Test #4 Nutrition Through the Stages - Infancy through Older Adult

Teens: Eating on the Go

40 to 50 percent of the calories in the average fast -food meal comes from fat and many options are very high in sodium. As teens become more mobile and make more decisions without their parents present, good nutritional choices are at risk

breast milk per day

A baby who nursed every two to three hours during early infancy may enjoy three or four meals of (along with several snacks) by her twelfth month

Teens: Exercise and Physical Activity

Adjustments when sports are over Adjustments as caloric needs and activity changes

drop

After the child's first birthday, the parent will probably notice a sharp in his or her appetite

health choice

Allow the toddler to help prepare foods. Little ones can sprinkle cheese, place raisins on top or spread peanut butter. Use cookie cutters to form unique shapes in bread, shake up beverages and roll up tortillas. Keep a bowl of fruit on the table, counter or refrigerator so the child can view it as an option. Good food at a young age plays a role later in life

Make sure your child eats only while seated and while supervised by an adult

Although your one-year-old may want to do everything at once, "eating on the run" or while talking increases the risk of choking. Teach your child as early as possible to finish a mouthful prior to speaking

Food Tastes Different

Are foods not as tasty as they used to be? It might not be the cook's fault! Maybe your sense of taste, smell, or both has changed. Growing older can cause your senses to change, but so can a variety of other things such as dental problems or medication side effects. Taste and smell are important for healthy appetite and eating

Toddler: Two years Concerns

At age two, the child should be able to: use a spoon drink from a cup with just one hand feed him or herself a wide variety of finger foods

spoonfuls

Babies need only a few as they begin solids

Pre-teens

Boys require an average of 2,800 calories per day Girls require an average of 2,200 calories per day

Teach basic table manners

By age four, he or she will no longer grip the fork or spoon in his or her fist and be able to hold them like an adult ◦With help, he or she can begin learning the proper use of a table knife ◦Learn not to talk with a full mouth Learn to use a napkin Learn not reaching across another person's plate Family needs to model the manners. Have your child set the table or help in some other way in preparing the meal Turn off the TV and other technology at mealtimes

Toddler: Three years

By age three, children are less likely to use eating—or not eating—to be defiant◦Generally, they will learn to better interact, participate, and enjoy family meals

Teens: Nutritional Needs

Calcium, to build strong bones and teeth Vitamin D, to keep bones healthy◦Fiber, to help you stay regular and feel full Protein, to build healthy muscle Iron to help you grow

2 YEARS

Can use a spoon and drink from a cup Can be easily distracted Growth slows and appetite drops Develops likes and dislikes Can be very messy May suddenly refuse certain foods

Adults

Continue to follow the standard plan for good nutrition. Will need to alter caloric intake as your activity level decreases or loses intensity Focus on eating for optimum health, to prevent disease, and stay independent

Older Adult: Roadblocks

Cooking or eating alone Problems chewing foods Hard to swallow food Foods taste differently Don't feel like eating; not hungry Losing weight; not enough calories Physical problems affecting eating Medication interactions/side effects Lactose intolerance

meats

Current recommendations are that , such as turkey, chicken, and beef, should be added as one of the first solids to the breastfed infant's diet

Teens: Sweet 16

Decision making once they become mobile. Spending a lot more time away from parents and parental decisions Nutrition becomes up to them most, if not all, times of the day

He or she is still learning to chew and swallow efficiently and may gulp food down when in a hurry to get on with playing - the risk of choking is high

Do not fixate on amounts Do not make mealtimes a battle

Problems Chewing Food

Do you avoid some foods because they are hard to chew? People who have problems with their teeth or dentures often avoid eating meat, fruits, or vegetables and might miss out on important nutrients. If you are having trouble chewing, see your dentist to check for problems. If you wear dentures, the dentist can check how they fit

infancy

During the first 6 months of life, your baby needs only breast milk or formula for proper nutrition Your baby will digest breast milk more quickly than formula the newborn may need to nurse 8 to 12 times per day, or every 2 to 3 hours. Be sure you empty the breasts regularly by feeding or using a breast pump prevents them from becoming overly full and achy will allow the mother to continue producing milk

Infants: birth to 1 year

During the first 6 months of life, your baby needs only breast milk or formula for proper nutrition

eating the same foods family

During the preschool and kindergarten years, the child should be as the rest of the

infant to one year

During the second half of the year, your breast milk will continue to provide the great majority of necessary nutrients as the baby starts to sample a variety of new foods

Teens: Positive Nutrition Practices

Eat breakfast every day Pack lunch on school days Eat dinner with the family Get involved in grocery shopping and meal planning at home

Don't count on the child always eating it that way though—the eating habits of toddlers are erratic and unpredictable from one day to the next

Eat everything in sight at breakfast and almost nothing else for the rest of the day. Eat only the same food for three days in a row—and then reject it entirely. Eat 1,000 calories one day, but then eat noticeably more or less over the next day or two

Teens: Beverage Choices

Education on the added calories, sugar, and caffeine in beverages. Opportunities to get water

Toddlers: One year

Encourage, but don't pressure or force your child to eat at a particular time. One year olds need foods from the same basic nutrition groups that you do. Don't restrict fats from your one-year -old's menu. Be sure the food is cool enough to prevent mouth burns. Don't give foods that are heavily spiced, salted, buttered, or sweetened

Teens: Breakfast

Fix breakfast the night before. If time is tight go with quick -yogurt, fruit, whole grain cereal Think beyond traditional breakfast fare. When a sit- down breakfast is out of the question, pack a breakfast-to -go

Teens: Starts at home

Growing up with good nutrition, habits, and modeling. Prepared at home. Inclusion in Preparation

5 YEARS

Has fewer demands Will usually accept the food that's available Dresses and eats with minor supervision

Teens: Snacking

Have healthy snacks on hand. If the pantry is stocked with plenty of low-fat, low -sugar, low salt snacks, that's what he'll grab. So do away with the non-nutritious products, such as candy, cake, and soft drinks. You might have to put up with a day or two of protest Hey, what happened to the glazed donuts?! Where'd all the cookies go. Now are you ready to get really radical? Keep cleaned and ready-to -eat celery stalks, carrot sticks, fresh strawberries, melon wedges and other favorite fruits and veggies in your refrigerator, and see what happens. I know with my own kids that they would never dream of taking the time to peel an orange or cut up a cantaloupe, which they love, but if I set down a platter of cut up fruit or vegetables, they eat it every time

Sometimes Hard to Swallow Your Food

If food seems to get stuck in your throat, it might be that less saliva in your mouth is making it hard for you to swallow your food. Drinking plenty of liquids with your meal might help. There may be other reasons you are having trouble swallowing your food, including problems with the muscles or nerves in your throat, problems with your esophagus, or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Talk to your doctor about what might be causing the problem

Infants: birth to 1 year

If the baby is fed formula, he/she will eat about 6 to 8 times per day, or every 2 to 4 hours Start the newborn with 2 to 3 ounces at every feeding (16 to 24 ounces a day

Some pediatricians recommend an iron supplement

If this is the case, be careful to give the exact dose prescribed by your doctor. Always store iron and vitamin preparations out of the reach of young children in the household, since overdoses can be toxic

Teens: Skipping Breakfast

In a Gallup poll of more than four hundred boys and girls aged nine to fifteen, fully half claimed to skip breakfast on school mornings. Many teens just aren't hungry at that hour, but the major obstacle to a sound morning meal seems to be a lack of time By the time they finally sit down to lunch in the school cafeteria, they may have gone twelve, fourteen hours or more without eating This deprives their brains of essential nutrients needed for concentration, short term memory, problem solving and processing information Missing any of the three traditional square meals also reduces by one third their chance of meeting the daily required intake (DRI) for calcium

4 YEARS

Influenced by TV, media, and peers May dislike many mixed dishes Rarely spills with spoon or cup Knows what table manners are expected Can be easily sidetracked May suddenly refuse certain foods

only one new food and wait several days

Introduce at a time and before you add another new food, to make sure your child does not have a negative reaction

Infants: Introducing solids - cereal

Iron-fortified infant cereal (such as rice cereal or oatmeal) is another good solid food to complement breast milk. Single- ingredient product—that is, rice cereal or oatmeal—and does not contain added fruit, milk or yogurt solids, or infant formula -this will decrease the likelihood of an allergic reaction. You can mix the cereal with breast milk, water, or formula (if the mother has already introduced formula to the baby) until it is a thin consistency. As your baby gets used to the taste and texture, you can gradually make it thicker and increase the amount

Call the health care provider if concerned because the baby

Is not eating enough◦Is eating too much◦ Is gaining too much or too little weight◦Has an allergic reaction to food

Small portions for small children

It is important to pay attention to portion sizes Four- and five-year-olds need smaller servings than adultsEncourage your children to choose their own serving size, but use smaller plates, bowls, and cups

getting enough breast milk

It's important to make sure the baby continues to meet nutritional needs

enjoyable

Make meal and snack times

Just Not Hungry

Maybe you are not sad, but just can't eat very much. Changes to your body as you age can cause some people to feel full sooner than they did when younger. Or lack of appetite might be the side effect of a medicine you are taking—your doctor might be able to suggest a different drug

Tired of Cooking or Eating Alone

Maybe you are tired of planning and cooking dinners every night. Have you considered some potluck meals? If everyone brings one part of the meal, cooking is a lot easier, and there might be leftovers to share. Or try cooking with a friend to make a meal you can enjoy together. Also look into having some meals at a nearby senior center, community center, or religious facility. Not only will you enjoy a free or low-cost meal, but you will have some company while you eat

decrease

Mother may find that the number of breastfeedings will gradually as the baby's consumption of solid food increases

Infants: birth to 1 year

Never give honey to the infant it may contain bacteria that can cause botulism. Do not give the baby cow's milk until age 1 year babies under age 1 have a difficult time digesting cow's milk. Do not feed the baby any solid food until 4 to 6 months old the baby will not be able to digest it and may choke. Never put the child to bed with a bottle this can cause tooth decay if your baby wants to suck, give them a pacifier

variety

Offer a of foods, including, vegetables, fruits, dairy, grains and protein

Toddlers

Offer a variety of foods, including, vegetables, fruits, dairy, grains and protein Offer whole-grain breads, cereal, crackers, rice or pasta for at least half of the grain servings each day. Vary vegetables - offer all colors, including dark green, red and orange vegetables every week Plan menus Offer proper serving sizes and do not force children to finish their food.Make meal and snack times enjoyable.Do not use food as a reward or to comfort. Do not routinely withhold food as a form of punishment

proper serving sizes

Offer and do not force children to finish their food

whole -grain

Offer breads, cereal, crackers, rice or pasta for at least half of the grain servings each day

snacks

Offer nutrient-rich such as crackers with peanut butter, cubed low-fat cheese or apple slices

Encourage, but don't force trying new foods

Offer very small amounts of a new food for your child to taste (an "adventure bite"), along with other foods he or she already likes

Toddlers: One year

One year olds need about 1,000 calories divided among three meals and two snacks per day to meet their needs for growth, energy, and good nutrition

readjustment

Over the span of several months, a in the supply and demand relationship can take place smoothly and painlessly

Nutrition through the stages

Provides proper nutrition Meets the needs at that developmental stage Can help prevent overweight, obesity, and weight related diseases and conditions

late introduction and increase

Recent research found that the of certain foods may actually your baby's risk for food allergies and inhaled allergies

Choices for a Healthy Future

Recognize that eating should be a good experience. Understand that some children do not want to try new foods. Try to offer just one new food at a time, and do not mix foods Know that serving one favorite food with one new food often helps the child try the new food. Try to offer fun foods that the child can eat with his or her fingers

multiple exposures

Research indicates that some babies need to a new taste before they learn to enjoy it

Offer a range of healthy foods and Don't expect children to "clean their plates

Serve appropriate portion sizes or let them choose their portion. It is okay if children do not eat everything on their plates◦At this age, they should learn to know when they are full Parents can encourage their children to try new foods, but they should not pressure eating

solids and iron

Since most breastfeeding babies' iron stores begin to diminish at about six months, good first choices for are those rich in

Accept strong preferences about foods ( 3 yrs old )

Some preferences may vary from day to day; as irritating as this behavior can feel, it is very typical for a three-year-old ◦It is best not to make an issue of it - continue to offer a variety of healthy foods, and let the child choose which of them and how much he or she will eat

If no allergies are present, simply observe the baby for indications that she is interested in trying new foods

Start to introduce them gradually, one by one

Infants: Introducing solids

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends breastfeeding as the sole source of nutrition for the baby for about 6 months. When adding solid foods to the baby's diet, continue breastfeeding until at least 12 months. Continue to breastfeed after 12 months if the mother and baby desire Check with the child's doctor about vitamin D and iron supplements during the first year

Infants: Introducing solids

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends breastfeeding as the sole source of nutrition for the baby for about 6 months◦When adding solid foods to the baby's diet, continue breastfeeding until at least 12 months Continue to breastfeed after 12 months if the mother and baby desire◦ Check with the child's doctor about vitamin D and iron supplements during the first year

introduction

The baby will likely enjoy the of new tastes and textures in their life

The best drinks are water and milk (5 )

The best drinks for children are water and milk - milk provides calcium and vitamin D to build strong bones Ice cream is okay once in a while, but it should not be offered every day

slowed

The child's growth rate has probably he or she really doesn't require as much food now

offer foods nutritional calm environment regular times

The job of the parent is to with value in a and to have regular times for eating

Behavioral Milestones

The preschool years are an important time for developing healthy habits for life. From 2 to 5 years old, children grow and develop in ways that affect behavior in all areas, including eating. The timing of these milestones may vary with each child

Toddlers: Two years

The two-year-old should be eating three healthy meals a day, plus one or two snacks◦ He or she can eat the same food as the rest of the family◦ With his or her improved language and social skills, your child can become an active participant at mealtimes if given the chance to eat with everyone else. Do pay attention to adopting healthy eating habit sitting with the family, not talking with food in the mouth, etc. Do make healthy food choices as a family

infant

There are several ways to tell that the infant is ready to eat solid foods:the baby's birth weight has doubled the baby can control their head and neck movements the baby can sit up with some support the baby can show they are full by turning their head away or by not opening their mouth the baby begins showing interestin food when others are eating

Teen: 13 - 19 years

Typically, the ravenous hunger starts to wane once a child has stopped growing Kids who are big and tall or who participate in physical activity will still need increased amounts of energy into late adolescence During middle and late adolescence, girls eat roughly 25% fewer calories per day than boys do; consequently, they are more likely to be deficient in vitamins and minerals

When One Food, or Group of Foods, Is the Only Item a Child Will Ea

Understand that this is a normal phase and that the child will grow out of it Know that, often, the child is in a resting stage of the growth process Understand that the best way to get through this period is to offer the child many foods Know that, when the child is hungry, he or she will eat, no matter what food is served

continuing and breast feedings

Unless you intend to wean her soon, be sure to whenever she desires, to ensure your continuing milk supply

Teens: Eating on the Go

Unsupersize it. If a portion is too big, don't feel obligated to eat it all in one sitting. Have it your way—with as few fattening condiments as possible Meal plan and prep for breakfast and lunch Schedule regular family meals that works with their schedule

Teens: Weight and Adjusting to Changes

Weight fluctuations with constant changes in growth and hormones

Offer regular meal times and sit together ( 4 )

When it is meal or snack time, turn off the TV, and eat together at the table. This helps create a calm environment for eating

Infants: birth to 1 year

You can tell the baby is getting enough to eat if: the baby has several wet or dirty diapers for the first few days once the milk comes in, the baby should have at least 6 wet diapers and 3 or more dirty diapers a day the mother can see milk leaking or dripping while nursing the baby starts to gain weight; about 4 to 5 days after birth

mix

You can the cereal with breast milk, water, or formula (if the mother has already introduced formula to the baby) until it is a thin consistency

Turn off the TV—especially at mealtimes Meals can be simple and nutritious

advertising can be a big challenge to your three -years old's good nutrition◦Young children are easily influenced by ads for unhealthy foods like sugary cereals, fast food, and sweets

Do not give the baby cow's milk until age 1 year

babies under age 1 have a difficult time digesting cow's milk

Your little one can still choke on chunks of food

children don't learn to chew with a grinding motion until they're about four years old. Make sure anything you give your child is mashed or cut into small, easily chewable pieces

Whole fruit is preferable to fruit juice

even if it is 100% juice—as juice is a concentrated source of sugar and low in fiber◦If juice is offered, make it 100% fruit juice and limit it to 4 oz. or less per day◦It is best to serve juice with a meal, as juice is more likely to cause cavities when served between meal

Feeling Sad and Don't Want to Eat

feeling blue now and then is normal, but if you continue to feel sad, ask your doctor for help. Being unhappy can cause a loss of appetite. Help might be available. For example, you might need to talk with someone trained to work with people who are depressed.

do not reward comfort

food as a or to

Never give honey to the infant

it may contain bacteria that can cause botulism

Offer nutritious food choices at every meal ( 3 )

let him or her make the decision of how much to eat don't get discouraged or frustrated Keep offering a variety of healthy foods

second half

of the year, your breast milk will continue to provide the great majority of necessary nutrients as the baby starts to sample a variety of new foods

Vary vegetables

offer all colors, including dark green, red and orange vegetables every week

What You Can Do

offering encouragement and support to eat right and exercise faithfully◦Set an example ◦Help identify options for exercise that they enjoy sports, classes, dance, martial arts, etc.; think outside the box

food allergies

parents with are often advised to avoid foods that commonly cause allergic reactions(such as cow's milk, dairy products, and foods made from peanuts or other nuts)

Single- ingredient

product—that is, rice cereal or oatmeal —and does not contain added fruit, milk or yogurt solids, or infant formula -this will decrease the likelihood of an allergic reaction

Do not withhold food punishment

routinely as a form of

Signs that the older baby is ready for solids include

sitting up with minimal support showing good head control trying to grab food off other's plate turning her head to refuse food when she is not hungry continues to act hungry after breastfeeding loss of the tongue thrusting reflex that causes food to be pushed out of her mouth is another indication that she's ready to expand her taste experience

Feed the baby when they seem hungry- signs include

smacking lips making suckling movements rooting (moving their head around to find the breast

You can tell the baby is getting enough to eat if

the baby has several wet or dirty diapers for the first few days◦once the milk comes in, the baby should have at least 6 wet diapers and 3 or more dirty diapers a day the mother can see milk leaking or dripping while nursingthe baby starts to gain weight; about 4 to 5 days after birth

Do not feed the baby any solid food until 4 to 6 months old

the baby will not be able to digest it and may choke

There are several ways to tell that the infant is ready to eat solid foods

the baby's birth weight has doubled the baby can control their head and neck movements the baby can sit up with some support the baby can show they are full by turning their head away or by not opening their mouth the baby begins showing interest in food when others are eating

away resisting

the child is suddenly turning his or her head after just a few bites coming to the table at mealtimes

Never put the child to bed with a bottle

this can cause tooth decay if your baby wants to suck, give them a pacifier

Do not wait until the baby cries to feed her

this means she is very hungry Your baby should not sleep more than 4 hours at night without feeding (4 to 5 hours if you are feeding formula) - it is OK to wake them up to feed them

3 YEARS

• Makes simple either/or food choices, such as a choice of apple or orange slices Pours liquid with some spills. Comfortable using fork and spoon. Can follow simple requests such as "Please use your napkin." Starts to request favorite foods. Likes to imitate cooking May suddenly refuse certain foods