Test 5

Refer to the accompanying figure. The amnion is identified by number:

1

Refer to the accompanying figure. Which two figures in the accompanying illustration represent inhalation steps of the respiratory cycle?

1 and 2

What is the correct sequence of structures through which the filtrate would pass? 1) Bowman's capsule 2) collecting duct 3) distal convoluted tubule 4) proximal convoluted tubule 5) ascending loop of Henle 6) descending loop of Henle

1 → 4 → 6 → 5 → 3 → 2

Refer to the accompanying figure. Reabsorption of solutes with nutritional value occurs at the point labeled as:

5

Refer to the accompanying figure. Which structure is the blastocoel?

5

Arrange the stages of sperm development in chronological order. 1) sperm 2) spermatid 3) primary spermatocyte 4) secondary spermatocyte 5) spermatogonium

5 → 3 → 4 → 2 → 1

Arrange the structures through which air passes upon entering the body in the proper sequence. 1) alveoli 2) bronchi 3) larynx 4) bronchioles 5) pharynx 6) trachea

5 → 3 → 6 → 2 → 4 → 1

Refer to the accompanying figure. The cervix is labeled:

7

Which structure in the accompanying figure is a common site of cancer that can usually be detected by a Pap smear?

7

Refer to the accompanying figure. Insulin-like growth factor would be included with which of the following pairs?

7,8

Diabetes insipidus results from an insufficient production of:

ADH

The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland secretes:

ADH

When you drink a large volume of water, the release of ____ by the pituitary gland ____.

ADH; decreases

____ have the most efficient respiratory system of any living vertebrate.

Birds

Which behavior is developed through experience for the wasp Philanthus?

How to locate the burrow

Which statement is accurate of filtration by the kidneys?

Solutes dissolved in the plasma, such as glucose, amino acids, and various salts, become part of the filtrate.

Granulosa cells surround a:

primary oocyte.

Insulin-like growth factors can induce which of the following?

promoting protein synthesis

Which of the following is a modified fatty acid?

prostaglandin

Pepsin converts ____ to ____.

proteins; peptides

The main difference between protonephridia and metanephridia is that:

protonephridia consist of blind flame cells, while metanephridia consist of tubules open at both ends.

Refer to the accompanying figure. The function of the structure labeled as 6 is to:

provide a place for maturation and storage of sperm.

The function of the epididymis is to:

provide a place for maturation and storage of sperm.

Most of the filtrate is reabsorbed through the walls of the:

proximal convoluted tubule

The percent oxygen saturation of hemoglobin is highest in the:

pulmonary capillaries where oxygen concentration is highest.

The renal medulla contains the:

renal pyramids

The volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximal expiration is the:

residual volume.

Tubal pregnancy occurs as a result of:

scarring and blockage of the oviducts.

Sperm pass through several stages during their development. The earliest stage in which the cell becomes haploid is the:

secondary spermatocyte.

One function of the developing follicle is to:

secrete estrogens.

Spermatogenesis takes place in which of the following structures?

seminiferous tubules

In organogenesis, the ectoderm gives rise to:

sense organs

A behavioral pattern can be triggered by a(n):

sign stimulus

Which of the following is only partially reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule?

sodium ions

Birds that display nocturnal migration use ____ to guide their flight.

stars

Which types of hormones can enter cells and turn specific genes on and off?

steroid and thyroid hormones

Hormones are synthesized from cholesterol are part of the ____ group of hormones.

steroid horomones

The main nitrogenous waste of adult amphibians is:

urea

Amphibian eggs have large amounts of yolk at the ____ pole, and most metabolism takes place at the ____ pole

vegetal; animal

The correct order of the layers of tissue from the outside of the digestive system toward the lumen is:

visceral peritoneum, muscle layer, submucosa, and mucosa.

The maximum amount of air a person can exhale is called:

vital capacity

In the process of peristalsis:

waves of muscular contractions force food down the digestive tract.

Which statement about sperm entry is TRUE?

The fertilization cone formed by microvilli of the egg membrane contracts and draws the sperm inward.

Which of the following statements about the loop of Henle is true?

The walls of the ascending loop are relatively permeable to sodium.

Leptin is a hormone released by:

adipose tissue.

Fish can control buoyancy by:

adjusting the amount of gas in their swim bladders.

The principal mineralocorticoid is:

aldosterone.

Hensen's node is located:

at the end of the primitive streak.

Mitochondria use respired oxygen as an electron acceptor in the process known as:

cellular respiration.

During inspiration, the diaphragm ____ and ____ the volume of the thoracic cavity, causing air to flow ____.

contracts; increases; inward

Which of the following would be secreted across the tubule?

creatinine

Decompression sickness is caused by:

dissolved gases coming out of solution and forming gas bubbles.

The typical waking and sleeping cycles of most people can be described as:

diurnal.

The process illustrated in the accompanying figure is called:

emulsification.

The optimal foraging theory states that when animals forage, they maximize their ____ per unit of foraging time.

energy intake

Which term most applies to learned behavior?

environmentally influenced

Which of the following statements accurately describes the following reaction?

enzymatic digestion of proteins in the small intestine by enzymes secreted by the pancreas

From the pharynx, a bolus moves next into the:

esophagus.

A human embryo is capable of movement and has gonads that are distinguishable as either testes or ovaries by the end of the:

first trimester.

The ____ develops into a corpus luteum.

follicle

The ability of an infant organism to be able to keep track of the location of its mother is an example of:

imprinting

An animal must be physiologically ready before it can exhibit a behavior pattern. This is illustrated by:

inability of an adult human to locate an address.

The function of the rugae of the stomach is to:

increase the holding capacity of the stomach.

A squirrel is born and raised in captivity. Once released into the wild, it immediately begins to bury nuts. This is an example of:

innate behavior

Which of the following arises from the mesoderm?

inner layer of skin

Which of the following is classified as a trace element in the human diet?

iron

Hemocyanin:

is a respiratory pigment that is colorless when deoxygenated.

n adult who is suffering from hyperthyroidism:

is often hungry

Which term describes an animal whose behavior is tied to phases of the moon?

lunar

Which of the following hormones stimulates ovulation?

luteinizing hormone

Which of the following is part of the vulva?

mons pubis

Following cleavage of the zygote, which of the following is the first to occur?

morula

The two body systems that play the largest role in animal behavior are:

nervous and endocrine

Which structure is the most immediate precursor of the brain?

neural tube

The cells in the gastric glands that produce digestive substances are the:

parietal and chief cells.

When ____ comes in contact with acidic gastric juices, it is converted to ____, the main digestive enzyme of the stomach.

pepsinogen; pepsin

Helicobacter pylori has been implicated as the causal agent of:

peptic ulcers

The ability of oxygen to combine with and detach from hemoglobin is influenced by which of the following factors?

percent oxygen saturation

The efferent arterioles transport blood directly into the:

peritubular capillaries.

The ____ secretes melatonin, a hormone that promotes sleep in human beings.

pineal gland

The ____ produce(s) ____, which influences biological rhythms and the onset of sleep.

pineal gland; melatonin

Afterbirth refers collectively to the:

placenta and fetal membranes

In some animals, such as the marsh wren, one male bird mates with several females. This is known as:

polygyny.

In which type of regulation do hormones act on the cells that produce it?

autocrine signaling

The exchange of gases between an organism and its environment is known as:

respiration.

Chyme flows directly from the jejunum into the:

ileum.

Which model in the accompanying figure would elicit an attack response from another male stickleback?

1, 3, 4, 5, and 6

Place the following in developmental order beginning with the earliest event. 1) limb buds appear 2) face begins to look human 3) muscles differentiate 4) downy hair covers the fetus 5) sex can be determined by external inspection

1, 3, 5, 2, 4

Refer to the accompanying figure. Antidiuretic hormone has its effects along the region labeled as:

10

Refer to the accompanying figure. On which day of a 28-day menstrual cycle would you predict that estrogen levels would peak?

12

Based on the accompanying figure, which label describes diploid cells?

2

Refer to the accompanying figure. The allantois is identified by number:

2

Refer to the accompanying figure. Which structure can be transferred to a different location in the embryo and still cause differentiation of surrounding tissues?

2

What is the best definition of learning?

A long-term change in behavior due to experience

Which of the following is a water-soluble vitamin?

B-complex vitamins

Podocytes are located in the wall of:

Bowman's capsule.

____ are teeth adapted primarily for piercing prey and tearing food.

Canines

How are amino acids absorbed by the small intestine?

active transport

The field of sociobiology was much expanded by the book, Sociobiology: The New Synthesis, written by:

E. O. Wilson

Why doesn't every cell in the body respond to every hormone circulating in the bloodstream?

Each cell has specific surface receptors, which interact only with hormones that they recognize

Parietal cells secrete:

HCl and intrinsic factor.

What is the function of antidiuretic hormone?

It increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water so more is reabsorbed.

What is the difference between cortical nephrons and juxtamedullary nephrons?

Juxtamedullary nephrons have larger glomeruli than do cortical ones.

Which statement accurately reflects the data in the accompanying figure?

Larger hunting groups are more effective at low prey densities.

Refer to the accompanying figure. Which statement is accurate?

O2 will diffuse from the alveoli into the capillaries.

What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

One has insulin deficiency, while the other has insulin resistance.

Which of the following is a disadvantage of gas exchange in water, as compared to gas exchange in air?

Oxygen diffuses more slowly through air than water.

Which statement about the regulation of respiration is FALSE?

Respiratory centers in the medulla control the transition from inspiration to expiration.

Which of the following statements concerning saliva is FALSE?

Saliva starts the enzymatic digestion of lipids.

What is the best way to treat a peptic ulcer?

Take antacids and antibiotics.

Refer to the accompanying figure. Which statement is FALSE?

The PCO2 in the tissues must be equal to the PO2 in the tissues.

In a tube-within-a-tube body plan, what forms the outer tube

The body wall

Which of the following statements about paracrine regulation is TRUE?

The hormones released act on nearby target cells.

Which of the following occurs during forced expiration?

The internal intercostal muscles contract.

Which statement about biological clocks is FALSE?

They are limited to vertebrates.

How do terrestrial animals prevent toxic accumulation of ammonia in their tissues?

They convert ammonia to less toxic forms.

What is one disadvantage of excreting urea as opposed to uric acid?

Urea requires more water for excretion.

Which statement about the Malpighian tubules is FALSE?

Water and some solutes are transported into the Malpighian tubules via active transport.

Each villus contains a lacteal, which functions to:

absorb the products of lipid digestion.

The first breath of the neonate is initiated by the:

accumulation of carbon dioxide in the blood.

A soldier ant dies defending the ant colony from invading termites. Which term best describes this event?

altruism

Which of the following areas of the respiratory tract is lined with a single layer of epithelial cells?

alveoli

The main nitrogenous waste of freshwater fishes is:

ammonia

Which of the following is a nitrogenous waste of animals?

ammonia

The extraembryonic membrane closest to the embryo is the:

amnion

Which structure connects to the scrotum?

an inguinal canal

Both male and female gonads function to: 1) produce gametes. 2) produce hormones. 3) transfer gametes. 4) nourish the embryo. 5) influence secondary sexual characteristics.

answers 1, 2, and 5

After a steroid hormone binds its receptor, the hormone-receptor complex then:

binds DNA

A primitive groove is the equivalent of a:

blastopore

Which of the following consists of a hollow ball of cells?

blastula

Calcium ions may act with phospholipid second messengers by binding to ____, which then regulates other proteins.

calmodulin

Before a sperm can participate in fertilization, it must undergo ____ in the female reproductive tract.

capacitation

Asian pearl divers hyperventilate in order to reduce the ____ concentration in the blood

carbon dioxide

When chemoreceptors detect a slight decrease in pH, this means that ____ concentrations have increased, and the breathing rate must ____.

carbon dioxide; increase

The sequence in the accompanying figure illustrates:

classical conditioning

The process illustrated in the accompanying figure is representative of:

classical endocrine signaling.

What is a symptom of Cushing's disease?

fat deposition around the trunk

In the process of ß-oxidation, ____ are converted to ____.

fatty acids; acetyl CoA

The products of an endocrine gland:

generally have to travel to reach the target tissue.

All behavior ultimately has a ____ basis

genetic

Which paired terms are incorrectly matched?

habituation−relevant stimuli

The ureters connect the:

kidney to the bladder

The voice box is also referred to as the:

larynx.

Changes in behavior that result from environmental experiences are called:

learned behaviors

Males of some animal species have a display area where they compete for reproductively available females. This area is known as a:

lek

One of the principal functions of bile is:

mechanically digesting fats.

The structure labeled as 3 in Figure 51-2 is the:

mesoderm

Simple epithelial cells of the renal tubule have abundant ____ to increase the surface area for reabsorption and numerous ____ to provide energy for actively transporting materials.

microvilli; mitochondria

The developmental stage represented in the accompanying figure is a(n):

middle gastrula.

Refer to the accompanying figure. The structure labeled as 2 is the:

notochord

Animal growth primarily occurs by an increase in the:

number of cells

In most animals, the sperm and egg contribute an equal ____ to the zygote.

number of chromosomes

Reproductive success is measured by the:

number of viable offspring

In the process of organismic respiration:

oxygen is extracted from the environment by the organism and delivered to its cells

Which hormone causes contraction of the uterus?

oxytocin

Refer to the accompanying figure. In this sequence of events, the bell is serving as:

the conditioned stimulus

During stressful situations, epinephrine initiates:

the dilation of the blood vessels to the brain.

During swallowing, ____ closes off the ____ so food cannot enter the lower airway.

the epiglottis; larynx

Embryonic endoderm gives rise to

the lining of the digestive tract.

Which vertebrate has a social structure most closely resembling social insects?

the naked mole rats

The principle of nuclear equivalence states that

there is no loss of genetic information through determination or differentiation.

How does fat enter the blood circulation?

through an epithelial cell

Undigested material flows from the ascending colon directly into the:

transverse colon.

Refer to the accompanying figure. The chorion is identified by number:

3

Refer to the accompanying figure. Which of the labeled structures refers to the prostate gland?

3

Arrange the following events in the correct sequence. 1) thyroid gland secretes less hormone 2) homeostasis 3) high concentration of thyroid hormones 4) anterior pituitary secretes less TSH

3 → 4 → 1 → 2

In a signal transduction pathway involving cAMP as a second messenger, after a G protein is activated, the activated G protein then activates:

adenylyl cyclase.

Many organisms have different reproductive strategies. Which of the following most accurately reflects altruistic behavior?

adult care of related offspring

In males, gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulates the ____ to secrete ____.

anterior pituitary; FSH and LH

Monozygotic twins:

are called identical twins

The process of gas exchange in parabronchi is similar to:

countercurrent exchange in gills.

Anabolic steroids:

decrease HDL concentration, thereby increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Which hormone stimulates insect growth and molting?

ecdysone

Dietary fiber that is not digested will be:

egested.

A filter feeder is an animal that:

entraps food particles from water.

The gray crescent region of the amphibian zygote is thought to contain:

growth factors and developmental determinants

____ is produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary.

growth hormone

The term "archenteron" refers to the developing:

gut

After fertilization, which hormone is secreted by the developing embryo to maintain the function of the corpus luteum?

hCG

The trophoblast secretes ____, which signals the corpus luteum that pregnancy has begun.

hCG

Pituitary dwarfism is caused by:

hyposecretion of growth hormone during childhood.

The pituitary gland is regulated most directly by the:

hypothalamus

What type of endocrine signaling is used predominantly by invertebrates?

neuroendocrine signaling

Dominance, sexual behavior, and territoriality can all be related in song birds. This is because:

only individuals that successfully defend their territory can mate.

If leaves were the only food in your diet, you would most likely have:

only premolars and molars.

Which of the following is the phase of maximum physical sensation?

orgasm

Which of the following best defines the Bohr effect?

pH causes a displacement of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve.

The accessory glands of the male are the:

seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands.

An example of a primary sex characteristic in males is:

spermatogenesis.

Which of the following is the least effective method of contraception?

spermicidal foam

The ventilation of insect tracheal tubes is dependent upon the presence of:

spiracles.

Which of the following does not contain a gastrovascular cavity?

sponges

The function of oxytocin is to:

stimulate uterine contractions

The first panel of the sequence in the accompanying figure reflects:

the unconditioned stimulus

A laparoscope is used to guide the transfer of eggs into a woman's oviduct in:

zygote intrafallopian transfer.

Refer to the accompanying figure. Which of the following is a steroid hormone?

3

Refer to the accompanying figure. Nerves would be located in the part(s) labeled:

3 and 4

Refer to the accompanying figure. Which compound is the primary nitrogenous waste product of amphibians?

4

Refer to the accompanying figure. Which of these lungs would have the greatest surface area?

4

Refer to the accompanying figure. In which region will the osmolality of the filtrate be at the lowest value?

9

What happens at higher altitudes?

The partial pressure of oxygen decreases.

When drinking water at a party you sneeze and water comes out of your nose. Why did this happen?

The pharynx and nasal cavity were connected

Glomerular capillary walls and podocytes form a ____ that allows fluid and small solutes in plasma to pass through and become part of the filtrate.

filtration membrane

The main point of entry of water into the blood of freshwater fishes is through the:

gills

Marine cartilaginous fishes overcome water loss to their environments by:

storing urea in their body fluids, which causes them to be hypertonic to seawater.

When blood calcium levels are high, ____.

the release of parathyroid hormone would decrease

The ____ is shorter in females than it is in males, which explains the greater likelihood of developing bladder infections in ____.

urethra; females

Arrange the following stages of oogenesis in sequential order. 1) secondary oocyte 2) oogonium 3) ovum 4) primary oocyte

2 → 4 → 1 → 3

After ovulation, the ovum remains fertile for about:

24 hours

What would occur if humans reproduced by parthenogenesis?

The number of females in the population would most likely increase.