test 3

Mary tells you that she is taking 1 gram of vitamin C daily to prevent a cold. Which of the following is true regarding megadoses of vitamin C?

Excess vitamin C is excreted from the body.

What is the interaction between vitamin E and vitamin K?

Excessive levels of vitamin E will reduce the clotting ability of vitamin K.

The body is able to store which group of vitamins?

Fat-soluble vitamins

Choose the examples of how folate functions.

Folate functions in the formation of neurotransmitters in the brain. Folate works with vitamin B-6 and vitamin B-12 to metabolize homocysteine.

Choose the examples of how folate functions.

Folate works with vitamin B-6 and vitamin B-12 to metabolize homocysteine. Folate functions in the formation of neurotransmitters in the brain.

Which form of folate has an UL set because it is readily absorbed? Multiple choice question.

Folate works with vitamin B-6 and vitamin B-12 to metabolize homocysteine. Folate functions in the formation of neurotransmitters in the brain.

Identify the sources of vitamin K.

Green, leafy vegetables Plant oils

Which of the following are functions of water?

Medium for chemical reactions Lubricates joints Maintains body temperature

Choose the true statements about pantothenic acid deficiency.

Might occur in alcoholism along with a nutrient-deficient diet. A pantothenic acid deficiency may be unrecognizable. Symptoms would be hidden among deficiencies of thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B-6, and folate.

Through what process does the body use water to regulate body temperature? Multiple choice question.

Perspiration

Which of the following minerals are involved in bone health?

Phosphorus Copper Calcium

Which food sources are naturally higher in vitamin E?

Plant

Which of the following minerals are involved in muscle contraction and nerve impulse transmission?

Potassium Sodium Calcium

Which two food groups supply the most thiamin in the typical American diet?

Protein foods Grains

What is the UL for vitamin D for adults?

100 micrograms

The RDA for vitamin D for adults from 19 to 70 years is ______ micrograms per day.

15

What was the first treatment for scurvy in 1740?

2 oranges and 1 lemon a day

The AI for biotin for adults is

30 micrograms/day.

The Adequate Intake for pantothenic acid for adults is ______ for adult men and women.

5 milligrams per day

Mary is experiencing all the symptoms of a vitamin B-12 deficiency even though she is consuming a diet high in vitamin B-12. What might be the cause of her deficiency symptoms? Multiple choice question.

A lack of intrinsic factor in the stomach.

Choose the true statements about pantothenic acid deficiency.

A pantothenic acid deficiency may be unrecognizable. Might occur in alcoholism along with a nutrient-deficient diet. Symptoms would be hidden among deficiencies of thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B-6, and folate.

Which of the following steps of vitamin B-12 absorption occur in the stomach?

Cleavage of food-bound vitamin B-12 Secretion of intrinsic factor Binding of vitamin B-12 to R-protein

Typical North American B vitamin status is good because

B vitamins are efficiently absorbed. many foods are fortified with B vitamins. sources of B-vitamins are plentiful.

Which of the following steps of vitamin B-12 absorption occur in the stomach?

Binding of vitamin B-12 to R-protein Cleavage of food-bound vitamin B-12 Secretion of intrinsic factor

The deficiency disease that causes scaly, inflamed skin, decreased appetite, nausea, vomiting, and weakness is due to a lack of which B-vitamin?

Biotin

Bioavailability refers to the degree to which a nutrient can be

digested and absorbed.

Pork is an excellent source of thiamin. For an individual that does not eat pork, what are some food choices that would also be good sources of thiamin?

dried beans enriched grains ready-to-eat breakfast cereals

Food sources of riboflavin include

eggs. enriched grains. milk.

Vitamin A maintains the health of the ______ cells, which line the surfaces of the lungs, intestines, stomach, vagina, urinary tract, and bladder.

epithelial

As perspiration ______, heat is removed from the body. Multiple choice question.

evaporates

The food supply is thought to provide 40 to 60 micrograms of biotin per person per day, which ______ the AI for biotin. Multiple choice question.

exceeds

menaquinone

form of vitamin K produced by bacteria in the large intestine

How are the B vitamins absorbed?

free vitamins

phylloquinone

green plants

The multi-step process the human body employs to stop blood loss is called

hemostasis.

A compound manufactured by one organ that has a physiological effect on another organ or tissue is called a(n) Vitamin D is unique in that it has a site of synthesis that is different from the location of action, so it is considered to be a

hormone

Which of the following are potential consequences of vitamin B-6 deficiency?

impaired immune response anemia nerve problems

A riboflavin deficiency usually occurs with a deficiency of several other B vitamins because

these nutrients often occur in the same foods.

The B vitamin required as a coenzyme to release energy from carbohydrates and some amino acids is

thiamin. Beriberi is a disease caused by a vitamin B1 deficiency, also known as thiamine deficiency.

The chemical name for the four forms of Vitamin E is

tocopherols.

An organic compound that is needed in small amounts in the diet to support normal function, growth, and maintenance of the body is a

vitamin

Which vitamin is known as the "anti-infection" vitamin because it maintains the health of the epithelial cells, which provide a barrier against invading microorganisms? Multiple choice question.

vitamin A

Which two B vitamins are needed for the synthesis of tryptophan to niacin?

vitamin B-6 riboflavin

If you consume above the RDA of the water-soluble vitamins, the excesses are excreted from the body. Which two water-soluble vitamins are not excreted and stored in the liver?

vitamin B-6 vitamin B-12

The fat-soluble antioxidant vitamin responsible for protecting cell membranes by helping to stop damage by free radicals is

vitamin E.

Phylloquinone, menaquinone, and menadione are all forms of ______

vitamin K

Achieving optimal vitamin D status is ______ consuming adequate calcium when it comes to bone health.

just as important as

Excessive intake of Vitamin E can interfere with which vitamin?

k

Compared to refined or processed grains, whole grains contain

more magnesium. more fiber. more vitamin E.

Which B vitamin has been used as a medication to lower blood lipids?

niacin

Vitamin D toxicity is most likely to result from

overuse of supplemental vitamin D.

Which B vitamin is required for the synthesis of coenzyme A (CoA)?

pantothenic acid

Which of the following B-vitamins functions in the release of energy from carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins as well as in fatty acid synthesis? Its name comes from the Greek word meaning "from every side."

pantothenic acid

Dementia, diarrhea, dermatitis, and death are symptoms of the deficiency disease known as

pellagra.

Active vitamin D enhances the absorption of calcium and ______

phosphorus

Vitamin E is found naturally in many ______.

plant oils

Pork is an excellent source of thiamin. For an individual that does not eat pork, what are some food choices that would also be good sources of thiamin?

ready-to-eat breakfast cereals enriched grains dried beans

Functions of riboflavin include

release of energy from fatty acids. assisting antioxidant reactions.

Which two B vitamins are needed for the synthesis of tryptophan to niacin?

riboflavin vitamin B-6

Deficiencies of the following B vitamins often occur jointly because they all come from similar food sources.

riboflavin vitamin B-6 thiamin niacin

Cow's milk is an excellent source of Which B vitamin is necessary for the metabolism of some vitamins and minerals, plays an indirect role in the body's antioxidant defense system, and participates in many energy-yielding metabolic pathways? Multiple choice question.

riboflavin.

Choose examples of how water is used as a lubricant. Multiple select question.

saliva in the esophagus cerebrospinal fluid that cushions the spine and brain mucus lining the lungs

Vitamins are needed in ______ amounts to support growth and maintenance. Multiple choice question.

small

Groups who are at high risk of a vitamin E deficiency include

smokers. preterm infants.

A ______ is a liquid substance in which other substances dissolve. Multiple choice question.

solvent

The two categories of functional foods are ______.

zoochemicals phytochemicals

Vitamin E can donate electrons or hydrogen to free radicals found in cell membranes, making cell membranes more ______.

stable

Hemostasis describes body processes that

stop blood loss.

What are the three main problems associated with vitamin A deficiency?

stunted growth weakened immune system impaired vision

Which of the following are good food sources of vitamin E?

sunflower oil, 1 tablespoon dry-roasted sunflower seeds, 1 ounce dried apricots (1/2 cup)

High intakes of dietary carotenoids do not result in toxicities because

the conversion of provitamin A carotenoids into vitamin A is slow and regulated. the efficiency of carotenoid absorption from the small intestine declines as intake increases.

The functions of vitamin B-6 include ______.

the synthesis of neurotransmitters homocysteine metabolism the synthesis of nonessential amino acids breakdown of stored glycogen to glucose synthesis of white blood cells and the heme portion of hemoglobin conversion of tryptophan to niacin

What is the UL for carotenoids?

There is no UL for carotenoids

Which statements about B vitamins are true?

They have relatively high bioavailability. They are absorbed primarily in the small intestine.

Which of the following MyPlate food groups provides the most vitamin K?

Vegetables

Which of the following are true about vitamin A deficiencies?

Vitamin A deficiency is a major health problem in other parts of the world. Americans are at low risk for a vitamin A deficiency. Problems include impaired vision, weakened immune function, and stunted growth.

Niacin is

a coenzyme in metabolic reactions that yield energy from food

A deficiency of pantothenic acid may occur in

a nutrient-deficient diet. an alcoholic.

n North America, intakes of most B vitamins are generally ______. Multiple choice question.

adequate

The names of the four tocotrienols are called what?

alpha delta gamma beta

Vitamin B-12 is found naturally in foods of ______ origin.

animal

Of the three carotenoids that can be converted to retinol in the body, ______ is the only one that can be sufficiently absorbed and converted into retinol in the body.

beta-carotene

About 50% to 90% of the water-soluble vitamins in the diet are absorbed, which means they have a relatively high ______. Multiple choice question.

bioavailability

The degree to which an ingested nutrient such as minerals is absorbed and available to the body is called its Multiple choice question.

bioavailability.

ivtamin K and calcium work together to prevent ______.

blood loss

Sources of provitamin A carotenoids include

broccoli. carrots. sweet potatoes.

A deficiency in vitamin K can lead to ______.

bruising excessive bleeding

The vitamin content of fresh fruits and vegetables Multiple choice question.

can be lost through improper storage.

The thiamin coenzyme is particularly important for the release of energy from

carbohydrates.

The coenzyme form of biotin functions to add ______ to compounds in metabolic reactions. Multiple choice question.

carbon dioxide

Dark green and yellow-orange vegetables are sources of ______. Multiple choice question.

carotenoids

Which of the following are good sources of vitamin C? Multiple select question.

cauliflower citrus fruits papayas

?Why could a person with adequate calcium intake but a deficiency of vitamin D be at risk of bone fractures?

Vitamin D is necessary for calcium absorption.

When habitual intake of vitamin D exceeds the UL, health risks include

gastrointestinal disorders. calcium deposits in organs.

Refining grains leads to a loss of

germ, bran, and husk layers of the grain. B vitamins.

Exposure to ______ can cause a loss of certain vitamins.

heat oxygen light

menadione

synthetic

The dietary folate equivalents (DFE) take into account the differences between the bioavailability of synthetic folic acid and natural folate. Which is more bioavailable?

synthetic folic acid