(Test 4) 168, 183, 186, 185, 65, 57, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 181, 192, 182, 195, 184, 198, 197, 207, 202, 199, 200, 193, 194, 201, and 204

kora

(circumambulation) walking meditation and prayers, both pilgrimage and a type of mediation

chatras

3 umbrella forms on top

mandala

A religious symbol associated with meditation, usually created with geometric patterns and shapes

toranas

Decorated gateways around the stupas

torri

The gate which serves as the entrance to a sacred Shinto shrine

harmika

The square railing at the top of a stupa.

citadel

a fortress overlooking a city

mudra

a symbolic hand gesture

churning the ocean of milk

almost every sruface is treated and carved with narrative of decorative details. 8 different hindu sotoires. story about begining of tiem and creation fo hte universe. and story about vicory of good over evil. devas (gods) fough with asuras (demons) in order to reclaim order and power for the gods who lost it. to reclaim peace and order, elixir oflife need sto be relased from eatrth, but the gods and demaons must work together. both sides aware theat once the amrita is reliazed there will be a battle to ataim it. depicts the moment when teh two sides are church teh ocean of milk. god and demons play tu gof war with naga (serpend king) as their divine rope. naga spun on mt. mandara represendted by vishnu. church produces apsaras (celestial maidens). when elixir reliased, indra (king of all gods) is seen decidgin from ehaving to catch it asn save the world form teh destruction of the demons.

yasti

an axis mundi that connects the earth to heavens in a central, sacred location of great power

folio from a qur'an

arab, north africa, or near east. abbasid. eigth centuryce. ink, color, and gold on parchment

aniconism

avoidance of figural imagery

bamiyan buddha

bamiyan, afhanistan. gandharan. 800ce. cut rock with plaster and polychrome paint

abhya mudra

be not afraid

juncture wall work

between mandapa dn vimana (shell of womb chamber). erotic images of couples embraced in sexual union. symbolic joining of vimana and mandapa accepntauted by joining of couples. some scholars suggest iamges related to tantric practices that were prevalent during chandella rule... indule in bodily and matieral world alllow to overcome ptemptation, was looked down upon by other groups. probably practiced in secret. eleborately carved exterior. gods and motals, suggests fertility, abundance, prospoertiy, adn good fortune. closest mataphor for the bliss of union and devotee experiences iwht divine. figures have perfect proporitons. appear nude but are weating transparent vields and jewerly, example of their cultural norms. or figures symbolize virility of chandella kings and their proespty. may refer to hindu concept of non-duality. figures represent tantric belifs that through sexual union, one becomes closest to experiencing hte divine

great stupa at sanchi work

budda left instructs that his remains be put in a stupa buildt at a corssroads accesiblt ot everyone. sanchi is near an importnat trade route. mound to bury princes. not tombs but monuments housing relics. was a reliquary. ashes of buddha activtae the earthen mounds with spiritual energy. form could be individual seated in meditative pose or sacred mountain. one of buddhists main symbols. symbol of nirvana. earliest example of a sacred buddhist building. mound of earth adn stone with wooden fence. parasols serve as axis mundi and indicates place of imoprantce surounded by hermika. 3 jewels of buddhis, the body, the community, the wheel of law. progression from one realm to another. chatras royality and protection in asis. harmika defines hoem of the gods atop the cosmic mountain. dome of heaven. 4 toranas at cardinal points. stone railimg mimcs the wooden one. originally painted white. monumental stupas are 3d mandalas. on top of hill. opened 8 stupas adn spread buddhas relics among througsands of stupas. part of larger complex. paid for secular patrons because it was good for economy bc pilgramiage site. pilgrims walk up steep hill to stupa and transition into spiritual world. pass under toranas and turn left and circumbulate clockwise while meditationg. no interior. direct decout to correct path to enlightenment. pilgrims pass from realm of sense to realm of spirit. depicts buddha;s life adn past lives. never depicted in human form. horror vacui contrasts with stark bare monument. life of budda. no image of buddha because perhaps he acived enlightment and has been freed from confines of body. budha statues added years later dueing cupta period to show how to live by his teachings adn eight fold path.

king suryavarman ii

builder of Angkor Wat

lakshmana temple work

built in newly created capital. built irrigation systems, palaces, and numerous temples out of sandstone. height big deal. legitimize rule over territoires. over 80 temples existed on theis site one at a time. shrine-vimana... sehll of womb chamber. flat entry porch-mandpa. base plateofrm adn large supersturcture sikhara means mountian peak. should appear liek mountian range. typically in north only. garba griha has vishnu. approach temple form east and work around entired circuamnbulation clockwise. climb stairs of plinth. temple for vishnu, faces east, designed using ideal mathmatical proportions. symbolizes mountains. temples build as human body. on high plateform. covered in relif scupltures and reizs. visit for darshan (see the god)... so have dynaimca awareness of presend of hte god. allows worhsippers who are inteh act of seeing are recetpvie to the transfer of grace. garbha griha is female ascpect adn large tower above coudl be masculae aspect of mr. meru. to enter garba grhia, pass thorugh third an final mandapa and an econlsed passage along the wall of the shrine. four smaller shrines sit at teh corner of each plinth, like minature temples. focused on tehir own deities. madnapas are pyramidal and incerase in size as tehy move form east to west.

pyxis of al-mughira work

carved ivory container often held perfume to scent the air. ivory is smooth, elegant, durable, easy to carve. traces of jade. domed lid for spanish influence. horror vaccui. probably cut from cross section of elephant's tusk. gift to 18 year old al-mughira, son of a caliph, maybe as coming of age present. use kufic script. indetifies owner, asks for Allah's blessings, adn tells function. begetal adn geometric motifs. 4 medallison show hunting, falconry, sports, musiciaons. legitamizes umayyad's rule. two men collecting eggs from nests of falcons. lute player next to two figures, one holds specter and flask of umayyads, other holds fan. scepter man symbolizes umayyad caliph. fan figures symbolizes the abassids. not aniconic. human and animal figures part of secular iconomgraphy. express political authoirty adn legitamacy of umayod caliphs (as opposed to abbasid caliphs)

Vairocana

celestial or universal Buddha... embodiment of emptiness. 50 feet tall.

Borobudur

central java, indonesia. sailendra dynasty. 750ce. volcanic-stone masonry

the ardabil carpet work

central sunburst medallion suggests a dome. pendents around center. mosque lamps hang from above. blue background covered iwth flowers and leaves. represeents illusion of a heavenly dome with lamps reflected in a pool of water full of floating lotus flowers without people or animasl. pile of carpet made from woold rather than silk because holds dye better. dyes are natural with pomegranate rind and indigo. safavid ruled iran and were native turks who calimed to be decsend from muhammad. worlds largest and oldest dated carpet. was in a pair once side by side in sufi mystic shrine. carpets produced at every elvel of society mostly by women. made for sale and personal use and royal courts. indicated status and wealth. display non figural decoration when inteded for religious settings. when for non religious settings then have figures. takes name from town of ardabil in northwestern iran. home to the shrine of a sufi saint. patron was shah tahmasp who set up royal factories for carpet ewaving. used as a prayer rug. many copies made. central gold medallion dominates carpet. border of rectanugalr shapes spaces for calligraphy filled with decoration. cartouches

sura

chapter

ungyo

closed mouth to keep in the good sprits

emperor shomu

commissioned todai-ji and other buddhist and shino works

bunadharma. three dimensional mandala

conceived of borobudur temple

jayavarman vii

converted to buddhism

ushnisha

cranial bump shown as hair on teh earliest images, then later a bump

brahma

creator

shiva

creator and destroyer to prepare world for renewal

shibi

crescent shaped roof ornaments covered in gold leaf inspired by a mythical sea creature, are believed to protect the building

urna

curl of hair between teh eyebrows shown as a dot

pyxis

cylindrical box used for cosmetics

damaru and agni

drum and fire

wabi-sabi

emphasize blend of simplify or naturalness with appreciation of the appearance of objects as they age. an appreciation of imperfection

predella

episodes of his life are put here

yakshi and yaksha

female and male figures of fertility in buddhist adn hindu art

first man in creation fo the world who became first king after period of mountain dwelling

first man in creation fo the world who became first king after period of mountain dwelling

the court of gayumars, folio from shah tahmasp's shahnama

first man in the world and first to worship ahura mazda. lived in moutain caves and worse kins of leopareds. introduce royal practaces like preration of food. shows king seated on a tiger skin attended by his court dressed in leopard pelts. son sits to left of him. rocks and sun have human faces. demonic figure looks at a bear hurling a rock. made for safavid ruler of iran. given to selim ii as a gift. patronage of tahmasp legitimzes his reign by conectign the reltively new state to mythic beggings of persian history. shows dedication to preserving persian literary cultur eand showcase wealth adn status. shows first king of iran, gayumars, before his cournt. ruled from a mountain top surounde dby light. looks a son on left... told his heir will be killed in battle with the black deamon. grandson on right who will revenge his father's death adn save the iranian trhone. facs in the rocks. lots of animals who will become tame in presence of gayumars. court below him. everything in harmony adn peace before forces of evil disrupted this balance. calligraphic script at top and bottom. hierarchy of scale and placement indicate stuatus. lush lanscape overflows into pargins for grwoth and cahnge. lighteness and airness enchanced by off centered placement on the page. speckeled gold leaf background. harmony btwn man and nature. details for delicate brush work. circular composition. no shading.

hall of the sisters work

fountain and water channels lead into the courtyard of the lions. water in room to cool them. name from 2 large marble slabs. possibly music room for receptions. represents dome of heaven. 16 windows to create starry sky with light. reference to secular power and sacred authority of Allah. hides structural support which is based on math. honeycomb of stalactites from ceiling. muqarnas to help with starry effect that rest on eight squinches. squinches have inscription about help from G-d. filtered light create mystical feeling. muquarnas reflect and refract light. carved walls fro light patterns. sultan sat under a ceiling with 7 layers... so 7-heaven. name Allah on teh floor so no one will cross the floor to harm teh sultar for fear of stepping of the name of G-d.

dome of the rock work

four leaders spread islam following death of the prophet. umayyad caliphate created as first islamic dynasty. power transferred to syria and damascus the capital. arabic primary language and islam principal religion. earliest surviving buildings from the islamic world. not a mosque and unclear original function. completed during time of civil war. religious focal point for supporters while fighting the civil war... there was no kaaba at this time. important to all three abrahamic religions, site of temple mount that was destroyed by emperor titus. area surround dome of rock is a mosque. highest point in jerusalem. third most holy site in islam. monument to holy site and celebrate victory of islam over other religions. by abd al-malik caliph. built on sacred rock... adam buuried here, abraham nearly sacrificed isaac here, muhammad ascended to heaven here, temple of soloman here. rock commemorates night journey of muhammad (slep near kaaba in mecca and angel gabriel takes him to rock where journeys to heaven). earliest program of architecture with inscriptions for islam. four entraces in cardinal points marked by rounded arch and roman columns. wood on tome. colums roman spolia. axis mundi staff at top. pilgrimage site when muslims didn't have control of the kaaba. mosaics by byzantine artists from conquered areas. not a mosque, shrine with no orientation to mecca. building enclosing rock takes form of burial places of roman emperors. circular dome like church that was built to enclose the tomb of christ to suggest its elevation position of power of christians. rock enclosed by two circular ambulatories and octagonal exterior wall. marble on lower reigsts, mosiacs in upper registers. mosaics have no animal or human figures, isntead vegative and winged crowns of sasanian kings. has inscription from aur'an with references mary and christ where christ is a prophet and not divine. small chamber below rock with unknown purpose. design of byzantine martyrium. alternting piers and columns. text for frieze around inner wall.

elongated ears

from wearing heavy jewlery

alhambra

granada, spain. nasrid dynasty. 1354ce. whitewashed adobe stucco, wood, tile, paint, and gilding

nio

guardian figures

Angkor, the temple of Angkor Wat, the city of Angkor Thom, Cambodia

hindu, angkor dynasty. 800ce. stone masonry, sandstone

Shiva as Lord of Dance (Nataraja)

hindu, india. chola dynasty, 11th century ce. cast bronze.

angkor wat work

hoem of gods on earth. garbha griha sacutuary where images of diety are housed. only brahmin priest may enter this. worshipers stand at thereashold. beehive tower caled shikhara. southern temple flat roofs aof pillard and shortered twoers srines to respemble multiplayers pyramids. both buddhist and hindu dedicated to vishnu. only stone temples survive, wood houses palaces and public buidligns were destroyed. compelx of temples and palaces withing rectangual argrid with temple mountain dedicated to a god for each king. deifies the king. stone relifs glorifying vishnu. originally rooftops were gilded to emphnaize connection. surouneded by moat. faces west (unsuaual). on summer socltace sun appears above the central peack. association with death and suryvaraman's tomb. and conenctionw ith rebirth and reincarnation. covered in bas-relifs. horror vacui. represents mt. meru. temple adn tomb for king and symbolizes world's mountians. largest religious monument sin world. serve as superme how to vishnu (protector). galleries and empty spaces are like mountian ranges and oceans that surouned mt. meru. mt. meru is home to the gos and an axis-munid. angkor wat is axis mundi to symbolize angkor as king's central place in teh universe. legitmize claim to politcla office. claim to the protection and power sof ht egods. layout a mandlaa or cosmic diagram with the 5 peaks of mt. meru. hindu temples not for religious congreatgation, hoems of the god. king coudl only claim policial office if had proof tha tgods did not support his repdecsesion or his enemries. so build grandest temple/palace. soth cate enclosure wall which sepeartes teh sacred temple groudns form protective moat theat surounds teh entire comlex. jayavarman vii converted to buddhism. buddhist shirne dedicated to buddha .216 gigancetif faces ofthe kign on teh temple's towers, shows watchful compassions in all directiosn fomr teh captiall. depicts himself as devaraja (god-king). after death, country returned to hinduism. made with three galleries, central sancutary, adn five stone towers. symbolic represntaiton of hindu cosmolgy.

karg

horned wolf/unicorn bahram gur fought

great mosque of isfahan work

integrated into urban area aroudn it. center of old hcity and sares wall siwth other buildigns. greaw into for-iwan desicgns liked by open courtyard. udnersaides of walls have geometric desicisns and oculus. ribbed vaults for lighting and ventilation. stucco motifs, creative. iwan acts as kind of clock. bumpy roof is due to hypostyle hall domes. extragant interiro like byzantine. garden is trquisl space form busy city. extra large courtyard. qibla has two cylanidraical minarets. primarly urban setting. usedf or mulitpel purpose not just religion. enrance to one ofodwo domed chambers. colorful decorariont and muqarnas. domed interor for ruler and access to main mihrab of mosowue. enter from soutehr iwan. jali. mihrab. minbar

great mosque of isfahan

isfahan, iran. islamic, persian. safavid dynasties. 700ce. stone, brick, wood, plaster, and glazed ceramic tile

bahram gur fights the karg from great ii-khanid shahnama

islamic, persian. il'khanid. 1340ce. ink and opaque watercolor, gold adn silver on paper

dome of the rock

jerusalem. islamic, umayyad. 690ce. stone masonry and wooden roof, glaze ceramic tile, mosaics, gilt aluminium and bronze dome

jowo rinpoche work

jokhang - shrine of jowo. pilgrimate site. circuambmle three concentric circles of sacred sites each directing to jowo statue. say mantras and spinning hand held prayer wheels. where dalai lama is initatied. house sacre dimage of the buddha. 5 feet tall, preciosu metals, and glittering jewels. temple adn statue focus of tibetan resistance ot chinese occupation of tibet. most sacred buddha in tibet. says created during time of original buddha and was blessed by acual buddha. it is of siddhartha created by vishkarma (the divine artist). lots of butter candles replaced daily. drumps beating to trances and dhow duality. made in india, given to china, the wedding gift from china and went to tibet. represents tehe king's conversion to buddhsim and the spread of ideas and religious practices across asia. behind chainmail fence. removed frm audience. seated in lotus posiion. left hand mudra of meditiation adn right hand is mudra of calling the earth to witness. they symoblize moment of e nlightenment for buddha. face repainted frequently with donations. important for tivetan's see the statue sbefore theyd ie because energy will transform them adn help at tht etime of death. buddha statue to act as buddha's proxy after his deparuture from the world. many smaller jowos. glowing gold paint, physicals signs of buddha, on chinese-esque trhone, nepali/indic influce, gaurda on head, bow shaped eyes. gift to gampo for wedding with chinese princess wencheng. during culutral revolution, jowo was dismanteled and pieces were found around lhasa. vase saheped pillar testament foudn in column in tempe. describes arrival of buddhism to tibet.

Lakshmana Temple

khajuraho, india. hindu. chandella dynasty. 950ce. sandstone

veda

knowledge. a collection of hundreds of sacred hymns

Ryoan-ji

kyoto, japan. muromachi period, japan. 1480ce. rock garden

stupa

large burial mounts dating back to prehistoric times

Jowo Rinpoche, enshrined in the Jokhang Temple

lhasa, tibet. yarlung dynasty. 641ce. gilt metals, semiprecious stones, pearls, paint, offerings

shahnama

long epic power by persian poet. national epic of iran. written about 1000ce. mythgical and historical past of persian empire. not precisely chronological. divided into three parts. story of persia/iran from creation to muslim conquest

longmen caves

luoyang, china. tang dynasty. 500ce. limestone

great stupa at sanchi

madhya pradesh, india. buddist. late sunga dynasty. 100ce. stone masonry, sandstone on dome

great mosque of djenne work

major urban center in mali part of trade routes. larges adobe buidlign in world. buttress look like engaged colums and create rhythm. courtyard liek many mosques. qibla towards mecca. fluting aids in rain water draining. orginally elaborate and decorative, ethen made more humble. 3 minarets in fornt. mud interiror. clay plaster exterier. insulate tmeprature. ostrich eggs on top of minarets as part of finial for fertilitya dn purity. originally a palace, not awlays amosque or rleigious. repalced with mosque later. then demolished for being too ornate. all city replasters it. torons just out. annual festival . bemas of palm braches for stregnth adn utlity. roof top by massive wooden pillars with hols with terra cottta lids for fresh air. supported by 90 load berain gpillarns. ventilation with cermaic caps. courtayrd arched openings. major trade cityer with market.

great mosque of djenne

mali. 1200ce. adobe

baptistere de st. louis basin work

mamluk ("owned") took power from ayyubid sultans who depended on slaves. slaves recruited into governing class. got control of mecca and media with capital in cairo. exterior has scnes from mamluk court like sultan's courtiers with clothing characteristic of their status. inside basin four panels show hunting scens and battle scences. bottom has aquatic animals like a crocodile and fish. probably commisioned by a wealthy mamluk patron as banqueting piece or vessle for ceremonial washing. used as baptismal font of several royal children of france. maker's name signed 13 times. produced for ceremonial contet then apporpoated for another purpose. named after louis ix who was trying to conquer egypt an was defeated by mamluks. outer band shows scens of procession of mamluk emirs wearing turbans. roundels with horseman. lower register has animals surounded by vegetal patterns. decorated with figures, animals, and patterns. many violent battle sciences. comprised of friezes of varying heights.

the ardabil carpet

maqsud of kashan. 1540ce. silk and wool

the kaaba

mecca, saudi arabia. islamic. muhammad. 630ce. granite masonry, covered with silk curtain and calligraphy in gold and silver wrapped thread

baptistere de st. louis basin

muhammad ibn al-zain. 1340ce. brass inlaid with gold and silver

petra jordan the treasury and great temple

nabataean ptolemaic and roman. 100ce. cut rock

petra jordan work

nabataeans settled and made petra teh capital... ancient arabian people who were originally nomadic.... rome annexed by emperor trajan. was part of byzantine empire where lots of buildings were churches. then silamic conquest and its a village. center of trading caravan routes. over 500 royal tombs found. none known to have human remains. inscriptions tell rulers' names. had large theater, monumental colonnaded street, nymphaem. houses, temple to the gods. water storage system. unique capitals with winged lions and elephants. influeced by hellenistic and near eastern architecture. treasury was actually a tomb that its situ. has 6 evenly sapcesd corinithian colums. pedimetnt on ly on four colums adn top is a temple wihtii a temple. split roof with tholos cylinder in teh middle. greek elements with disregard for lcassical rules adn patterns of ilght. two obelis project upward from pediments inot ther ock. amazons and victories stand flaking the central figam figure probably isis-tyche. lower level has greek twin gods castor and pollux who protected travelrs and the dead. also eagles, symbols of royal ptolomies etc. has rosettes from acncient near east. great tmeple was adajced to lower market and possibly adn audience hall dedicated to dushara. two levels.

court of the lions work

named after teh 12 marble lions. animals ok because not holy setting. roman courtyards with colonnades. lavish setting for paradise. chiseled walls for pattersn wtih light. cha-bagh plan. water flow through four intersecting channels suggests earthly blessings of Allah in luxious setting where elite enjoyed rooms for bathing. water converges at fountain of the 12 lions... zodiac making reference to the cycle of time.

todai-ji work

nara - first imperial capital dnd end of silk road. buddhist temple complext commisisoned by empieror shomu. 10 years of struggles. shomu reliaze religion only means to heal the country. reaffirmed his devotion to buddhist faith and fused budddhist doctrine and political policy. established nationl al system of monasters, adn this place serves as central monestary. was trainingo f monks and administrative center. connect sacred adn secular power. nembutsu chant. mixes spirtual and pragmatic. built with money from tax that forced contributions. roof topped with shibi sea creaters. ceramic tiel roof has fearsome beasts to ward of evil spirits. south gate pass through to ge to great buddha hall. 5 bays, 3 to pass thorugh and 2 for guardian figures. elaborate bracketing ssytem for two tiered roof. shinto influece shows implicity and naturalness and use torii to separate secular adn sacred space. wood harvested from far way. guardian figures (nio) known as ungyo and agyo based on mouth to ward of evil spirits. on either side of gate. dramatic contrapposto. swirlign draper. mascule figures to protect buddha. face inward toward peopel pass thourgh gate. from kei school of sculpture. 26 feet tall. was painted. multiple pieces of wood blocks, no nails. 1 open mouth and 1 closed for life and death adn beginning and end of journey. deer roama aroudn compelx, in shintosim seen as messagers of gods. allude ot deer par where buddha preached his first sermon. korean craftsmen brough buddhist temple architecture to japan through their technology for larger tile roofed structures. great eastern temple or great buddha hall as been rebult several times, largest wooden strucutre in teh world. seven bays (divisions on facade). incflueces by chinese. shows simplicity fo zen buddhism. deepe peaves for shade. colossal gilded bronze buddha influeced by longmen cave buddha complex. vairocana celestal or universal budda... embodiment of mepitness. 50 feet tall vairocnaa often intperepted as dharma body fo histoical buddha. monumental metal casting, largest metal statue of buddha inth world. required al the availbe copper in japan. mudra right is do not fear. huge event with roya cout attend the eye hopening ceremony... indian monkk painted buddha's eyes symoblically imbuing it with ife. replica of the original.. entrire complext burned in civil war.

Todai-ji

nara, japan. unkei, keikei, kei school. 743ce. bronze and wood, wood and cermaic-tile roofing

alhambra work

nasrid dynasty last ruling islamic dynasty in spain. royal palace and fortified citadel. union of christan empires with ferdinand and isabella expel muslims from spain with inquisition. means the red because rose colored stone. due to attack from christans a city population nee dfortification. miniature city with palace, gov buildings, gardens, etc. desiged after descriptions of paradise in the qur'an. sophisticated planning. cooling devices adn gardens and fountains. not overwelming scale. on acropolis overlooking granada. plain heavy outer walls with intricately carved stucco inner walls. once painted. only few heavily guarded enterances. for secuirty in a maze-like complex. everything connected but could be blocked off if attacked. lots of gardens adn water fountains, etc. complicate reliationship btwn interior and exterior.

agyo

open mouth to scare off demons

cartouche

oval loop

katsumoto

patron of ryoan-ji

borobudur temple work

patron was rulers of sailendra dynasty. conceived of by gunadharma. pilgrimage site. on top of enclosed stupa. largest buddhist structure in the world. mt. meru. on hill and vertically enhacned for elevation. ascending open air passages was around axis mundi. located by two convering rivers where food common... may have appearad as a lotus floating on water. buddhas on each site in lotus pose adn different mudr for each side. help orient the devotee and serve as a reminder to redirect one's thinking. 3d mandala. circumablute and asceding liek spiritual journey to enlightenment. lower level realm of desire, middle world of forms, upper spiritual realm (red, orange, yellow). stupa on top is empty with nirvana. walkways act as road map to enlightenment. 504 life size buddhas, lots of stupas, aligned with 4 cardinal points. 4 concentric squares to circumambluate with bas relifs to tell stories. 3 concentric circles open to light. hollow stupas with perforations of budda with teaching mudra, less orante and purity of form. move clockwise to reproduce path of sun. circuambluate show spiritual path of enlightenment. path wihtin monumentalizes the impermanent. buddha sits on raised base, upper terraces circular for spirtual realm. stupas each containing sculpture of seated buddha. guardian relifs for gatewasy to uppermost levels. at apex is large centra stuppa for symbol fo enlightened mind. move from darkness to light. bells shaped stupas on top show evolutoin of stupa design. otop stupa is dedicated to great sun buddy vairocana. sits near volcano mt. merapi.

jali

pierced stoen screen

vishnu

preserver, maintains order after brahma creates the world

dushara

principle diety of petra

folio from a qur'an work

qur'an is sacre text of islam. biofolium. written in kufic adn reads right to left. strong uprights and long horizontals. each page has only 9 lines to show material wealth of the owner. qur'an means recitation, so oral tradition more imporant than written word. vawels included with red dots becus arabic excludes vowels. mashq makes it more difficult to read and implies owner already memorized the qur'an. each chapter marked with rectagualr box and title is written in gold ink. vegetal and geometric motifs... animal and fugiral representations are prohibited. regularity and precision shows skill of scribes and imporance of text. has beginning of sura al-ankabot (the spider). those who take protection from any other than Allah are compared to spiders who build flimsy homes

Queen Maya Riding a Horse Carriage work

relif sculptures aid in physicsal and spritual journey adn guies pilgimrs toward higher staes of conciousness. lowest tier shows effects of karma and reinfores the endless cycle fo birth, death, adn rebith. next tirs narrate the dharma and show varoius events realted to his lives. next tirs narratives of livses of the bodhisattvas who follow buddhas footsteps. tree of sacred grove at lumbini where siddhartha was born. parasosls for royalty. halo aroudn queen's head. horror vacui. ceremonial procession. variety of poses. figures in backgroudn too. tradition for woman to go back to paretn's hoem to give birth.

shiva as lord of dance work

shiva = destoryer/creator. also regenerative force. all things must come to natural end so thtat they can begin anew. shiva does dance so new cycle can begin. sometimes ahs 3 faces = cyclical pattern of life, deaht, adn rebirth. human form as multiple limbs and heads. portable arts = used in processions. soldi bronze casting from sri lanka. creating unverse as he dancings. flaming nimbus = condiuas act of descrtuiotna dn creation of the universe. matted hari shows role as religious ascetic (yogi) who medicates for hundres of years.. ends of hair are cobra heads. ring of fire is encolsed cosmos of mass, time, adn space. upper right hand holds damaru (drum) to synchornize the act of creation adn the passage of time. lower right hand is in gentur of abhyay mudra (be not afraid). upper left hand s holds agni(flame) of destructiont hat annihlates all that the dound of damaru hs drumme dinto existance. lower left hand raches across adn points to raised fit, signified refug for the troubled soul... how in dance shiva has risen about hte earth. through belif in shiva, soul can be transported from bondange of illsuion and ignoracen to salvationa dn eternal serenity. image taken from anicent indian manual of vision depiction. perfect physical quality, precise set of measurements, ideals of beauty. multple arms show he is supernatural, literal embodiemtn of ht edivine. faith activies the divine energy. face remains tranquil. third eye = spirtual wisdom and power. left and right eye activites in phyical world. statues carreid in processional prardes.

axis mundi

staff at top to connect heaven and earth

bahram gur fights the karg, folio from the great il-khanid shahnama work

strong chinese influece from mongols. depictions of rocks and landscapes, asian appearence of figures, dragons. visual imagery to stories. shadowless. luxuriously dressed. shifted perspective. croweded compositions. one of earliest illustrated versions of shahnama. created in persia whole under mongol rule where lots of religious toleration and trade. commissioned by high ranking member of court. function to provide for kings a model of moral and courageous behavior like castiglione's courtier. conversy prestige. reinforces king's claim to rule over foreign land. bahram gur was iranian king, wears crown and halo. began reign with persecution fo the christans. ruled armenia but not supported by the people. persioa invaded by huns. shows him disguised as representative of the shah of iran to observe a court ruled by an unjust king.... mistakelnly shows his skills and is sent to slay teh karg by teh evil king, which with probably kill him. fights horned wolf... shows political adn military authority. image dominates over text. cultural blendign due to trade because wears euoprean fabric.

circular composition

suggests cycle of life and death, renewal and destruction to come

the court of gayumars from shah tahmasp's shahnama

sultan muhammad. 1525ce. ink, opaque watercolor, and gold on paper

char-bagh plan

symbolize the garden of paradise in the qur'an

mashq

technique of elongating certain letters to show importance

nymphaem

temple dedicated to water nymphs

shilpa shastras

the rules of sculpture

dharma

the teachings of the Buddha

nembutsu

to think of buddha

biofolium

two page spread

pyxis of al-mughira

umayyad. 986ce. ivory

iwan

vaulted portal opening into a courtyard fr regctangualg hall or space, ususally vaulted, walle don three sies, with one entirley open.

king songsten gampo and princess wencheng

wedding that brought jowo rinpoche to tibet

garuda

winged protector

garbha griha

womb chamber

ryoan-ji work

zen buddist monastery. garden represents microcosm of nature. functions as focus for meditation. gardens common among aristocrats. express feelings and thinking. austery adn simiplicty for prefecences of zen philogsphy. has shinto shrine. imperial tombs from heian period. has tea house. patron is katsumoto. shoguns and samuri preferred dicipline of zen buddhistm ofver ceremonial mahayanism buddism. frugal simplcity of life. beatuyf of hte garden lies inside enlightenment of the viewer. physically bare to reflect towards oneself. zen is art of the void. help you reach nonthought (englihtenmnt). 15 stoens of different siizes. don't enter garden. zen seated meditatin. raked daily in waves. maybe show moutnsina and islands. wet garden combined with rock garden suggest relationship between shintosim adn buddhism. part of temple complex. has tea house for simplicity and act of making and serving the tea. plants seem randomly placed, but actually organized and structured to symbolize the natural world. water symbolizes purification and used in rituals. built to resemble Chinese landscape paintings. gravel acts as water and waves with rakes. rocks are mountian ranges. moss base is only vegeation. sand is crushed white granite. meant to be viewed from veranda of nearby buildling. meant to evoke the incompletnesss of human understanding before enlightenment. lines raked in paralel except aroudn stone groupings where it encircles them. constructed for viewing, not wlak thorugh. physical restraint because you cannot enter