Test 4

For each acetyl-CoA molecule entering the citric acid cycle ______ atoms are removed and transferred to coenzymes

5 hydrogen

For every ____ hydrogen that diffuses back, _____ ATPs are made

6/3

12) Lymph nodes do all of the following except A) remove excess nutrients from the lymph. B) monitor the contents of lymph. C) remove debris and pathogens from the lymph. D) produce antibodies. E) detect pathogens.

A

15) The cell that dominates the deep cortical region of a lymph node is the ________ cell. A) T B) B C) nodule D) plasma E) NK

A

19) Which class of leukocytes is particularly abundant in the red pulp of the spleen? A) free and fixed macrophages B) B lymphocytes C) neutrophils D) T lymphocytes E) red blood cells

A

21) Histamine increases blood flow and vascular permeability. This would account for all of the following changes that occur during inflammation except A) chemotaxis of phagocytes. B) redness of the inflamed tissue. C) heat of the inflamed tissue. D) swelling of the inflamed tissue. E) movement of defense proteins and cells into the interstitial space.

A

5) Most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of the A) thoracic duct. B) cisterna chyli. C) dural sinus. D) right lymphatic duct. E) hepatic portal vein.

A

The various classes of immunoglobulins are differentiated on the basis of their A) heavy-chain constant segments. B) asymmetry. C) antigen specificity. D) light-chain variable segments. E) both light-chain variable segments and heavy-chain constant segments.

A

When large numbers of antibodies encounter their antigenic targets, they interact to form a three-dimensional structure known as a(n) A) immune complex. B) antigen-antibody complex. C) antigenic determinant site. D) major histocompatibility complex. E) antigen-presenting cell.

A

Which of the following concerning Class I MHC proteins is false? A) bind complement B) are found on all nucleated cells C) function in antigen presentation D) display abnormal peptides on the plasma membrane E) allow the body to differentiate its own cells from foreign cells

A

11) A substance that provokes an immune response is called a(n) A) complement. B) thymosin. C) antigen. D) irritant. E) chemotoxin.

C

16) All of the following are true of the thymus gland except that it A) reaches its greatest relative size before puberty. B) produces T cells. C) activates B cells. D) involutes after puberty. E) lies in the anterior mediastinum.

C

2) Lymphocytes are produced and stored in all of the following except A) lymph node organs. B) the thymus. C) the brain. D) lymphoid nodules. E) the spleen.

C

4) Which of the following statements regarding lymph is false? A) Lymphatic vessels have valves to direct fluid flow. B) Lymphatic capillaries have little or no basement membrane. C) Lacteals are prominent lymphatic vessels in the cardiopulmonary system. D) Lymph derives from interstitial fluid. E) Lymphatic capillaries have larger diameters than that of blood capillaries.

C

7) The merging of ________ forms the right lymphatic duct. A) two great vessels B) the thoracic and mediastinal ducts C) the right jugular, right subclavian, and right bronchomediastinal trunks D) superior and inferior lymphatic ducts E) the left jugular, right subclavian, and right bronchomediastinal trunks

C

8) The thoracic duct originates from an expanded chamber called the A) hilum. B) azygos. C) cisterna chyli. D) lymph node. E) bronchomediastinal trunk.

C

All of the following are true of the secondary response to antigen exposure except that it A) results in much quicker rise in antibody titers. B) results in much higher antibody titers than in the primary response. C) weakens quickly because memory B cells only survive for a year or two. D) produces more IgG antibodies. E) depends on memory B cells.

C

B cells prepare for activation by presenting an antigen bound to Class II MHC proteins in a process called A) differentiation. B) opsonization. C) sensitization. D) apoptosis. E) customization.

C

Class II MHC molecules are found only on which of the following? A) all body cells with a nucleus B) liver cells and macrophages in the spleen C) lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells D) red blood cells E) granulocytes and microphages

C

Cytotoxic T cells attack target cells by doing what? A) secreting free radicals B) secreting organic solvent C) activating genes that trigger apoptosis D) secreting a strong acid E) secreting mutant proteins

C

Helper T cells do all of the following except A) secrete cytokines to stimulate production of plasma cells. B) enhance antibody-mediated immunity. C) destroy target cells using perforins. D) activate sensitized B cells by costimulation. E) enhance cell-mediated immunity.

C

Carbohydrate digestion is completed in the

Duodenum and Jejunum

Synthesis of new organic molecules

Anabolism

20) The body's nonspecific defenses include all of the following except A) the skin. D) inflammation B) B and T cells. E) Complement C) interferon.

B

3) Lymphatic vessels commonly occur in association with A) sensory nerve endings. B) blood vessels. C) hyaline cartilage. D) adipose tissue. E) both hyaline cartilage and adipose tissue.

B

An antibody binds to an antigen at a specific area called the A) hapten. B) antigenic determinant site. C) antigen binding site. D) antigen-antibody complex. E) constant segment

B

________ cells enable the immune system to respond quickly and robustly if the same antigen is encountered a second time. A) Dendritic B) Memory C) IgM D) Plasma E) Suppressor

B

The cells directly responsible for cell-mediated immunity are the ________ cells. A) NK B) plasma C) T D) B E) interferon

C

The cells responsible for antibody-mediated immunity are the ________ cells. 8) _______ A) cytotoxic T B) NK C) B D) suppressor T E) Helper T

C

For each acetyl-CoA molecule entering the citric acid cycle 2 molecules of _____ are produced and 2 molecules of ______ are consumed

CO2/Water

The first form of energy we use is

Carbohydrates

Breakdown of organic substrates in the body is

Catabolism

Chemical reactions within cells

Cellular metabolism

Catabolism in the cell required for

Converting substrates to a two-carbon molecule ( acetyl CoA

Series of protein-pigment molecules called ________ embedded in inner mitochondrial membrane

Cytochromes

Process of cellular ATP production begins in the

Cytoplasm

1) The lymphatic system is composed of all of the following except A) lymph. B) the spleen. C) lymph nodes. D) the venae cavae. E) lymphatic vessels.

D

10) T is to ________ as B is to ________. A) thyroid; bowel B) top; bottom C) non-thymus-dependent; bottom D) thymus-dependent; bone marrow-derived

D

13) ________ are clusters of lymphoid nodules deep to the epithelial lining of the small intestine. A) Lymph glands B) Tonsils C) Immune complexes D) Peyer's patches E) Adenoids

D

14) The medullary sinus of a lymph node contains ________ lymphocytes and plasma cells. A) cytotoxic T B) helper T C) medullary D) B E) NK

D

17) The thymus produces several complementary hormones called A) desmosomes. B) interferons. C) immunoglobulins. D) thymosins. E) catecholamines.

D

18) Lymphoid organs differ from lymphoid tissues in what way? A) They are found in the digestive tract and lymphoid tissues are found in the thorax. B) They contain T lymphocytes and lymphoid tissues do not. C) They cannot produce antibodies, whereas lymphoid tissues can. D) They are surrounded by a fibrous capsule and lymphoid tissues are not. E) None of the answers is correct.

D

22) Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called ________ immunity. A) passive B) active C) natural passive D) innate E) auto

D

6) The thoracic duct drains lymph from all of the following regions except the A) left breast. B) pelvic viscera. C) left side of the neck. D) right breast. E) left arm and shoulder.

D

9) Lymphocyte production involves A) thymus tissue. B) bone marrow. C) peripheral lymphoid tissues. D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers is correct.

D

The binding of an antigen to an antibody can result in A) complement activation and opsonization. B) neutralization of the antigen. C) agglutination or precipitation. D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers is correct.

D

The role of antigen-presenting cells in immunity is to A) process antigens. B) activate T cells. C) display antigen fragments. D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers is correct.

D

When an antigen is bound to a Class II MHC protein, it can activate a(n) ________ cell. A) NK B) suppressor T C) cytotoxic T D) CD4 T E) plasma

D

23) In passive immunity, the A) body receives antibodies produced by other humans. B) immune system attacks normal body cells. C) body receives antibodies produced by an animal. D) body is deliberately exposed to an antigen. E) body receives antibodies produced by other humans or the body receives antibodies produced by an animal.

E

Adaptive immunity is the result of the actions of A) mast cells. B) antigen-antibody complexes. C) interferons. D) NK cells. E) T and B cells.

E

Antibodies may bind to superficial sites on bacteria or other toxins, making the toxin incapable of attaching itself to a cell. This mechanism is known as A) costimulation. B) agglutination. C) phagocytosis. D) opsonization. E) neutralization.

E

Before specific defenses are activated, most antigens must A) bind to the DNA of the lymphocyte. B) be processed by a phagocyte. C) depolarize the lymphocyte. D) infect cells. E) either infect cells or be processed by a phagocyte.

E

During a primary response to antigen exposure, all of the following occur except A) antibody levels do not peak until 1 to 2 weeks after the initial exposure. B) B cells may take time to develop into plasma cells and memory cells. C) the first immunoglobulins to appear in circulation are of the IgM type. D) the antigen must activate appropriate B cells. E) neutrophils invade the surrounding areas, releasing chemotactic substances.

E

Immunoglobulins, formed of five subunits, which are the first antibodies to be produced in response to infection are A) IgA. B) IgD. C) IgE. D) IgG. E) IgM.

E

Lymphocytes that destroy foreign cells or virus-infected cells are ________ cells. A) suppressor T B) helper T C) B D) plasma E) cytotoxic T

E

Which of the following is not a method in which antibodies work with features of innate immunity to destroy a pathogen? A) agglutination B) phagocyte attraction C) neutralization D) complement activation E) stimulating interferon production

E

Coenzymes deliver hydrogen atoms to the what

Electron transport system

Simple sugars are transported across the small intestine epithelial cells by

Facilitated Diffusion

Nutrients are delivered to the liver by the what

Hepatic portal vein

Cyanide is a _____ for the electron chain

Inhibitor

digests lactose into glucose + galactose

Lactase

digests maltose into glucose + glucose

Maltase

Process of continual breakdown and replacement of all cellular organic components except DNA

Metabolic turnover

Carbohydrate digestion begins where

Mouth

The acetyl group (CH3CO) from acetyl CoA attaches to what

Oxaloacetate

In the mitochondrial matrix, ______ (3-carbon molecule) is converted into a 2-carbon ______

Pyruvate/Acetate

What breaks down complex carbohydrates into disaccharides and trisaccharides

Salivary amalase

digests sucrose into glucose + fructose

Sucrase

Fatty acid dynamics can be stored as what

Triglyceride