Test #4

1. stimulation of the sensory receptor 2. transduction of the stimulus 3. generation of nerve impulses 4. integration of sensory input

For sensation to occur, these 4 events must occur:

fiber

axons of pre- and post- ganglionic neurons can be called ______ (JUST THE AXON)

free nerve ending, (pain, tickle, itch, temp)

bare dendrites that lack structural specialization and can be seen under a microscope. Examples: (4)

1. microscopic structure 2. location of the receptors and the origin of stimuli that achieves them 3. type of stimuli detected

characteristics of sensory receptors that are used to group them: (3)

perception

conscious interpretation of of sensations and is primarily a function of the cerebral cortex

sensation

conscious or subconscious awareness of changes in the external/internal environment

encapsulated nerve-endings, (pressure, vibration)

dendrites enclosed in a connective tissue capsule that has a distinct microscopic structure (2ex)

generator potentials

graded potentials created by sensory receptors are also called ________

- exteroceptors (hearing, vision, taste, smell, touch, temp...) - interoceptors, perceived - proprioceptors, body position

group sensory receptors by their location: (3) - ______: located near the external surface of the body- provide info about the external environ. (ex's) - ______ : located in the blood vessels, viseral organs, muscles, and NS and monitor the internal environment- usually not ________ - _______: located in muscles, tendons, joints, and the inner ear. Provide info about ______, muscle length, tension, and position and movement of joints

somatic senses

include tactile senses (touch, pressure, vibration, itch, tickle), thermal sensation, pain sensations, and proprioceptive senses

(somatic), somatosensory, CNS, sensory, effector target cell

info coming from the skin and skeletal muscle (_____) is perceived by _______ receptors and relayed to the ______ by ______ neurons where it is analyzed and processed. Once processed, out-going info. is relayed to an _______

- nociceptors, tissue-damaging - proprioceptor mechanoreceptors, proprioceptors, kinesthesia

musculoskeletal receptors: - _______; respond to ______ stimuli - ________:provides info about the mechanical forces arising from within the body called _______ and are responsible for _____ (sense of limb position)

visceral senses

provide info. about conditions w/in internal organs

general senses

refers to both somatic senses and visceral senses

- afferent, ascending - efferent, decending

sensory = ______ = _______ motor = ______ = _______

separate cells (hair cells, gustatory receptors, photoreceptors)

sensory receptors for some special senses are ______ that synapse with sensory neurons (ex: 3)

two, thalamus

somatosensory info uses ____ main AT's which lead to the ______

ascending, sensory, primary somatosensory area, (postcentral gyrus)

somatosensory input travels along the ______ tracts from a _____ receptor to the _____ of the brain (located in the _____)

spinal cord, posterior root ganglion, posterior gray horn, spinal cord cross, opposite, spinothalamic

spinothalamic pathway: 1st order neurons connect sensory receptors with the ______. the somas are in the _______, the axon terminals synapse with 2nd order neurons in the ______ of the _______. The axons of the 2nd order neurons ____ to the ____ side of the spinal cord and pass upward as the ____ tract

pressure, touch, vibration, tickle, itch

tactile sensations include (5)

Spinothalamic, pain, temp, itch, tickle

the _______ AT carries info regarding _____, _____, _____, and ____

free-nerve ending

the itch sensation results from stimulation of a ________ by certain chemicals

- smell - taste - vision - hearing - equilibrium/balance

the special senses

adaptation

when a receptor potential decreases in amplitude during a maintained, constant stimulus

transduction

when a sensory receptor converts the energy in the stimulus to a graded potential

- dorsal root ganglion, synapse, CNS - CNS, cross to the other side, spinal cord/brain stem, ascent - thalamus, axon, synapse, postcentral gyrus

- 1st order neuron somas located in the ________ and will ______ with a 2nd order neuron within the ______ - the somas of 2nd order neurons are in the _____. their nerve fibers ______ of the ______/______ during their _______. info is then carried to the 3rd order neuron - soma of 3rd order neuron is located in the ________. the _____ of the 3rd order neuron will ______ in the _______

- somatomotor - autonomic motor

- If the effector target cell is a skeletal muscle, the outgoing info. would be part of a ________ pathway - If target cell is a smooth muscle cell, cardiac muscle cell, of a gland, the outgoing info. would be part of a _______ pathway

- cholinergic agent - adrenergic agent - sympathomimetic agent

- any drug or medication that inhibits, enhances, or mimcs the action of ACh - any drug that blocks ACh - any drug that stimulates/mimics the effects of the S-ANS

- nerve - tract - ganglion - nucleus

- bundle of axons in the PNS - bundle of axons in the CNS - bundle of somas in the PNS - bundle of somas in the CNS

- free nerve ending (Nociceptors) - encapsulated nerve ending (Pacinian corpuscles)

- have unspecialized terminal branches of their dendrites (____ are a classic example) - most show this: a degree of encapsulation that helps determine the nature of the stimuli to which they respond (_______ good example)

- cholinergic - anticholinergic - sympathomimetic - opioid

- pt.'s are WET with small pupils - pt.'s are DRY, HOT, and TACHY - pt.'s are ANXIOUS, HOT, and SWEATING - pt.'s have COMA, resp. depression, pin-point pupils

- signaling changes in a stimulus - pain, body position, chemical comp. of blood

- rapidly adapting receptors specialized for _________ - slowly adapting receptors specialized for ______, ______, ______

- agonist - antagonist, blocks, exerting its affects

- receptor _______ is a substance that binds to and activates a receptor (mimics a natural neurotransmitter/hormone) - receptor ______ is a substance that binds to and _____ a receptor, preventing a natural NT/hormone from ______

- rapidly-adapting, decreases - slowly-adapting

- receptors that respond maximally but briefly to stimuli. Their response ______ if stimulus is maintained - receptors keep firing as long as the stimulus is present

- 1st, 2nd, 3rd order neurons (3) - UMN, LMN (2)

- somatosensory pathway neurons: _______ (___ runners) - somatomotor pathway neurons: _______ (___ runners)

- motor neuron - sensory neuron, sensory receptor, CNS (1st order neuron, primary afferent neuron), 2nd, 3rd, interneurons, multipolar

- the term _______ usually implies the neuron that actually innervates the muscle - the term _______ usually implies the neuron that actually brings info from a ________ to the _____ (______ aka _______) ____ and _____ neurons can be considered _____ as they are _______

- baroreceptors - chemoreceptors - osmoreceptors

- visceral sense that senses change in the tension of the arterial wall - visceral sense that detect chemical stimuli - visceral sense that detects change in osmotic pressure

- alpha-1 (vasoconstriction) - alpha-2 - beta-1 - beta-2 (vasodilation, bronchoconstriction) - visceral

Adrenergic receptor subtypes: (4) - all are in _____ effectors

- nicotinic, postsynaptic - muscarinic, either excitation or inhibition

Cholinergic receptor types: - _______ receptors: activation causes excitation of the ______ cell - _______ receptors: activation can cause ______ depending on the cell that bears these receptors

pain, touch, temp

Cutaneous receptors respond to (3)

- cholinergic, preganglionic neurons (P-ANS, S-ANS), P-ANS post-ganglionic neurons, somatic motor neurons - adrenergic, S-ANS postganglionic neurons, NE

Neurons based on the neurotransmitter the release: - ________ neurons: release ACh and include ________ (both ____ and _______), _______, and _______ - ______ neurons: release Epi or NE and include _______ which release _____

chemical messengers, synapse

Neurotranmitters are ______ in a ______

- terminal ganglia, effector organ - intramural ganglia, within the wall, effector organ

Parasympathetic ganglia: found in 2 locations: - _________- these are ganglia located very near the _______ - _________- these ganglia are actually ______ of the ______

- autonomic, outisde the CNS. ganglion, autonomic ganglia - fibers, effector (target) organ. unmyelinated, ACh, NE - ganglionic neurons

Postganglionic neurons: - second neuron of the _____ pathway. Lies entirely ________. Its soma and dendrites are located in the _______ which are called _________ - postganglionic _____ synapse with the cells of an ______. They are ______ and release either ______ or ______ depending on P-ANS or S-ANS - Can also be called ________

- CNS, myelinated, out of the CNS, cranial spinal - thoracic, spinal cord, brain stem, sacral level, spinal cord - axons, CNS, synapse, postganglionic, autonomic ganglion - ACh

Preganglionic neruons: - soma is in the ______ and its axon is ______ and extends ______ as part of the _____ or ___ nerve - preganglionic neurons of the S-ANS extend primarily from the ______ region of the ______ while the neurons of the P-ANS extend from the ______ and _____ of the _____ - _______ of preganglionic neurons extend from the _____ and _______ with the ______ neurons in the ________ - ALWAYS release ______

integral membrane proteins, postsynaptic (soma, dendrite, postsynaptic, cell membrane, effector cell)

Receptors are ______ of the ______ membrane (May be the ____ or _____ of a ____ neuron or the ________ of an _______)

- cholinergic - adrenergic

Receptors categorized by the chemical they receive: - ______ receptors: bind ACh - ______ receptors: bind NE or Epi

medulla oblongata, same, posterior columns, dendrites

1st order neurons: extend from the sensory receptors and acsend to the _______ on the ____ side of the body. Their axons form the _______ and they synapse with the ____ of 2nd order neurons

dendrites of a primary sensory neuron, sensory cell, sensory neuron

A sensory receptor can be the _________ or a specialized _______ that synapses with a _______

generator potential - primary afferent neuron, one receptor cell

A type of graded potential where the sensory receptor cell is also the _______ and a change in membrane potential spreads along its membrane. Only involves _______ to receive the stimulus and integrate it into an AP

1. Mechanoreceptors 2. Thermoreceptors 3. Nociceptors 4. Photoreceptors 5. Chemoreceptors 6. Osmoreceptors

Grouped by type of stimulus: 1. detect mechanical stimuli 2. detect changes in temp 3. respond to painful stimuli (physical, chemical damage) 4. detect light that strikes the retina 5. detect chemicals in the mouth, nose, and bodily fluids 6. detect the osmotic pressure of body fuids

poorly localized, activation, thoracic, pelvic, abdominal - distention, ischemia, inflammation, cutting, burning

In visceral sensory receptors, nocioceptors pain is generally ______ resulting from the ______ of nocioceptors of the _____, _____, or _____ viscera - highly sensitive to tissue-damage such as _____, _____, and _______ but not to _____, _____

1. free nerve-endings of first-order sensory neurons 2. encapsulated nerve-endings of first-order sensory neurons 3. separate cells that synapse with first-order sensory neurons

Microscopic structure of sensory receptors: (3)

dual innervation. excitation, inhibition, autonomic tone, hypothalamus

Most body organs receive ________ (innervation from P-ANS and S-ANS fibers). Usually one division causes _____ and the other causes ______ of body functions resulting in _______ which is regulated by the _______

primary motor area (precentral gyrus), descending tracts. UMN, LMN

Somatomotor pathways carry impulses that originate mainly in the ______ (located in the ____) and travel down a variety of ________. Use ____ and _____ neurons

- sympathetic trunk, L and R, vertebral column - prevertebral ganglia, in front of, vertebral column

Sympathetic ganglia: Found in 2 locations: - ________: a vertical row of ganglia on the ____ of the ______ - ________: ganglia located ______ the _______

synapse, ganglia, specialized cells, chromaffin cells. chromaffin cells, Epi, adrenaline, NE, noradrenaline

Sympathetic preganglionic fibers extending to the adrenal medulla do not ______ in ______ but rather with ______ called _______. When activated, ____ cells release two hormones: ______ aka _____ and _____ aka ______

visceral, inhibiting, stimulating, cardiac, smooth, glands. altered, supressed

The ANS helps to regulate _____ activities by ____ or _______ ongoing activities of ___ muscle, ____ muscle, and ______. Most autonomic responses can not be concisely _____ or ______

motor, PNS, involuntary muscles and glands. - sympathetic (S-ANS) - parasympathetic (P-ANS) - enteric (ENS)

The ANS is the _____ component of the _____ that controls _____. It is divided into 3 parts:

Posterior column, Proprioception, 2-Point discrimination (vibration, pressure)

The ________ AT reflects its position in the spinal cord, and carries info regarding _____ and _________ (as well as ______ and _____)

hypothalamus (diencephalon), medulla oblongata (brain stem)

The regulating centers for the ANS is mainly the ______ (part of the _____) and the _____ (part of the ____)

free-nerve endings, (non-damaging) ranges of temperature

Thermoreceptors are ________ that detect (______) ______

dual innervation

Tissues that are innervated by both the S-ANS or P-ANS are said to have ______

nociceptors, baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, osmoreceptors

Visceral sensory receptors (4)

reaches the brain

We are only aware of sensory information that _____

- upper motor neuron (UMN), medulla oblongata, decussation, spastic paralysis - lower motor neuron, CNS, CNS, skeletal muscles, motor, flaccid paralysis

_____: part of the somatomotor pathway located within the brain and spinal cord, these cross in the _______ at a place called a _______. Damage to this results in _______ _____: part of the somatomotor pathway with somas located in the _____ and axons that extend from the ____ to the ______. these are known as _____ neurons. Damage to these results in ______

relay stations

_____: regions within the CNS where neurons synapse with other neurons

homunculus - sensory homunculus, medial, lateral - motor homunculus, tongue

_____: representation of a small human being - the _______ has an area for genitalia on the most ____ and an ares for visceral organs on the most _____ side - the ______ has a portion for the _____

Nocioreceptors, free-nerve endings

______ are _______ that respond to tissue-damaging stimuli

- kinesthesia - proprioception

______: perception of body movements ______: allow us to recognize that parts of our body belongs to us

sensory receptor, dendrites of a sensory neuron

______: process of sensation begins here. Can either be a specialized cell or the _______

somatosensory pathway (postcentral), parietal, cerebellum

______: relay info from the somatic sensory receptors to the primary somatosensory area (______ gyrus) in the _____ lobe and to the ______

sensory receptor, graded potential

______: structure that can respond to a stimulus in the internal/external environ. and, in turn, create a ______

cutaneous sensations - mechanoreceptors (tactile, proprioception) - thermoreceptors - nocioreceptors

_______: somatic sensations that arise from stimulating the skin surface. 3 types

sensory transduction sensory processing

_______: the overall process in which the energy of a stimulus is converted into an electrical signal in the sensory neuron. Critical first step in ______

autonomic plexuses - thorax, cardiac, pulmonary plexuses

________: tangled network of efferent ANS neurons - major examples are the _____ of the ____, _____, and ______

Toxidrome - cholinergic - anticholinergic - sympathomimetic - opioid

a syndrome caused by a dangerous level of toxins in the body. Often the consequence of a drug overdose (4 types)

receptor potential - separate, afferent neuron. neurotransmitter, graded potential, afferent neuron

a type of graded potential where the sensory receptor is _____ from the ________. In this case the change in membrane potential of the sensory receptor cell triggers the release of a ______ that initiates a _________ on the ________ which generates the AP

nerve endings, ionic permeability, membrane. permeability, depolarizing current, generator potential, AP

the stimulus deforms/changes the _____ which affects the ________ of the receptor ______. Changes in this _______ generate a _________ in the nerve endings, thus producing a ________ which can initiate a _______

- muscle spindles, stretch (length) - golgi tendon organs (tension)

two types of proprioceptors: - ________: within the muscle belly and detect changes in ____ (______) - _______: within the muscle tendon and detect changes in ________

chemoreceptive (chemicals), baroreceptors (BP)

types of visceral sensory receptors