultural-familial retardation c. Vitamin-deficiency retardation d. Functional fixedness

Organic intellectual disability

Emma, a 20-year-old college student, wants to start jogging every morning. However, she realizes that this would mean getting up early instead of sleeping in, which she enjoys immensely. In the context of loss aversion, which of the following is Emma most likely to do? a. She will buy a pair of jogging shoes. b. She will find a jogging partner. c. She will prefer to sleep and avoid jogging. d. She will start cycling rather than jogging.

She will prefer to sleep and avoid jogging.

________ refers to a language's rules for combining words to form acceptable phrases and sentences. a. Phonology b. Semantic c. Morphology d. Syntax

Syntax

Which of the following statements is true of people who are gifted? a. They are typically gifted in many domains. b. They have an IQ of less than 120. c. They have superior talent in a particular area. d. They have below-average intelligence.

They have superior talent in a particular area.

Your psychology assignment is to observe and list the behaviors of your relatives that indicate learning. Which of the following should be included in your list? a. Your sister bumps into a door when she has a high fever. b. Your father falls asleep while watching TV. c. Your little brother whines whenever he wants something. d. Your mother takes a nap after spending long hours surfing the Internet.

Your little brother whines whenever he wants something.

Insomnia is a disorder involving a. the temporary cessation of breathing during sleep. b. sudden uncontrollable seizures. c. periodic attacks of uncontrollable sleepiness. d. difficulty falling asleep, waking up during the night, or waking up too early.

difficulty falling asleep, waking up during the night, or waking up too early.

According to Canadian cognitive psychologist Endel Tulving, ________ is the retention of information about the where, when, and what of life's happenings. a. episodic memory b. semantic memory c. short-term memory d. sensory memory

episodic memory

Carolina uses a prior strategy to solve her problems and fails to look at them from a fresh, new perspective. Which of the following is exemplified in this scenario? a. fixation b. the uncanny valley c. confirmation bias d. base rate neglect

fixation

Which of the following terms is used by Carol Dweck (2012, 2017) to describe the way people's beliefs about ability dictate what goals they set for themselves, what they think they can learn, and ultimately what they do learn? a. attitude b. personality c. body language d. mindset

mindset

Ian repeatedly uses heroin to reduce stress and enhance the feeling of well-being. Ian's behavior exemplifies a. psychological dependence. b. narcolepsy. c. insomnia. d. increased tolerance.

psychological dependence.

Greta is teaching her students the meaning of words and sentences in the language used in the country of Calibra. In this scenario, Greta is most likely referring to the ________ of the Calibran language. a. phonology b. semantics c. pragmatics d. syntax

semantics

The ________ is the tendency to recall the items at the beginning and end of a list more readily than those in the middle. a. halo effect b. ambiguity effect c. serial position effect d. framing effect

serial position effect

While attending a lecture, Lea starts yawning and fights hard to stay awake. She reclines in her chair and within minutes she falls asleep with her head jerking upward at short intervals. Lea is in a. stage N1 sleep. b. stage N2 sleep. c. stage N3 sleep. d. stage N4 sleep.

stage N1 sleep.

The fact that we hear about airplane crashes on news more often than we hear about automobile crashes may lead us to believe that we are more likely to die in a plane than a car. This is an example of a. attention bias. b. the simulation heuristic. c. the availability heuristic. d. the representativeness heuristic.

the availability heuristic.

Andrea is the mother of Leo, a six-month-old child. She wants to introduce vegetables in Leo's diet. As Leo is used to having lentil soup as his evening snack, Andrea prepares lentil soup with vegetables in it and makes Leo taste it. He does not like the taste of the soup and refuses to have it. After that day, he refuses to have even plain lentil soup. In this scenario, which of the following acts as the conditioned stimulus? a. Andrea b. Leo c. the vegetables d. the soup

the soup

In the context of Albert Bandura's observational learning model, seeing a model being punished for an activity makes an observer less likely to repeat the behavior. This process is called a. vicarious punishment. b. avoidance learning. c. aversive conditioning. d. positive reinforcement.

vicarious punishment.

A good strategy in subgoaling is to a. work forward in your planning by first creating a subgoal that is closest to the beginning of the problem-solving effort and finally creating a subgoal that is closest to the final goal. b. not create more than two subgoals. c. not create fewer than ten subgoals. d. work backward in your planning by first creating a subgoal that is closest to the final goal, and then work backward to the subgoal that is closest to the beginning of the problem-solving effort.

work backward in your planning by first creating a subgoal that is closest to the final goal, and then work backward to the subgoal that is closest to the beginning of the problem-solving effort.

If all of the information on the hard drive of your computer is like long-term memory, then ________, like Random Access Memory, is comparable to what you actually have open and active at any given moment. a. semantic memory b. working memory c. declarative memory d. procedural memory

working memory