Test 3 Environmental Nutrition

each person uses ____ gallons/ day of water

100

insects characteristics

3 body regions, 6 legs

A selective herbicide might be applied to a(n) __________. a. field of crops to kill only weeds b. lawn to kill only insects c. overgrown area to kill all plant growth

A

At present, the global average per capita ecological footprint is _______________ the global per capita carrying capacity .a. greater than b. about equal to c. less than

A

Bottled water is unlikely to have been disinfected using __________. a. chlorine b. ozone c. ultraviolet light

A

Chlorination of drinking water is highly effective at killing A. bacteria B. protozoa C. viruses D. all of the above

A

Concentrations of __________ have been documented at higher concentrations in farmed salmon than in wild-caught salmon. a. chlorinated organic compounds b. inorganic metals c. radioactive iodine

A

Disruption of circadian rhythms due to occupational exposure to light at night is now believed to increase the risk of ____ A. cancer B. infertility C. weight loss

A

Exposure to byproducts of disinfecting drinking water with chlorine has been associated with increased risk of __________. a. bladder cancer b. leukemia c. oral cancer

A

Fluorosis is __________. a. a discoloration of the teeth due excessive fluoride in drinking water b. a gum disease that can be prevented by adding fluoride to drinking water c. an excess of fluoride in bottled drinking water

A

If ground beef is tainted by a pathogen, efforts to prevent illness are hampered by the fact that _______________. a. ground beef is distributed and sold quickly b. ground beef from different feedlots may be mixed at a meatpacking plant c. meat from many cows is mixed into one batch of ground beef

A

Since the 1970s the average blood lead level in US children has A. declined B. stayed about the same C. risen

A

The cornchewer is considered a pest because it eats corn. The wily gadfly feeds on cornchewers but does not eat corn. Intending to kill off the cornchewers, a farmer applies an insecticide that nearly wipes out both insect populations. What is likely to happen next? a. The cornchewer population rebounds b. The gadfly population rebounds c. Both insect populations rebound

A

The largest share of municipal solid waste in the US today is A. discarded products B. food waste C. yard trimmings

A

The largest share of municipal solid waste in the United States today is __________ .a. paper and plastic b. food waste c. yard trimmings

A

The recycling of elements from discarded US personal computers is an industry that A. is mostly exported to lower-income countries B. makes a substantial contribution to the burden of occupational illness in the US C. takes place mainly in CA, which has strict controls of this industry

A

The superfund is a fund of money intended primarily to clean up A. abandoned hazardous waste sites B. uranium mill tailings piles C. widespread solvent contamination of groundwater

A

Traffic fatality rates in areas of suburban sprawl are__________ those in areas of dense urban development. a. higher than b. about the same as c. lower than

A

Trihalomethane's are A. byproducts of drinking water disinfection B. common as indoor air contaimants from consumer products C. primarily a problem of medical wastes

A

Trihalomethanes are __________. a. byproducts of drinking water disinfection b. common as indoor air contaminants from consumer products c. primarily a problem of medical wastes

A

What human disease may result if beef is contaminated during slaughter with the cow's fecal matter? a. E. coli O-157:H7 infection b. poliomyelitis c. variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

A

Which body system does both organochlorine and organophosphate insecticides target? A. central nervous system B. digestive system C. reproductive system

A

Which of the following are steps in primary sewage treatment? a. Bar screen, grinder, grit chamber, primary clarifier b. Settling, coagulation and flocculation, sedimentation, filtration c. Thickening and stabilization

A

Which of the following hazards is not a common type of injury among meatpacking and poultry processing workers? A. electric shock B. lacerations C. repetitive stain injuries

A

Which of the following is a reason that ground beef is an especially likely vehicle for contamination by E. Coli O157:H7? A. Grinding of meat increases the surface area B. Residues of antibiotics are low in ground beef C. When bacteria are ground up, each fragment grows into a new cell

A

___ is/are the major direct human health risk of genetically modified foods A. allergic reactions B. DNA damage C. Gastrointestinal cancer

A

Consumption =

Affluence X Tecnology

A combined sewer overflow is designed to handle A. both the water flushed down toilets and other household wastewater B. the overflow of pretreated industrial wastes C. peaks in the wastewater flow caused by surface runoff

B

A materials recovery facility processes __________. a. incinerator ash b. recyclable items c. yard waste

B

Consumption of nitrate-contaminated groundwater may cause___ A. cyanosis in adults B. methemoglobinemia in infants C. neurotoxicity in the elderly

B

In the United States, the current feed ban to prevent bovine spongiform encephalopathy prohibits the feeding of __________. a. mammalian protein to mammals b. mammalian protein to ruminants c. ruminant protein to mammals d. ruminant protein to ruminants

B

It has been suggested that in introducing synthetic chemicals containing ___ into ecosystems, humans beings broke a sort of biological taboo A. beryllium B. chlorine C. mercury

B

More than half of municipal solid waste generated in the United States is __________. a. incinerated b. landfilled c. recycled

B

Pesticide A is an organochlorine pesticide; Pesticide B is an organophosphate pesticide. Which of the following statements would you expect to be true? a. Pesticide A and Pesticide B are about equally persistent in the environment. b. Pesticide A is more persistent in the environment than Pesticide B. c. Pesticide B is more persistent in the environment than Pesticide A.

B

The Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HAACP) system is an approach to __________. a. abating lead hazards b. improving food safety c. regulating pesticides

B

The earliest synthetic organic pesticides, including DDT, are in a class of chemicals known as A. carbamates B. organochlorines C. organophosphates

B

The familiar USDA grading of meat (e.g., USDA Prime and USDA Choice steaks) is based on the __________. a. conditions in the slaughterhouse of origin b. marbling in the steaks themselves c. wholesomeness of the carcass from which the steaks were cut

B

The main rationale for the development of genetically modified foods is to ____ of the world's food supply A. augment the variety B. increase the quantity C. lower the cost

B

The major route of exposure for asbestos is A. dermal contact B. inhalation C. ingestion

B

The practice of giving pigs low doses of antibiotics throughout their lives causes __________ to become more resistant to antibiotics. a. humans b. microbes c. pigs

B

Unlike ozonation as a method to disinfect drinking water, chlorination __________. a. does not cause the creation of new chemical contaminants b. has a residual disinfecting effect in the distribution system c.is highly effective against both bacteria and protozoa

B

Which class of pesticides is used in the largest quantities in the United States? A. fungicides B. herbicides C. insecticides

B

Which of the following are steps in municipal drinking water treatment? A. bar screen, grinder, grit chamber, sedimentation tank B. settling, coagulation, and flocculation, sedimentation, filtration C. thickening, stabilization, fluroidation

B

Which of the following are steps in municipal drinking water treatment? a. Bar screen, grinder, grit chamber, sedimentation tank b. Settling, coagulation and flocculation, sedimentation, filtration c. Thickening, stabilization, fluoridation

B

Which of the following characteristics is not used to classify a waste as a hazardous waste? A. corrosiveness B. persistence C. toxicity

B

Which of the following chemicals is NOT a solvent? A. benzene B. PVC C. TCE

B

Which of the following is a greenhouse gas that results from decay of organic matter under anaerobic conditions? a. Carbon dioxide b. Methane c. Ozone

B

Which of the following is not a principle of organic farming? a. It does not use synthetic pesticides or commercial fertilizers. b. It must be small in scale. c. Its impact on soil must be sustainable.

B

Which of the following is the most common medium for people's exposure solvents? A. dust B. groundwater C. meat or fish

B

Which of the following types of cancer are associated with exposure to uv radiation? A. lung cancer, breast cancer B. malignant melanoma, basal cell carcinoma C. thyroid cancer, bone cancer

B

A combined sewer overflow is designed to handle __________. a. both the water flushed down toilets and other household wastewater b. the overflow of pretreated industrial wastes c. peaks in wastewater flow caused by surface runoff

C

A family of four in the united states uses approximately ___ gallons of water per day, including both indoor and outdoor uses A. 50 B. 100 C. 400 D. 1000

C

Agent Orange, an herbicide used by the US military in the Vietnam war, was contaminated by A. dioxins B. phthalates C. PBDEs

C

Asbestos is a ____ hazard A. biological B. chemical C. physical

C

Byssinosis and silicosis are examples of _____ diseases caused by workplace exposures A. cardiovascular B. dermatologic C. respiratory

C

From what raw material are modern plastics derived? A. cellulose in lumber B. non-metallic minerals C. petroleum

C

In the United States, most adult exposure to inorganic lead occurs in the A. home B. outdoors C. workplace

C

Industrial wastes, if not pretreated before entering a municipal wastewater treatment system, may _____. a. cause damage to the municipal works b. kill bacteria used in wastewater treatment c. both a and b

C

Irradiation of a food product may result in __________. a. a low-level radioactive residue in the food b. more rapid spoilage of the food c. the creation of new chemicals in the food

C

Medical waste poses special handling issues because it often contains hazardous, infectious, or __________ waste. a. industrial b. organic c. radioactive

C

Methemoglobinemia in infants, caused by ___________ in groundwater, is marked by ___________. a. herbicides / inadequate oxygenation of the blood b. herbicides / too much oxygenation of the blood c. nitrate / inadequate oxygenation of the blood d. nitrate / too much oxygenation of the blood

C

Primary sewage treatment is fundamentally a _______________ process. a. biological b. chemical c. mechanical

C

The key international agreement on ozone depletion is the ___ protocol A. bonn B. kyoto C. Montreal

C

The leachate collection system in a modern municipal solid waste landfill _______________ a. minimizes the accumulation of explosive gas b. prevents the escape of volatile chemicals c. protects groundwater from contamination

C

The major law governing the handling of municipal solid waste is the __________. a. Clean Water Act (CWA) b. Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) c. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)

C

The major public health concern related to the presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in CAFO waste lagoons is that these bacteria may __________. a. cause illness in CAFO workers b. deplete oxygen in local waters, resulting in fish kills c. pass the resistance trait to other bacteria in the environment

C

The most significant difference between untreated and treated sewage sludge is that most of the ____ have been removed from the treated sludge A. metals B. organic chemicals C. pathogens

C

Which is the basis of noise regulations to protect workers from hearing loss? A. absorbed energy (measured in rads) B. frequency measured in hertz C. intensity measured in decibels

C

Which of the following diseases is a sentinel illness for asbestos exposure? A. fibrosis B. Lung cancer C. mesothelioma

C

Which of the following is not a source of formaldehyde in indoor air? a. Air fresheners used in the home b. Materials used in home furnishings c. Seepage from bedrock into the basement

C

Which of the following is the best definition of a pest? A plant of animal that___ A. causes illness in humans B. disturbs the natural balance of an ecosystem C. interferes with humans' interests

C

Which of the following sets of chemicals has been linked to increased risk of obesity? A. benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene B. dioxins and furans C. phthalates and bisphenol A

C

Which of these US laws most reflects a precautionary approach to industrial pollution? A. comprehensiveness environmental response, compensation, and liability act B. resource conservation and recovery act C. toxic substances control act

C

___________ is a natural botanical insecticide. a. Heptachlor b. Malathion c. Pyrethrum

C

the term pesticide tolerance refers to the maximum pesticide A. application that a specific pest can survive B. exposure that is safe for agricultural workers C. residue that is allowed in human food

C

which of the following products are made using processes that involve perflurochemicals (PFC) A. consumer electronics B. flexible plastic containers C. non-stick coatings

C

where do organic solvents cause the most health effects?

CNS, liver, kidney

blind to and inactivate ACE, less toxic than OPs

Carbamates

maximum impact an ecosystem can support for extended period

Carrying capacity

criteria air pollutants, hazardous air pollutants

Clean Air Act

standards for ambient water quality, requirement to use secondary sewage system

Clean Water Act

federal standards for ambient water quality

Clean water act

Distinguish between consequentialist and nonconsequentialist ethics as they relate to assessing risk vs. benefit.

Consequentialist-results based, means to a valuable end, pleasure, happiness, utility, hedonistic. Nonconsequentialist-non results based, respect/honor, fairness, certain values, autonomy, rationality, friendship, loyalty, obligation, deontology, virtue.

Outline the major environmental health hazards of megacities in lower-income countries.

Crowding, poverty, poor housing, lack of sanitation and clean water, air pollution, toxic wastes, fires, traffic accidents, violence, conditions conducive to infectious disease (standing water, poor sanitation, crowding)

Additives are put into food in order to A. add nutritional value B. improve flavor C. prevent or slow down spoilage D. all of the above E. A and C only

D

Which of the following food defects is prohibited in food at any level? A. insect fragments B. Maggots C. Rodent hairs D. none of the above

D

effective and low mammalian toxicity

DDT

Describe the events that typically occur in a body of surface water when large quantities of CAFO wastes reach the water.

Dramatic reduction in dissolved O2, nutrients (P and N)overgrowth of algae (eutrophication) and as algae die off and decomposed by bacteria, more dissolved O2 is consumed, surface water becomes more anaerobicfish and other aquatic organisms die off.

Requires industry to publish quantities (in pounds) of specific chemicals released each year at specific sites

Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Ac

set tolerances in food, provisions to protect infants and children, registration based on risk benefit standard

Federal Food Drug Cosmetic Act

requires most employers to provide workplace "free of recognized hazards"

OSHAct

nervous system toxin, open sodium ion channel, persistent in the environment, bioaccumulate

Organochlorines

nervous system toxins, sarin-nerve gas, vary in toxicity, not persistent in environment, risk factor for parkinson disease

Organophosphates

used as flame retardants in many products

PBDEs

Impact =

Population x consumption

applies to specific wastes listed by EPA, and to any waste that is ignitable, corrosive, reactive, or toxic

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

no open dumping, requirements for landfill features, groundwater monitoring, encourages source reduction, recycling, waste-to-energy technologies

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

national primary drinking water regulations

Safe Drinking Water Act

Explain the distinction between sick building syndrome and building-related illness.

Sick building-nonspecific symptoms experienced by occupants of a building and the symptoms go away when the person is out of the building, return when back in the building. Cannot pinpoint cause.Building related illness-specific illness is linked to a specific feature of building

How much water we use highest percent?

Toilet

What is the main principle behind normative ethics?

We ought to always act in such a way that brings about the best consequences-the end justifies the means.

an example of chlorophenoxy herbicides

agent orange

mineral fiber, insulating, noncombustible

asbestos

list three items that would be classified as household hazardous wastes

battery, cleaners, pesticides

four widely used solvents

benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene

widely used in the production of certain plastics

bisphenol A

specific diagnosable illness, linked to specific feature of building

buildings-related illness

synthetic organic compounds contain

carbon

major cause of ozone-depleting chemicals

chlorofluorocarbons

governs incinerator emissions

clean air act

removes organic materials before waste disposal

composting

solid waste has _____ since 1970

doubled

examples of household hazardous wastes

drain cleaners, rat poison, antifreeze, pesticides

highest fatality occupations

fishing, logging

single safety standard, not risk/benefit, based on aggregate exposures

food quality protection act

basic treatment steps for drinking water

initial settling, coagulation, sedimentation, filtering

paint-hardening chemicals; exposures to paint sprayers in various settings

isocyanates

repellents are not designed to _____

kill

tick diseases

lyme disease, rocky mountain spotted fever

mosquito diseases

malaria, encephalitis, west nile virus

synthetic organic compounds are mostly

manmade

acts like nicotine, cause paralysis and death

neonicotinoids

sound that can damage hearing or otherwise harm health

noise

bottled water is regulated as

packaged food

highest percentage of waste generated

paper

process chemicals in production of water- and stain-resistant coatings

perfluorochemicals

substances or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any pest

pesticide

sprayed on crops and along residential streets, poured onto gardens, squirted along baseboards and basements

pesticides

plants, animals, or microorganisms that threaten human health

pests

synthetic organic compounds are produced from

petroleum

chemicals used to make plastics plastic

phthalate plasticizers

what happens in less developed countries, urban settings

poverty, crowding, poor housing, lack of sanitation, clean water, pollution, toxic wastes, fires, violence

removes glass, metal, plastics, paper from waste stream before disposal

recycling

objectives of sewage treatment

remove pathogens, organic matter, and solids

what does sludge stand for

salivation, lacrimation, urination, diarrhea, GI upset, and pulmonary edema

Distinguish between a selective herbicide and a nonselective herbicide

selective- kills certain plants but not others nonselective- kills any plant it is applied to

a building whose occupants experience such symptoms

sick building designation

nonspecific symptoms experience by occupants of a building

sick building syndrome

chemicals that dissolve other substances

solvents

development whose impact can be maintained over many generations

sustainable development

ringing or other sound in ears

tinnitus

List three items that would be classified as household hazardous wastes.

toilet cleaners, antifreeze , pesticides,

Three fundamental features of community metabolism today

unified water supply, potable water used to carry away sewage, large quantities of water, sewage, trash, with interconnections among these waste streams

Name 4 ecosystem services.

water regulation and supply, soil formation, nutrient cycling, climate regulation, habitat, flood and storm protection, genetic resources, atmosphere gas balance, pollination, recreation

The safe drinking water act includes provisions broader than standards for contaminants in drinking water. Name two additional types of requirements set by the safe drinking water act

watershed protection regular monitoring of public supplies