Textiles Final Exam, textiles final, Textiles Final, TXMI3500, Textiles Final Exam, TXMI3500 Final, TXMI3500 Final, TEXTILES - EXAM 1 (1-5) VCU, Textiles Exam

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milkweed (seed fiber)

(aka. silkweed fiber or asclepias cotton) From a Asclepias Incarnate plant that resembles Kapok Characteristics: soft, lustrous, hollow-floss seed hair fiber Uses: fiber fill in comforters and upholstery Difficult to spin into yarns bc its weak smooth and straight

ramie

(bast fiber); known as rhea, grasscloth, china grass, and army/navy cloth. used for several thousand years in china, japan and kinda. uses: imported apparel like sweaters, shirts, blouses, suits. interiors such as window treatments, pillows, table linens. blended to make ropes, banknotes, cigarette paper, twines. characteristics: fast growth, frequent harvest (min. 60 days), tall shrub that grows in hot climate (heat resistant), cut not pulled because its perennial, strong, least flexible (breaks easily) *relatively inexpensive, cottonized and blends well with other fibers*

interior textiles

(interior textiles or home furnishings) describes textiles and textile products used in the home and other building interiors for functions such as absorbency

manufactured fibers

(man-made) made into fiber form from chemical compounds produced in manufacturing facilities

identify six issues related to cotton and sustainability

*COTTON CAN NOT BE PRODUCED WITHOUT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT* 1. cotton that is harvested by machine is often treated with defoliant chemicals to remove the leaves. machine-picked cotton usually also includes impurities such as seeds, dir, and plant residue that requires more effort in cleaning. 2. water-intesntive crop requiring at least 20 inches of rain per year. *rain-fed* 3. tilling the soil contributes to soil erosion by water and wind. *trying to improve production by focusing on locally adapted varieties that require fewer agricultural chemicals and less irrigation, wide crop rotation to avoid depleting the soil of necessary nutrients and mechanical and manual weed control instead of chemical herbicides* 4. genetically modified cotton alters the use of pesticides and is tolerant of herbicides -- insect resistance to GM crops and weed proliferation which leads to pesticide use 5. since cotton is a major cash crop in more than 80 countries, farmers raise cotton for income. so when cotton prices drop or production falls, incomes suffer a similar decrease. (droughts, floods, disease, insect problems or forced child labor) 6. mainstreaming farming methods use extensive agricultural chemicals to fertilize the soil but excess rain can create problems with runoff can be toxic to other plants, insects, animals, and even people.

There are __ standard staple lengths of cottons, all within a __ inch range. Fiber length is very important!

19, 2

rayon was introduced in

1910

what kinds of products are produced from textiles?

-interior products -sporting goods -apparel

common characteristics of bast fibers include

-irregular, thick thin structure -good elongation potential

a woven fabric with a count of 144 x 76:

-is unbalanced -could be broadcloth

The process of tentering

-is used in drying fabrics -may use either pins or clips to hold fabric in place -must be done carefully to avoid setting fabrics off-grain

finishes are used to:

-modify the appearance of a textile -add comfort to fabrics -enhance the performance of fabrics

Diameter of wool fibers varies from ____ to____ micrometers

10-50

diameter of wool varies from ___ to ___ micrometers

10-50

Tex is the weight in grams per ______ meters

1000

tex is the weight in grams per ___ meters

1000

If a fabric has a count of 75 x 75, that count could also be written as

150

if a fabric has a count of 75 X 75 that count could also be written as

150

if a fabric has a count of 75 x 75, that count could also be written as

150

textiles are flexible materials that are composed of....(select best match from the list)

2) thin films of polymers or of fibers, yarns, or fabrics

1. open, figure eight construction 2. flat, uniform surface 3. smooth, lustrous surface 4. fabric with dimensional surface made from extra set of yarn 5. repeating geometric patterns

2. plain 3. satin 4. pile 5. dobby

nanofibers are fine fibers with a diameter

<1 micrometer

explain why wool is not more commonly used in apparel and interiors? what are the reasons you do not own more wool items?

??? only a small amount of wool is used in the united states, domestic consumption of wool compromises only a fraction of a percentage of all fiber used in the united states

tentering

A process which straightens the fabric and dries it to an even width is ________.

weighting

An outdated method of adding metallic salts to silk is called _______.

Classification of textiles. Select major classes of textiles from the list:

Apparel Interior Technical Smart Textiles

This fiber is used to produce warm and lightweight wool-like fabrics

Arcylic

Of the items listed here, which one is not considered a component of serviceability?

Availability

Of the items listed here, which one is not considered a component of serviceability? A. Cost B. Appearance retention C. Comfort D. Aesthetics E. Availability

Availability

These yarns are used as filling yarns to add comfort stretch to woven fabrics

BCF yarns

water soluble

Cofffee, tea, and soda are all considered ______ ________ adhered soils.

In museums, moth or insect control finishes may be replaced with

Cold storage

The equivalent of woolen and worsted yarns in cotton is

Combed and carded

Which pair of processes create similar yarn characteristics

Combed and lined

A yarn with short fibers removed and very parallel arrangement of remaining fibers is a

Combed yarn

A yarn with short fibers removed and very parallel arrangement of remaining fibers is a

Combed yarn and worsted yarn

Serviceability deals with _______ of the product

Comfort

bast

Common characteristics of _____ fibers include irregular, thick-thin structure, and high orientation.

process of bast fibers

Rippling (seed removal by pulling plant through machine)--> Retting (loosening fibers by stem rotting)--> Scutching (crushes outer covering)--> Hackling/combing (removes short or irregular fibers left over. Removes any remaining woody portions left and arranges fibers in parallel)

Abrasion resistance is the ability of textiles to withstand

Rubbing

Which of these weaves are most likely to snag?

Satin

eyelet fabric is made on

Schiffli machine

Finishing step that removes the natural wax from cotton fibers is

Scouring

Rayon has a ________ cross section?

Serrated

Staple fibers are _______ fibers

Short

A fiber that has good dimensional stability does not? -React with chemicals. -Shrink or stretch when cleaned. -Break when bent repeatedly. -Elongate with use. -Degrade when exposed to sunlight.

Shrink or stretch when cleaned.

What is the only natural filament yarn?

Silk

dupioni

Silk that is created by 2 silkworms spinning together is called ________ silk.

regular filament yarns in a satin weave

Slippage of yarns in a fabric is a problem with

What are dobby fabrics?

Small figured designs requiring fewer than 25 different warp yarn arrangements.

Surface contour may be

Smooth, serrated, or rough

The steps of leather finishing in the correct order

Soaking in the salt solution, Removing the hair and the flesh layer, Tanning using plant tannin or chrome

Twistless spun yarns are

Soft with good luster

synthetic

Solution dyeing has been especially useful in dyeing _______ fibers.

Two Azion fiber sources are

Soybeans and Milk

The fiber known for its high retractive force and high elongation is

Spandex

The fiber listed below that is an elastomeric fiber is

Spandex

In processing staple fibers, which step inserts twist and reduces the roving, increasing the parallel alignment of the fibers?

Spinning

This year relies most heavily on fiber cohesiveness for yarn strenght

Spun yarns

yarn

Stage of production when color is applied to denim is the _______ stage.

A fabric in which lots of fiber ends can be seen throughout the fabric is made of? -Filament fibers. -Resilient fibers. -Amorphous fibers. -Filament tow fibers. -Staple fibers.

Staple fibers.

T/F: the convolutions contribute to cottons cohesiveness and soiling characteristics

TRUE

most silk is removed from the cocoon in filament form.

TRUE

the differences in the cortical cells produce the bicomponent nature of wool and contribute to its crimp

TRUE

virgin wool has never been processed before being made into a specific product

TRUE

shed

The area of the loom through which the filling yarn is inserted is the ______.

environmental protection agency

The federal agency that enforces and regulates air, water and noise pollution is the _________ ________ _____.

mohair

The fiber that is produced by the Angora goat is called _______.

A print pattern that is exclusive property of one design firms with restrictions so that printers cannot sell the print to other companies describes

Confinement

A print pattern that is exclusive property of one design firms with restrictions so that printers cannot sell the print to other companies describes? -Contract restrictions. -Consignment. -Configuration. -Confinement. -Conscription.

Confinement

The ability of a textile to return to its original dimension or shape after elongation

Elasticity

Covalent bonds are formed when _________ are shared

Electrons

neutralizing, agitation

Electrostatic soils are removed by _________ and _________.

The ability of a fiber to be stretched is called? -Stretch resistance. -Creep. -Elongation. -Elasticity. -Recovery

Elongation.

tanning

The process of making leather pliable, rot and water resistant is called _______.

retting

The process of softening the stems of a flax plant to remove the fiber is called ________.

filature

The process to obtain filament silk from a cocoon takes place in a factory called a ________.

wider, quieter, greater

Developments in weaving include: _____ looms, faster and ______ looms, and _______ control of warp yarns.

What are the beneficial properties of nylon?

Dimensional stability, durability, and elastic recovery

A common method to increase the tenacity of synthetic fibers

Drawing

Acetate is produced by

Dry spinning

Which process involves solvent evaporating and fibers solidifying?

Dry spinning

Type of silk that occurs when two worms end up in the same cocoon

Duppioni

_________ describes the manner in which the product withstands use, that is, the length of time the product is considered suitable for the use for which it was purchased

Durability

Silk fibers are _________ fibers?

Filament

These yarns have low twist, less cover, and do not lint or pill

Filament

These yarns have low twist, less cover, and do not lint or pill

Filament yarns

mercerization of cotton

Finish for cellulosic materials that gives a lustrous finish and strengthens them. Treating yarns or fabrics with with sodium hydroxide causes a permanent physical change. Not good for the environment

A yarn that crosses over more than one yarn at a time in an interlacing pattern is called a

Float

Ply yarn example

Folded yarn

coir (seed fiber)

From the husk of coconut from Sri Lanka Fibers: long and curly Characteristics: stiff, cinnamon brown color, coarse, wiry, durable Uses: rugs, mats, floortiles, brushes

acetate

Fume fading is a big problem with _______ fibers.

Stonewashed, blue jeans- dyeing method?

Garment dyeing

Which bast fiber has the strongest potential to be a sustainable fiber? -Pina. -Cotton. -Coir. -Wicker. -Hemp.

Hemp.

Select correct characteristics for polyester;

High elastic recovery

What is a characteristic of polyester?

High elastic recovery

Wool fiber properties

High resiliency, high elongation, and poor tenacity

Combed and worsted yarns are (higher or lower) quality than carded and woolen yarns

Higher quality

binder

In a 3-ply fancy yarn the ______ holds effect ply in place.

finer

In a knitted fabric, a higher gauge will produce a ______ fabric.

tie-dye and batik

In addition to discharge printed fabrics, what other coloration methods insure the consumer dye penetration on both sides of the fabric through piece dyeing?

pina

In class, we watched a video of a woman from the Philippines extracting what type of fibers?

strength

In spun yarns, the higher the twist the greater the _______ up to a certain point.

An inexpensive cellulose fiber with poor sunlight resitance used in rope and carpet backing is: -Sisal. -Ramie. -Jute. -Kenaf. -Flax.

Jute.

Wool fibers are made of the protein

Keratin

The protein of wool is? -Glucose. -Keratin. -Fibroin. -Sericin. -Casein.

Keratin.

basic

Knit, purl, missed/float, and tuck are all _______ stitches.

Which fabric uses yarns in an open-work area with some elaborate pattern in the design?

Lace

Which of the following is not a nonwoven fiberweb structure?

Laminated

The greater absorbency of rayon compared to cotton can be explained by its

Larger surface area

Aspects of physical structure of fibers are

Length and shape

warp, filling

Lengthwise yarns are _____ and widthwise are ______.

A fabric with an open appearance and warp yarns that cross over each other is

Leno

A fiber with a denier of 16 is (LESS or MORE) flexible than a fiber with a denier of 6

Less flexible

A warp knit is (less or more) stable and has less stretch than a filling knit jersey, all other aspects being the same

More stable

Elastic fibers (highly stretchable) made of polymers with the glass transition temperature which is

Much below the ambient temperature

Formula for PDI

Mw over Mn

young modulus units are

N/M2, and Pa

Young modulus units are

N/m squared AND Pa

which of these describes the smallest diameter

Nanofibers

Lyocell fibers are __________ polymer fibers

Natural

Which of the fibers below is a bast fiber? -Kapok. -Cotton. -Coir. -Ramie. -Pina.

Ramie.

What are NOT examples of conventional looms?

Rapier Projectile Circular Triaxial

Which of the examples below is a novelty yarn?

Ratine

The fiber has low wet strength.

Rayon

wood pulp

Rayon is considered a regenerated cellulosic fiber because it is manufactured from ______ ______.

Rayon fibers are what kind of fiber?

Regenerated cellulose

______________ could be produced using various sources of cellulosic biomass

Regenerated cellulosic fibers

The process of removing the bast fiber from the stem is: -Mercerizing. -Retting. -Scouring. -Degumming. -Spinning.

Retting

cross-sectional shape

impacts luster, bulk, body, texture and hand. -round -dog-bone -triangular -lobal -multisided -hollow *natural fiber cross-section can not be controlled, but performance properties of cross-section can be controlled*

the polymers in manufactured fibers are:

in a random, unoriented state immediately after production (aka amorphous... until stretching/drawing)

technical or industrial textiles

include a broad range of materials that are widely used in special applications of technical nature and that are generally not considered apparel or furnishings (tire cords, seat upholstery, seat belts, toothbrushes, bandages, etc.)

comfort and safety properties

include absorbency, heat retention, density, and elongation.

applied designs:

include flocked and embossed

fiber properties affected by crystallinity and orientation

include: strength, elongation, moisture absorption, abrasion resistance, and dyeability

textile serviceability

includes: the concepts of aesthetics, durability, comfort, safety, appearance retention, care, environmental concerns, sustainability, and cost.

what do natural cellulosic fibers contribute to synthetic blends in wearing apparel

increased absorbency

Weft yarn insertion in a filling knit

increases crosswise stability

type of yarn and structure

influence hand and performance

diameter

influences a fabric's performance and hand or how it feels. large fibers: -crisp, rough, and stiff -resist crushing-a property that is important in products such as carpets (LOFT) -used to produce more durable products such as book bags and luggage fine fibers: -soft and pliable -used to produce softer and more comfortable products such as apparel and bed linens. -drape more easily and are more comfy next to the skin

an inexpensive cellulose fiber with poor sunlight resistance used in rope and carpet backing is

jute

the protein of wool is

keratin

wool fibers made of protein

keratin

what fabric structure is formed by interconnecting loops

knit

The fabrication method that is made with a series of interlocking loops is

knitting

What is the name of an open mesh fabric with a fancy or floral pattern?

lace

what is the name of an open mesh fabric with a fancy or floral pattern

lace

which of the following is not a nonwoven fiberweb structure

laminated

aspects of physical structure of fibers are

length shape

a fabric with an open appearance and warp yarns that cross over each other is

leno

a fabric with an open appearance and warp yarns that cross over each other is:

leno

fiber parts (manufactured)

less complex -- skin and a core

tow yarns are___and___ fibers?

less parallel, shorter

100% flax fabric is called

linen

the ability to spring back ti the orginal thickness after being compressed is

loft

the ability to spring back to the original thickness after being compressed is

loft

luster in satin fabrics is a result of

long floats, filament yarns, and bright warp yarns, ALL OF ABOVE

A satin weave is characterized by

long warp-yarn floats

mature cotton fibers are...

longer and thinner

filament fiber

longer fiber, measured in miles or kilometers. filament yarn; may be monofilament or multifilament -monofilament or multifilament) -smooth (silklike fabrics) or bulked (crimped in some way-used in cotton or wool)

flax has a ________ more than cotton.

longer polymer (higher degree of polymerization), finer, greater orientation and crystallinity

why are non-woven fabrics used

low cost, for disposable fabrics, and ease of production ALL OF THE ABOVE

acrylic fibers have

low regain

main disadvantages to flax

low resiliency, lack of elasticity

the greater absorbency of rayon compared to cotton can be explained by its

lower degree of crystallinity

which of the following does not describe percale

lower quality than muslin

the way the light is reflected from the textile surface is

luster

The cross-sectional shape of a fiber impacts

luster, cover, bulk, body, texture, and hand

This fiber is most cotton-like manufactured fiber available

lyocell

A leather product labeled "top grain cowhide" is

made of the most durable and expensive part of leather

manufactured fibers can be...

made uniform in diameter or can be thick and thin at regular intervals throughout their length

luster or lack of luster

manufactured fiber luster may range from harsh and shiny to dull and matte

flax cross section has

many sides or polygonal with rounded edges.

information about a fabric

may be limited to its style number as determined by the producer, width, fiber content, weight or additional information related to yarn size, yarn spinning method, weave structure, and finishes.

stretching or drawing is done to increase which area of performance?

mechanical strength or tenacity

Which is the most commonly used method of spinning manufactured fibers?

melt spinning

which is the most commonly used method of spinning manufactured fibers

melt spinning

which is the most commonly used method of spinning manufactured fibers?

melt spinning

which method is used to produce nylon and polyester

melt-spinning

What is the name of the finish that cotton is given?

mercerization

Sodium hydroxide is used in which of the following finishes

mercerization scouring of cotton

which statement is not true in regards to to the mercerization of cottons

mercerization results in greater softness

a fabric that changes color when subjected to different lighting conditions has a problem called

metamerism

standard test methods

methods taken in assessing performance so that everyone will follow the same procedure and use identical equipment in the process

formed when a knitting needle is deactivated (drops) and does not accept a yarn

miss stitch

what is the difference between a blend and mixture?

mixture composes of different yarns in different fabric places; blend composes of different fibers in one yarn

To decrease static electric build-up in fabrics made from fibers that are poor conductors of electricity...

modify polymers to increase hydrophilic qualities and use a blend that includes fibers that are more conductive

the fiber that is produced by the Angora goat is called

mohair

speciality protein fibers include:

mohair, camel hair, cashmere ALL OF THE ABOVE

amorphous

molecular chains that are arranged in a random or disorganized way within the fiber. (wool, cotton, rayon)

rayon

The term "artificial silk" refers to what fiber?

feels

The term "hand" is used to describe how a fiber _______.

dope

The thick solution of raw material and chemicals needed to produce a manufactured fiber is called ______.

bleeding

The transfer of color during washing is called ________.

T/F: Manufactured and synthetic fibers make possible many aspects of contemporaty life.

True

T/F: Nanofiber technology is used to produce some biocomponent-bigeneric fibers

True

T/F: Nylon types are differentiated based on the number of carbon atoms in the diamine or acid used in its production

True

T/F: Polymer molecules are chain-like molecular structures with the most probable coil-like conformation of chains

True

T/F: Safety issues related to flammability apply to both apparel and interiors

True

T/F: Shape memory fiber are also known as active polymers

True

T/F: Sustainability issues address production, use, cleaning, and disposal of textile products.

True

T/F: Synthetic fibers are produced as filament and can be either staple or filament

True

T/F: Textile knowledge provides the professional with the ability to make more informed product development decision.

True

T/F: The chromophore is the colored portion of the dye molecule.

True

T/F: The types of gaiting are rib and interlock

True

T/F: Wrap-spun yarns have a core of staple fibers (often a twistless yarn) wrapped or bound by filament fibers

True

Textile knowledge provides the professional with the ability to make sure a more informed product development decision. A. True B. False

True

True or False: Nylon types are differentiated based on the number of carbon atoms in the diamine and acid used in its production

True

True or False: Polyolefin fibers have poor comfort properties if not specially surface modified

True

A fabric is defined as a planar substance constructed from solutions, fibers, yarns, fabrics, or any combination of these. A. True B. False

True.

A fiber with good resiliency has good wrinkle resistance. A. True.. B. False.

True.

A hydrophilic fiber is likely to have low static potential. A. True. B. False.

True.

Fibers that have good thermal retention are poor heat conductors. A. True. B. False.

True.

Microscopy works well to identify many natural fibers, but not so well to identify most manufactured and synthetic fibers. A. True. B. False.

True.

Most contemporary textiles and textile products are mass produced. A. True B False

True.

Most silk is removed from the cocoon in filament form. A. True. B. False.

True.

Pilling refers to the formation of tiny balls of fiber on the fabric's surface. A. True. B. False.

True.

Polymers are found in fibers and films. A. True B. False

True.

The convolutions contribute to cotton's cohesiveness and soiling characteristics. A. True. B. False.

True.

The differences in the cortical cells produce the bicomponent nature of wool and contribute to its crimp. A. True. B. False.

True.

Virgin wool has never been processed before being made into a specific product. A. True. B. False.

True.

true

True/False: A durable finish gradually loses its effectiveness with age.

false

True/False: A mechanical finish is applied in a liquid bath.

false

True/False: A raschel is a fancy type of double filling knit.

false

True/False: A rib gait and an interlock gait are identical.

false

True/False: All basket weaves have low yarn counts with loose interlacing patterns

false

True/False: Carding is a step in production of filament yarns.

true

True/False: Dyes are fiber specific.

true

True/False: Dyes are organic compounds that are water or solvent soluble.

true

True/False: Filling knit stitches can be created by hand, on a flat knitting machine or circular knitting machine.

false

True/False: In spun yarns, yarn twist only determines surface texture of fabric.

false

True/False: Indigo was the first synthetic dye.

false

True/False: Mercerization is treating fabric with an acid to remove plant debris.

true

True/False: Natural dyes and developed direct dyes are minor dye classes.

true

True/False: Nonwoven fabrics can be durable or disposable.

false

True/False: OSHA is responsible for enforcing and regulating waste disposal.

true

True/False: Plain weave fabrics are more likely to have novelty yarns.

true

True/False: Relaxation shrinkage occurs during the first cleaning cycle.

false

True/False: Soaps are synthetic and detergents are natural.

true

True/False: Stuffer yarns are used to make the ribs in some pique fabrics more pronounced.

false

True/False: The solvents used in dry cleaning are not harmful to the environment.

true

True/False: The term plisse refers to both a fabric and a finish.

false

True/False: Warp yarns can be identified because they have more stretch and are less regular.

false

True/False: Water repellent and waterproof are synonymous terms.

false

True/False: When acetate was first developed it was explosive.

true

True/False: Whitener solutions that are used to mask the yellowing of a textile reflect blue light.

What fabrication method uses a backcoating to lock yarns in place?

Tufting

Which weave can you see diagonal lines on the fabric?

Twill

_________ has distinct wales or diagonal line

Twill weaves

soybeans, milk

Two azlon fiber sources are ________ and _____.

consider the working life of a fast-food worker, a construction worker, and a physician. identify textiles that these individuals might interest with in the course of their day.

fast food wrappers, belts, duct tape backing, hoses, surgical masks, gloves, etc.

Fabric made by interlocking scales of wool fibers together:

felt

what is the only fiber that you could pull off a single strand of that is not a yarn?

felt

which fabric structure is held together by fiber scales

felt

stage when color is applied to true tweed

fiber

bamboo

fiber made from regenerated bamboo pulp

creep

a delayed or gradual recovery from elongation. (i.e. the difference in fit between denim shorts at the end of one day of wearing and the fit at the beginning of the next day of wearing

matelasse has/is:

a double cloth with a bubbled or puckered surface

durability properties

a durable product should last a period of time adequate for it's end use; lab results cannot always predict performance when used by consumers. -abrasion resistance -flexibility -tenacity -elongation Review table 3.3 and pg. 46

the term linen refers to...

a fabric made from flax

heat sensitivity

a fiber's reaction to heat; identify safe pressing temperatures and restrict some end uses. (i.e. children's clothing) -nylon and polyester shrink and melt with heat; problem when working near high voltage power lines

fabric

a flexible planar substance constructed from solutions, fibers, yarns, or fabrics in any combination. cloth and material.

assortment

a group of fabrics that share a commonality of design, structure, and color. (i.e. an assortment could consist of fabrics of the same structure available a range of colors or one color available in several fabrications)

a fabric with a weight of 8 oz/yd is:

a heavy weight fabric

a fabric with a weight of 8 oz/yd2 is

a heavy weight fabric

abaca

a leaf fiber obtained from a member of the banana tree family

pima refers to

a long staple variety of cotton

hygroscopic fibers

absorb moisture without feeling wet. -absorbency is related to static buildup; these fibers do not conduct electrons readily so they will have static -often used in the winter apparel because it will absorb the moisture of perspiration during physical activity or moisture from melting snow without feeling wet next to the skin.

cotton and rayon

absorbant fibers

textile

a term originally applied to woven fabrics, now generally applied to any flexible material that is composed of thin films of polymers, yarns, or fabrics or materials made of films, yarns, fabrics or fibers. *ever-changing*

appearance-retention properties

a textile should maintain it's appearance during care, use, and storage. resiliency, dimensional stability, shrinkage resistance, elasticity, etc.

safety

a textile's ability to protect the body from harm

polymer

a very large molecule made by connecting many small molecules together. *almost all fibers are polymers made of organic materials*

cuticle

a waxlike film covering the primary, or outer, wall. the secondary wall is made up of layers of cellulose

denier per filament (DPF)

a way of identifying fiber size; it is often used when describing or specifying yarns. -calculated by dividing yarn size by the # of filaments -technical fibers exhibit broadest range, less than 1.0-several thousand

find nylon 6,6 in the image

a) c=o-c=0-n-h

find the formula of determining PDI

a) pdi= mw/mn

differentiate between the following pairs of related terms:

a. elongation and elasticity: elongation is the material being stretched to form a slightly different form than the original where as elasticity is the material being stretched and then going back to the form it was originally. b. absorbency and wicking: absorbency is the fiber taking up moisture and wicking is when the fiber does not soak in the moisture. the water just sits on the surface c. loft and resiliency: loft is similar to a temperpedic mattress where the original thickness is conserved, resiliency is more like wrinkle free fabric d. heat conductivity and heat sensitivity: conductivity is the ability to transfer heat through fabric (i.e. cotton) and sensitivity is the reaction to heat (i.e. nylon and polyester they shrink) e.hand and texture: hand is the surface of a textile where hand is the way the surface feels on the skin f. cover and translneuce: the ability of a fiber to conceal or protect where translneuce is the ability of a textile to allow light to pass through it. (cotton vs. chiffon) g. care and chemical sensitivity: care is the treatments necessary to maintain the look of a textile product. where chemical sensitivity is the way a textile reacts to the treatments h. strength and abrasion resistance: ability to resist stress and abrasion is the ability to withstand rubbing. (abrasion = pills on clothing, strength = bounty paper towels) i. drape and stiffness: flowy dress vs. small jean jacket j. electrical conductivity and cohesiveness: ...

compare the performance characteristics of the following fiber pairs

a. ramie and cotton: luster is matte, tenacity is good, absorbency is high-excellent, resiliency is poor. both can be machine washed. b. flax and hemp: comfortable, machine washable, good absorbency, low poor elongation, strong, bast fibers c. cotton and hemp: comfortable, good absorbency, machine washable, poor elongation,

polymers are processed at temperatures that are

above the glass transition temperature

polymers are processed (to shape fibers and make other commodity plastic shapes) at temperatures that are:

above the glass transition temperature, Tg

Polymers are processed (to shape fibers and make other commodity plastic shapes) at temperatures that are:

above the glass transition temperature, Tg;

mechanical factors of performance

abrasion, impact or pulling forces

hydrophilic fibers

absorb moisture readily; cotton (casual work apparel and children's wear)

bast fiber

fiber removed from the stem of a plant; longer and stronger than seed fibers. flax, ramie, hemp, kenaf, hibiscus, nettle, bamboo, jute

A textile product is constructed by combining components in the following order:

fiber, yarn, fabric, finishing

a textile product is constructed by combining components in the following order

fiber, yarn, fabric, finishing

a textile product is constructed by combining components in the following order:

fiber, yarn, fabric, finishing

electrical conductivity

fibers w/ good absorbency also have this; ability to transfer electrical charges

dyeability

fibers with good absorbency also have this; fibers that are receptive to coloration by dyes; fibers that absorb water quickly also have a good dye affinity

polymers are found in

fibers, yarns, fabrics, films

polymers are found in:

fibers, yarns, fabrics, films

fume fading resistant finishes are most often used on fabrics of

acetate dyed with disperse dyes

Novelty yarns are used to

add interest

how are fibers delustered?

add particles on the surface to scatter light

How are fibers delustered?

add titanium dioxide

aesthetics

addresses the appearance or attractiveness of a textile product.

drape

aesthetic properties; a fabric characteristic, the way a fabric falls over a 3D form like a body or a table -fine fibers produce a softer drape than coarse ones -yarns and fabrics are important than fibers in determining drape -chiffon is free flowing - formal dresses; chintz falls in graceful folds - decorative furnishings, and garbadine is stiff & heavy - suits and overcoats.

conventional cotton

all other cotton; cotton grown and processed by regular mainstream practices

even-sided twills have a/are

also known as reversible twills

yarn

an assemblage of fibers that is twisted or laid together so as to form continuous strand that can be made into a textile fabric. *can be used to make fabrics that are smooth and slick like satin or soft and fuzzy like brushed denim*

product quality

an important dimension in the competitive global marketplace. the term is difficult to define because it means different things to consumers and producers

natural fibers come from

animals, plants, minerals sources that are mined from the ground

coloration

any dying process or printing used to add color with dyes or pigments to a textile

gray goods

any fabrics that has not been finished. consumers rarely see grey goods except for home sewers and quilters who work with muslin

finish

any process that modifies appearance or performance of gray goods ( unfinished fabrics). some make them more comfortable (soft surface) with others. the consumer can't determine the presence of a finish.

fiber

any substance natural or manufacturered, with a high length-to-width ratio possessing suitable characteristics for being processed into fabric; the smallest component, hairlike in nature that can be separated from a fabric. fibers can be: stretchy, absorbent, warm and bulky or strong and abrasion resistant

classification of textiles. select major classes of textiles from the list

apparel, interior, technical, smart textiles

classification of textiles: select major classes of textiles from the list

apparel, interior, technical, smart textiles

schiffli embroidery is an example of a

applied design

The fiber known for its high impact and heat resistance is

aramid

the fiber known for its high impact and heat resistance is

aramid

the fiber known for its high impact and heat resistance is:

aramid

natural fibers like cotton, ramie, wool, and silk

are subject to growth irregularities and are not uniform

yarns that run in the vertical direction

are usually more tightly twisted, are known as warp yarns, and have a higher count ALL OF THE ABOVE

what does a molecular arrangement do?

arrangement of molecules can change the fiber's performance

braid structures always have

at least 3 yarns

which of the following is/are not true for wool (M)?

available in either staple or filament form, cellulose chemical composition, stronger when wet

which manufactured fibers are not cellulose-based

azlon

Find polyester in the image.

b

find polyester in the image

b --C(double over O)--big square thing--C(double over O)-O-CH2-CH2-O--

fabric weight may be specified as

b and c ounces per square yard, grams per square meter

retting

bacterial rotting process in bast fibers where the fibers are loosened so they can be removed from the stalk and the pectin is decomposed. fiber quality is greatly impacted.

which of these fibers is the most sustainable: seed fibers, bast fibers or leaf fibers? why?

bast fiber, retting removes the fibers from the stem in a bacterial rotting process.

hemp

bast fiber;

flexibility, as a fiber property, will allow the fabric to

be repeatedly bent without breaking

resiliency is a fiber property that allows the fiber to

be repeatedly bent without breaking

triangular or trilobal fibers

better at hiding soil; carpets

fabrics elongate most in which direction

bias

cradle to cradle

environmentally intelligent design framework that examines the overall impact of the production, use, care, disposal, and recycle potential of products, including textiles, from economic, industrial, and social perspectives.

indicate which of the following are common uses for BCF

blankets, swimwear, sweaters

transfer of color during laundering is the definition of

bleeding

the name for an intimate mixture of different fibers (varied by type, length, size, color, etc) in one yarn

blend

the name for an intimate mixture of different fibers in one yarn

blend

what is an intimate mixture of different fibers

blend

unique and desirable characteristics of flax

body, strength, durability, low pilling, low linting, pleasant hand, and thick and thin texture.

when filling yarns curve or dip below warp yarns instead of being at right angles, this flaw is known as

bowing

a fiber with high luster would be described as

bright and shiny

what are some characteristics imparted by texturing

bulk and softness stretch and elasticity warmth and comfort

more than 90% of the carpet in the us is constructed

by tufting

Find polyethylene in the image.

c

which diagram depicts a plain weave fabric

c

which diagram shows a rib knit

c

which diagram shows double knit weft knit?

c

which of the diagrams shows a fabric on "true grain"

c

find polyethylene in the image

c ---ch2--ch2---

which diagram depicts a plain weave fabric

c one over one under

which of the diagrams shows a fabric on "true grain"

c straight across

a high speed, high temperature, high pressure pressing of fabric is called

calendaring

horizontal rows in a knit fabric are

called courses and show on the back

vertical rows in a knit fabric

called wales and show on the front

a natural protein fiber that is water repellent and a good insulator is

camel's hair

physical structure, or morphology

can be identified by observing the fiber using a microscope. in this book, photomicrographs, in which fibers are magnified 250-1,000 times show details about a fibers physical structure.

the fiber used as nano fibers and nanotubes in smart textiles is:

carbon

Hackled yarn example

carded linen yarn

raschel knitting can be used to make

carpet, lace and open fabrics, blankets, and ALL OF THE ABOVE

stretching/drawing

causes the chains to slide and become more parallel to each other and to the longitudinal axis of the fiber; it also reduces fiber diameter and compacts the molecules.

cotton fibers are made up of a

cell wall lumen waxy cuticle

the major polymer of cotton is

cellulose

rayon, acetate, and lyocell are

cellulosic fibers

Find polypropylene in the image

ch2-ch-ch3

Find polyethylene in the image

ch2-ch2

major class/es of chemical reaction/s used for synthesis of polymers

chain polymerization polycondensation

Generic names differentiate among manufactured and synthetic fibers based on

chemical composition

generic names differentiate among manufactured and synthetic fibers based on

chemical composition

this is useful as the basis for designating generic names of fibers:

chemical composition

Generic names differentiate among manufactured and synthetic fibers based on

chemical composition.

all matter is made of:

chemicals

round fibers

common in natural fibers; easy to produce in manufactured fibers; small surface area and may magnify soil, not used for carpet; beside wool -- because it will show dirt more.

alkalis (bases)

compounds that remove hydrogen ions from acids and combine with the acid in a chemical reaction. (soaps, baking soda, ammonia)- bathroom, laundry, kitchen, cleaning supplies

acids

compounds that yield hydrogen ions to alkalis in chemical reactions(fruit or vegetable juice, vinegar, salad dressing, first aid supplies, battery acids, grass stains)- kitchen, bathroom, outdoor, garage

the most widely used and least expensive method for dyeing

conventional dyeing

a *blank* buys grieve goods for the purpose of dyeing, printing, or finishing the fsbric

converter

which of the following fabrics is considered a pile weave fabric

corduroy

______ is the single most important apparel fabric in the united states

cotton

glazed chintz is made from

cotton

mercerization is a finish used to modify the performance of

cotton

solution dyed colors are NOT possible with

cotton

which fiber has long linear chains is arranged in spiral form?

cotton

which fiber wrinkles the most

cotton

which of the following fivers would chlorine bleach safely clean

cotton

which is available as a spun fiber?

cotton, polyester, nylon ALL OF THE ABOVE

*blank* has highest TPI

crepe

starches, resins, and acid finishes are used to create a stiffness in

crinoline, lawn, voile, and organdy ALL OF THE ABOVE

when color from a dyed fabric rubs off rather easily

crocking

special dyeing affect used to produce stripes and plaids when a fabric is composed of two or more fibers having different dye affinities

cross dyeing

luster of a fabric is affected by:

cross sectional shape, surface characteristics, and generic class ALL OF THE ABOVE

this modification is common with melt-spun fibers because it is relatively inexpensive to do and produces significant changes in fiber properties:

cross-sectional shape

filling is a yarn in a ____ direction

crosswise

melting temperature corresponds to

crystalline to amorphous phase transition

naturally color grown cotton

cultivated for thousands of years, regained importance in the beginning of the 1990's in regards to minimizing the environmental impact and sustainability concerns of conventional cotton. more than 10 color varieties are made but only brown and green color families are commercially available due to their better fiber quality. *color deepens with time instead of fading like most fabrics*

once the color is set on the fabric, it must then go through a setting process. whats the last step of the process?

curing

The number of needles per inch in a knit is a

cut

The number of needles per inch in a knit is the

cut or gauge

the number of needles per inch in a knit is the

cut or gauge

velvet is an example of

cut pile weave

Find polypropylene in the image.

d

find polypropylene in the image

d --CH2--CH(with CH3 below)--

which diagram depicts a basket weave fabric

d double over and under

ramie is harvested by:

decortication. the bark and woody portion of the plant stem are separated from the fiber (83% cellulose) *requires a lot of hand labor didn't become important until less expensive production methods were created*.

What is the name of the finish that silk is given?

degumming

medium weight, twill weave, cotton type fabric usually used to make pants or work clothes, typically in blue

denim

specific gravity

density. affects fiber size; dense fabrics like rayon (1.48) will have a larger tex or denier number.

for apparel on a hot summer day, which would you prefer -- a fiber that absorbs perspiration quickly or one that wicks perspiration? explain your response

depends on preference and activity.

left-hand twill description

diagonal lines run from lower left to upper right

right-hand twill description

diagonal lines run from lower right to upper left

resistance to chemicals

different fibers react differently to chemicals, determines the appropriateness of care procedures and end uses for fibers as well as selection of appropriate dyes and finishes for fabrics and products.

tenacity or tensile strength

durability properties; the ability of a textile to withstand a pulling force. - measured by securing both ends of the fiber in clamps and measuring the force needed to break or rupture the fiber.

filament yarn fabrics

ex: silk crepe de chine, acetate taffeta, polyester satin, and polyester gabardine.

microscopy

examine lengthwise (longitudinal) and crosswise (cross section); take photomicrographs

Why is olefin used for thermal underwear and active sportswear?

excellent wicking

fiber parts (natural)

except for silk, the natural fibers have three distinct parts: - an outer covering called a cuticle or skin - an inner area - a center core that may be hollow

environmental factors of performance

extremely warm or extremely cold temperatures, intense light, and frequent or prolonged wetting

Aesthetic finishes may change

fabric appearance or hand.

a problem with acid resizing of cotton is that

fabric may become tender if time and concentration are not controlled

Top weight definition

fabrics weighing 2 to 4 ounces per square yard and typically used for shirts or blouses

sliver knitting is used to produce

fake fur fabrics

A fiber with a denier of 16 would be softer and more flexible than a fiber with a denier of 6.

false

Bow and Skew are issues with on-grain woven fabrics.

false

Carding is a step in the production of filament yarns

false

Gray goods are textiles that sense and react to the environment

false

Hdryophilic surfaces repel water

false

High Wet Modulus Rayon is mechanically weaker when wet as compared to regular rayon

false

Nylon is the lightest of all synthetic fibers

false

Olefins are known for their high heat resistance.

false

Rayon and wool are related chemically

false

Satin weaves have diagonal wales on the technical face

false

T/F: a cire finish adds a water marked or wood grain effect to the fabric

false

T/F: ecating produces a wrinkly finish on woolen and worsted fabrics

false

T/F: elastoester is an elastomeric fiber:

false

T/F: extra yarn fabrics are always made with an extra set of warp yarns

false

T/F: halogenation is a method of imparting a waterproof finish on wool

false

T/F: liquid barrier fabrics are the same as water repellent fabrics

false

T/F: napping is a process that controls the height of the fibers raised from the fabric's surface

false

T/F: polytetrafluoroethylene is water soluble:

false

T/F: satin weaves have diagonal wales on the technical face.

false

T/F: shearing and brushing are similar processes except for the intensity of the physical action

false

T/F: slack tention fabrics have warp or filling pile depending on the fabric being examined.

false

T/F: slashing is done to filling yarns to increase their weave-ability

false

T/F: solution colored fibers are capable of reacting with a broader range of dye classes

false

T/F: twill weaves include fabrics like denim, duck, and monk's cloth.

false

T/F: warp yarns can be identified because they have more stretch and are less regular.

false

T/F:mercerization is treating fabric with an acid to remove plant debris

false

Trade names and generic names are the same for all fibers

false

True or false: Cotton is stronger than flax.

false

When resiliency is desired for ease of care and absorbency for comfort, woven fabric would be preferred over knit fabric.

false

Yarns that have more air/space insulates worse than yarns that have less air/space.

false

a carpet padding has no effect on the durability of a floor covering, so purchasing the least expensive one is perfectly acceptable

false

a fiber with a denier of 16 would be softer and more flexibly than a fiber with a denier of 6

false

a herringbone design is made with a satin weave

false

acetate fibers are manufactured using melt- spinning

false

acetate fibers have higher regain than lyocell fibers

false

blended yarns are made from staple fibers

false

carding is a step in the production of filament yarns

false

care describes the treatment required to maintain a textile product's original appearance, but not cleanliness

false

cellulose and wool are related chemically

false

cotton and flax are available in both staple and filament form

false

cotton can be purchased both in staple and filament form

false

cotton is known for its high resiliency

false

detergent curds form rings around the tub in hard water, leaving less detergent to do the cleaning job

false

disposal of man-made fibers has minor impact on environment

false

disposal of manmade fibers have minor impact on environment

false

dry cleaning is most effective method for cleaning textile goods and is safe for all fibers and materials

false

dry cleaning is the most common method for cleaning textile products

false

filament fibers are exclusively man made fibers

false

flame resistant finishes, as mandated by federal law, must be applied to all fabrics used in hospital setting

false

gray goods are textiles that sense and react to the environment

false

heavy tex threads are most widely used in the production of blouses

false

hydrophilic surfaces repeal water

false

hydrophobic fibers tends to absorb soils, but also clean more easily because of liquid penetration

false

interfacing is best made with leno weave

false

kevlar is an example of polyacrylate

false

low gauge knit would be expected to shrink more than high gause knits

false

lyocell fibers are soluble in acetone

false

lyocell fibers are synthetic polymer fibers

false

manmade fibers demonstrate high regain

false

metallic fibers are most likely used for strengthening a fabric

false

nylon is the lightest of the synthetic fibers

false

olefins are known for their high heat resistance

false

polyolefin fibers are hydrophilic

false

rayon and lyocell are oleophobic

false

rayon and wool are related chemically

false

silk fibers are staple fibers

false

spun yarns are not likely to pill

false

staple fibers are the basis for making textured yarns

false

textile fibers can always be identified through the burning test

false

textiles companies are typically vertically integrated

false

the scales contribute most to wool's ability to insulate

false

the stress strain curve of a polymer first goes through a plastic region before elastic region

false

the terms 'repeating unit' and monomer can be used interchangeably in all cases

false

the warp direction in a fabric is perpendicular

false

the warp direction in a fabric is perpendicular to the selvage

false

there is no difference between blended fabrics and mixture fabrics

false

water repellent finishes provide total protection against moisture and is breathable

false

when identifying warp and filling, there are usually more yarns in the filling direction

false

wool has the lowest among fibers moisture regain

false

yarns produced from filament fibers require more processing than yarns from staple fibers

false

yarns that have more air/space insulates worse than yarns that have less air/space

false

match the following yarn related definitions

fancy yarn- novelty yarn hackled yarn- carded linen yarn ply yarn- folded yarn slub yarn- ply or single yarn with areas of looser twist that create long, thick, soft areas in the yarn

microdenier yarns are made from

filament fibers

These yarns have low twist, less cover, and do not lint or pill

filament yarns

these yarns have low twist, less cover, and do not lint or pill

filament yarns

if you wanted a very elastic fabric, which structure would you choose?

filling knit

tend to unravel quickly

filling knits

which one is correct about a spun yarn

fuzzy more comfortable separate easily with force

the part of the loom that controls the basic fabric structure is the

harness

the part of the loom that controls the basic fabric structure:

harness

hydrophobic fibers

have little or no absorbency; tend to be *oleophilic* meaning they have a strong affinity of attraction for oil.

generic group

have similar chemical compositions that differs from those in another group. (chemical compositions determine fiber properties and thus end use)

for apparel on a cold, windy day, which would you prefer -- a fiber with good heat retention or a fiber with good heat transference? explain your response,

heat retention because textiles that are heavy in heat retention have a better ability to hold heat.

if a fiber if damaged at a high temperature in the dryer, the fiber is

heat sensitive

Comfort includes the way textiles affect

heat transfer air transfer moisture transfer

Comfort includes the way textiles affect

heat transfer, air transfer, moisture transfer

thickness of textile materials is important in terms of

heat transfer, flexibility, drape

comfort includes the way textiles affect

heat, air, and moisture transfer

a fabric with a weight of 8 oz/ yd2 is

heavy weight fabric

which bast fiber has the strongest potential to be a sustainable fiber?

hemp

Which of these fabrics is a twill weave?

herringbone

which of these fabrics is a twill weave

herringbone

which of these fabrics is a twill weave?

herringbone

which is not a characteristic of textured yarn?

high abrasion resistance

select correct characteristics for polyester

high elastic recovery

wool fibers have

high resiliency poor tenacity

Products with power stretch require fibers with

high retractive forces

Which fiber is more heat-resistant:

high retractive forces

products with power stretch require fibers with

high retractive forces

which fiber is stronger

high tenacity

comparing yarns of high twist with yarns of low twist

high twist is stronger

A filling-knit structure has (high, low) crosswise stretch and (diagonal, horizontal) interconnectors

high, horizontal

a filling knit structure had (high, low) crosswise stretch and (diagonal, horizontal) interconnectors

high, horizontal

a filling-knit structure has (high,low) crosswise stretch and (diagonal, horizontal) interconnectors

high, horizontal

Among 19 staple lengths, long staple fibers are ____ quality. Examples are pima, Egyptian, supima, and sea island.

higher

Flax has a ____ ____ ____ ____than cotton, which makes it stronger than cotton.

higher oriented molecular arrangement

Naturally creamy white cotton is ____ ____ because it can be dyed or printer to meet fashion consumer needs.

highly desirable

flammability

how a fabric reacts to ignition sources and how it burns. -fabrics that are highly flammable are banned from interstate commerce in the US and many other countries because of the safety risk they pose

appearance retention

how the product maintains its original appearance during use and care

all cellulosic fibers contain:

hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon

select a property which is not common for synthetic fibers

hydrophilic

Common characteristics of synthetic fibers include

hydrophobic, heat sensitivity, oleophilic

common characteristics of synthetic fibers include

hydrophobic, heat sensitivity, oleophilic (all of the above)

fibers that absorb moisture from the atmosphere without feeling wet are

hygroscopic

solubility test

identify the manufactured fibers by generic class and confirm identification of natural fibers.

abrasion resistance

durability properties; the ability of a textile to withstand the rubbing it gets during use -abrasion- occurs when textile is flat like carpet -edge abrasion- pant hem rubs on sidewalk; folded -flex abrasion- moving and bending like shoelaces

cohesiveness

durability properties; the ability of fibers to cling together during spinning, can be a factor of durability

flexibility

durability properties; the ability to bend repeatedly without breaking - an important property related to abrasion resistance -silk and wool have superior flexibility -glass does not obviously! :) -in relation to abrasion

strength

durability properties; the ability to resist stress

pilling

durability properties; the formation of balls of fiber on the fabric surface. -most often occurs when fibers of differing abrasions (i.e. polyester and cotton) are combined into one fabric. -unattractive and uncomfortable -short pieces of the less-resistant cotton break off and become entangled with the more abrasion-resistant polyester.

Serviceability of fibers includes

durability, comfort, aesthetics, care, costs

can either cause resistance to wrinkles or permanently set a crease

durable press

the ability to be stretched:

elongation

comfort stretch is the ability of fibers to their high:

elongation and recovery

the art of creating raised designs on woven fabrics is known as

embroidery

when manufacturing a fiber, it's important to know the *blank* for optimal performance characteristics

end use

Flax fibers can be identified microscopically by crosswise markings called____ or ____ which contribute to their flexibility

nodes, joints

S and Z twist yarns when combined

non of the above

reclining twills are seldom used because they are:

non-durable

all are characteristics of bulk continuous filament yarns except

none of the above

all are characteristics of bulk continuous filament (BCF) yarns except:

none of the above more smooth, more permeable to air&liquids, more absorbent, less static prone

the fiber of choice for excellent abrasion resistance

nylon

the synthetic fiber most used for carpets is

nylon

this fiber has excellent tenacity and abrasion resistance but poor sunlight resistance:

nylon

which of these fibers is not a natural fiber

nylon and acrylic

locate three different textile products that utilize the same fiber, such as nylon

nylon stockings, cookware, plastic fastners

Find polyester in the image

o=c-octagon-c=o

kapok (seed fiber)

obtained from:the seed of the Java Kapok (silk cotton) tree or the Indian Kapok tree. fiber is: lightweight, soft, hollow, and very buoyant Uses: primarily fiberfill bc its difficult to spin into yarns

hydrogen bonding and the van der waals bonding forces

occur in the crystalline areas and help making crystalline polymers stronger than amorphous polymers.

inherent crimp

occurs in wool; exists in an undeveloped state in bicomponent manufactured fibers in which it is developed in the fabric or the garment (with heat or moisture during finishing.

an imperfection of printed fabrics that occur when the pattern pieces of a printed design do not line up

off-register

*blank* is the manufactured fiber known for superior wickability

olefin

which is true for wool?

only natural bicomponent fiber

a fiber with good cover would be

opaque

using the serviceability concepts, debate the advantages and disadvantages from a consumer's perspective of an organic cotton t-shirt versus a polyester t-shirt made from recycled beverage bottles

organic cotton: advantages - environmental concerns, comfort, disadvantages- cost, environmental process. (page 73), care, durability polyester recycled: advantages - environmental concerns, care, air pollution is reduced up to 85%, care, appearance retention disadvantages- comfort, chemical process,

transitional cotton

organically farm techniques used, but not considered organic because 3 year process is not met

organic cotton

organically farm techniques used, must go through 3 year farming process to be considered organic

the strongest molecular chain is..

oriented, due to fibers being parallel to each other and the longitudinal axis of the fiber. makes it less flexible = stronger

edges of a print that do not match line for line describes

out-of-register

the most common and oldest synthetic solvent used in dry cleaning

perchlorethylene

a *blank* finish usually involves a chemical change in the fiber structure of a fabric that does not alter or change throughout the life of the fabric

permanent

fulling is a *blank* finish used o wool fabrics to create the look of felt

permanent

Fiber properties are determined by:

physical structure, chemical composition, and molecular arrangement

cross and union dyeing are types of

piece dyeing

extra warp or filling yarns are woven in to give a cut or uncut surface to a 3-D weave:

pile weave

select correct characteristics for nylon

pills readily

the simplest and most used weave

plain

luster in satin fabrics is a result of all of the following except

plain weave

rib and basket weaves are variations of

plain weave

yarns at right angles pass alternately over and under each other to form this weave with the maximum number of interlacings:

plain weave

which are the basic weaves

plain, satin, twill

match the weave with the appropriate description of its aesthetic contribution to the fabric

plain- flat, uniform surface satin- smooth, lustrous surface pile- fabric w dimensional surface made from extra set of yarn dobby- repeating geometric patterns

Slub yarn example

ply or single yarn with areas of looser twist that create long, thick, soft areas in the yarn

Nylon is a(n)

polyamide

nylon is a

polyamide

the most widely used synthetic fibers are made of

polyamide

pleats in a skirt only hold if the garment is made of

polyester

the design of a garment requires both staple and filament fibers. you want it to be made entirely of one fiber. which do you chose?

polyester

which fiber is less expensive

polyester

which fiber is less expensive?

polyester

which fiber is more heat resistant

polyester

the manufactured fibers most commonly used in contemporary apparel and fabrics for interiors include:

polyester, nylon, olefin, acrylic, rayon, lyocell, and acetate.

the #1 synthetic fiber is *blank* follows by *blank*

polyester/ nylon

which of these are polyolefin/s

polyethylene polypropylene

above the glass transition temperature:

polymer undergoes transition from the glass to viscoelastic state polymers becomes softer

select 4 major textile components from the list

polymer, fiber, yarn, fabric

select major textile components from the list

polymer, fiber, yarn, fabric

tenacity is ability of fibers to resist

pulling force

the term *blank* is used to indicate the way fabric is packaged when sold

put up

which of the following is a bast fiber?

ramie

This fiber has low wet strength.

rayon

this fiber has low wet strength

rayon

Cordonnet is a type of

re-embroidered lace

Comfort stretch is the ability of fibers to their high:

recovery

technical textiles

reduce environmental damage and protect buildings and pedestrians during demolition of buildings.

globalization

refers to companies purchasing from and/or selling to multiple sites int he world and applies to many industries including the textile complex. *requires use of advanced technologies to satisfy a wide variety of consumers and to coordinate the purchasing, manufacturing, and distribution to multiple locations worldwide* (includes offshore production)

quality

refers to the sum total of product characteristics such as appearance, end use, performance, material interactions within the product, consistency among identical products, and freedom from defects in construction or materials.

these yarns are used in lightweight, sheer fabrics where strength is important.

regular filament yarns

this yarn uses fiber strength to the best advantage.

regular filament yarns

slippage of yarns in a fabric is a problem with:

regular filament yarns in a satin weave

aesthetic properties

relate to the way sense such as touch and sight contribute to the perception of the textile. include: cover, translucence, luster, drape, texture, hand

leaf fibers

removed from the views or ribs of a leaf; pina, abaca, sisal, henequen.

the carbonizing process

removes cellulosic materials from wools

a batik print is an example of a

resist

aging resistance

resistance to deleterious changes over time; spandex and other elastic fibers have poor aging characteristics -- they become stiff, brittle, rigid; cotton can be stored for years without suffering significant damage

products with power stretch require fibers with high:

retractive forces

All bast fibers require a process of removing the fibers from the stem. The process starts with _____, which is the bacterial rotting of the stem.

retting

the process of removing the bast fiber from the stem is

retting

convolutions

ribbonlike twists along a cotton fiber; when the fibers mature and force the boll open, they dry out and the central canal collapses.

the most widely used method of yarn spinning is

ring spinning

surface contour may be

smooth serrated rough

anti slip finishes are most often used on fabrics such as

smooth filament yarn satin

satin weave description

smooth surface formed by long, warp-yarn floats

when examining staple fibers

soft or matte luster and feel fuzzy, short fiber ends protrude above the surface when fabric is viewed closely; no fiber is as long as the yarn or piece of fabric fro which yarn was unraveled (short fibers pulled from yarn)

unlike conventional dyeing or pigment dyeing, this process take place during manufacturing before solution is extruded from spinerette

solution dyeing

Blue acetate fabric that is used in drapery fabric- dyeing method?

solution dyeing or dope dyeing

The fiber known for its high retractive force and high elongation

spandex

the elastomeric fiber below would be most appropriate to make a stretch

spandex

the fiber known for its high retractive force and high elongation

spandex

fibers for special and technical applications include

spandex, aramid, polybenzimidazole (PBI), and sulfar

Static electricity can cause

sparks or shock, garment cling, and attraction of lint ALL OF THE ABOVE

in processing staple fibers, which step inserts twist and reduces the roving, increasing the parallel alignment of the fibers

spinning

textile processes:

spinning, weaving, knitting, dyeing, and finishing of fabrics

which yarn is least likely to snag

spun

which of the following is most likely to pill?

spun polyester

This yarn relies most heavily on fiber cohesiveness for yarn strength

spun yarns

this yarn relies most heavily on fiber cohesiveness for yarn strength

spun yarns

yarns which have tiny protruding fiber ends that prevent contact with the skin, creating comfort for the wearer

spun yarns

polyester can be purchased in which of the following forms

spun, monofilament, and textured ALL OF THE ABOVE

once the dyer has formulated a color match of the finished dyeing product, the color is known as

standard

polyester fibers are sold in

staple and filament form

a fabric in which lots of fiber ends can be seen throughout the fabric is made of

staple fibers

which one is defined by extension per unit length

strain

which is not a characteristic that is imparted by texturing

strength

spandex

stretchy fibers

nylon and polyester

strong and abrasion resistant fibers

a fiber with high crystallinity and high orientation is

strong and stiff

high oriented and crystalline fibers are:

strong and stiff. they do not stretch much or easily but they recover from stretch quickly. they tend to be nonabsorbent and difficult to dye. highly oriented and crystalline fibers include polyester, nylon, and aramid.

more crystalline polymer causes

stronger polymer less flexible polymer

consult figure 1.5 and explain the parts of the textile complex that would have been involved in producing and marketing a cotton/polyester blend dress shirt.

sunlight --> plants --> natural cellulosic fibers AND manufactured fibers--> yarn processing/yarn mill --> textile mills --> finishing and dyeing/printing --> product manufacturer --> wholesale and retail --> consumers.

colorfastness is impacted by

sunlight, moisture, gas, and abrasion ALL OF THE ABOVE

common uses for BCF

swimwear blankets sweaters

which fabric would retire the longest lead time and be the most expensive and best quality

swivel dot

manufactured fibers are

synthetic fibers man-made fibers

what difference in performance might you expect from fibers used to produce a t-shirt, a carpet in a movie theatre, and an outdoor flag

t-shirt -- would be a circular or round fiber, comfort, flexibility carpet in a movie theatre - durable, outdoor flag -- chemical process/treatment (waterproof/weatherproof) hydrophobic, strength, durability, no elongation potential

a friend spilled spaghetti sauce on a white wool sweater. to remove the stain you recommend

taking it to a dry cleaner and identifying the stain so that appropriate spot treatment can be used to remove the stain

The process of making leather pliable, rot and water resistant is

tanning

the process of making leather pliable, rot and water resistant is

tanning

wicking

the ability of a fiber to transfer moisture along its surface. -fibers that wick well are not very absorbent -moisture is transported along the surface rather than being absorbed into the fiber. -comfortable because the moisture is pulled away from the skin by wicking to the outer surface of the fabric where evaporation can occur.

heat/thermal retention

the ability of a textile to hold heat. (wool or acrylic) (table 3.3)

Tenacity, or tensile strength is

the ability of a textile to withstand a pulling force

tenacity, or tensile strength is

the ability of a textile to withstand a pulling force

allergic potential

the ability to cause physical reactions such as skin redness resulting from exposure to the fiber. -fibers used in finishing and dyeing can also cause allergic reactions in some individuals irritation is something different: prickle caused by wool fibers.

heat conductivity

the ability to transfer heat through a fabric. opposite of heat retention

light or sunlight resistance

the ability to withstand degradation from natural or artificial light. exposure to light may damage fibers. the energy in light, especially in the ultraviolet region of the spectrum, causes irreversible damage to the chemical structure of the fiber. -acrylic has high resistance -tenacity measured before and after exposure

cost

the amount paid to acquire, use, maintain and dispose of a product. additional factors that should be considered include how much it will cost to care for this product during its lifetime and the product's inherent attributes (woven fabric- 21% fibers, 20% yarn production, 29% weaving, 14% finishing, 16% dyeing or printing)

end use

the application or function for which a textile is designed or for which it is ultimately used.

hydrogen bonding

the attraction of positive hydrogen atoms of one chain to the negative oxygen or nitrogen atoms of an adjacent chain

fabric crimp

the bends caused by distortion of yarns due to weaving and knitting a fabric. (crimp easily seen in the yarn and in the fibers removed from the yarn resembling the structure of the fabric)

lumen

the central canal, through which nourishment travels during fiber development

Discharge prints can be recognized because

the color of the background of the fabric is the same on both the under and upper sides of the fabric

define product development and describe how it determines the products available in the marketplace

the design and engineering of a product so that is has the desired serviceability characteristics, appeals to the target market, can be made within an acceptable time frame for a reasonable cost and can be sold at a profit. (encompasses a range of activities and differs widely by companies and segments of the global textile complex)

product development

the design and engineering of a product so that is has the desired serviceability characteristics, appeals to the target market, can be made within an acceptable time frame for a reasonable cost and can be sold at a profit. (encompasses a range of activities and differs widely by companies and segments of the global textile complex)

a direct print occurs when

the design is printed on previously dyed fabric or white fabric

many textiles were not possible to be made before...

the development of manufactured fibers

permanent embossed finishes can be achieved when

the fabrics are made from thermoplastic fibers

selvage is a term used to describe

the finished edge of a woven fabric

breaking tenacity for fiber

the force (either in grams per denier or tex) required to break the fiber. -may differ when wet than when dry.

environmental concerns

the impact that the production, use, care, or disposal of a textile has on the environment

textile complex

the international mix of related industries that provide soft goods for the world's population; one of the world's largest industries and has a significant impact on world economy. imports and exports are not specifically identified since they can enter or exit the complex at any stage

plain weaves are:

the largest category of woven fabrics

performance

the manner in which a textile, textile component, or textile product responds to use or how it responds when exposed to some mechanical or environmental factor that might adversely affect it.

durability

the manner in which the product withstands use, that is, the length of time the product is considered suitable of the use for which it was purchased

serviceability

the measure of a textile product's ability to meet consumers' needs. includes aesthetics, durability, comfort, appearance retention, care, and cost. environmental concerns and sustainability are additional factors of importance in product development.

degree of polymerization

the number of molecules connected in a chain;long chains = high degree of polymerization and fiber strength (olefin fibers); rayon has lower strength.

explain what the numbers represent in a fiber property summary list and how that information describes fiber performance. for each summary, explain if a higher value might be more or less desirable for a textile product.

the numbers in the parenthesis are in grams per denier for staple fibers with unmodified cross sections, the first number is for dry fibers and the second number is for wet fibers. if only one number there is no difference in performance between wet and dry. (i.e. silk is absorbant, not very dense, not elongation heavy, elastic.)

surface contour

the outer surface of the fiber along it's length (smooth, serrated, striated, or rough) affects luster, hand, texture, and apparent soiling of fabric.

the terms railroading and up the bolt refer to

the placement of upholstery fabric

What is resiliency?

the power or ability to return to the original form, position

care

the treatment required to maintain a textile product's original appearance and cleanliness

Durability describes the manner in which the product withstands use, that is, the length of time the product is considered suitable for the use for which it was purchased.

true

Nylon types are differentiated based on the number of carbon atoms in the diamine and acid used in its production.

true

Satin weaves require a loom with five or more harnesses for commercial production

true

T/F: a durable finish gradually loses its effectiveness with age

true

T/F: a momie weave has an irregular interlacing pattern

true

T/F: a triaxial weave fabric has 3 sets of yarns at 60 degree angles to each other.

true

T/F: aesthetic finishes may change fabric appearance or hand

true

T/F: bleaching is a preparation finish that prepares the fabric for further processing such as dying

true

T/F: brocade and damask are examples of Jacquard fabrics

true

T/F: computers are used in finishing to increase efficiency and fabric quality and decrease cost

true

T/F: duplex printing describes fabric printed on both sides

true

T/F: dyes are fiber specific

true

T/F: dyes are organic compounds that are water or solvent soluble

true

T/F: pigments tend to be pictures of compounds

true

T/F: satin weaves require a loom with five or more harnesses for commercial production.

true

T/F: special purpose finishes generally improve a specific type of performance of a fabric

true

T/F: stuffer yarns are used to make the ribs in some pique fabrics more pronounced.

true

T/F: the backfilling machine is a variation of the padding machine

true

T/F: the chromosphere is the colored portion of the dye molecule

true

T/F: water jet looms may create problems with mildew.

true

T/F: water repellent and waterproof are synonymous terms

true

T/F: with age, acrylic finishes applied to drapery fabrics may become tacky

true

The ability of a textile to return to its original dimension after elongation is elasticity.

true

The shorter the yarn floats in a fabric, the greater its durability.

true

Twill weave has distinct wales or diagonal line.

true

a major disadvantage of international trade in the textile industry is loss of jobs domesticslly

true

a warp knit is more stable and has less stretch than a filling knit jersey

true

a woven fabric with a count of 144 X 76 is unbalanced

true

absorbency is moisture regain

true

acetate fibers are derivative cellulose fibers

true

acetate fibers are made using dry-spinning process

true

an acrylic sweater can be safely washed

true

an advantage to dry cleaning over laundering is that dry cleaning does not pollute environment

true

chain growth polymerization is often required are-radical initiator, with structure similar to r-o-o-r

true

chemical composition is used as the basis for designating generic fiber names

true

combed and worsted yarns are higher quality than carded and woolen yarns

true

cords are made from twisting ply yarns

true

covalent bonds are formed when electrons are shared

true

darker colors are more expensive to dye because more dye is required and it takes longer time to complete process

true

double bonds in vinyl monomers make them a good candidate for polymerization

true

double-knit fabrics have high dimensional stability than single-kint

true

durability describes the manner in which the product withstands use, that is, the length of time the product is considered suitable for the use for which it was purchased

true

elongation stands for the degree of stretching

true

fabrics that are given a finish to improve wrinkle resistance have a tendency to become stuff

true

felt fabrics are good insulators

true

greige goods are fabrics with no coloration or finish

true

hydrophobic surfaces repeal water

true

hydrophobic surfaces repel water

true

in viscose process, cellulose is chemically converted and then returned to a cellulosic material

true

is the attractive force between the hydrogen attached to an electronegative atoms of one molecule and an electronegative atom of a different molecule

true

items that have been stained must be spot cleaned before dry cleaning

true

kevlar is polyamide or aramide

true

knits are more pliable than wovens

true

luster is the way light interacts with the surface of materials

true

most pre-treatment products are made of enzymes that break down protein stains and are therefore not good to use of protein fibers

true

most t-shirts are made from a circular knit jersey

true

natural fibers demonstrate high regain

true

non-chlorine bleach is safe for all fabrics

true

nylon 6,6 are made of two monomers containing 6 carbons each

true

nylon and polyester are durable fiber

true

nylon and polyester are durable fibers

true

nylon fibers have poor comfort properties

true

nylon types are differentiated based on the number of carbon atoms in the diamine and acid used in its production

true

optical brighteners are used to enhance the bleached fabrics

true

organic molecules are major building blocks of fibers

true

pantyhose, t-shirts, and sweaters are items that are frequently garment dyed

true

polarization of covalent bonds in polymer molecules is the mechanism responsible for inter-molecular forces

true

polarization of covalent bonds in polymer molecules is the mechanism responsible for intermolecular forces

true

polka dots are an example of a discharge print

true

polyester fibers have poor absorbency

true

polyester fibers possess high tenacity

true

polymer chains interact with each other via inter-molecular forces

true

polymer molecules are chain like molecular structures with the most probable coil like conformation of chains

true

polymer molecules are chain-like molecular structures with the most probable coil-like confirmation of chains

true

polymer molecules are chain-like molecular structures with the most probable coil-like conformation of chains

true

polyolefin fibers have poor comfort properties if not specifically modified

true

quilted fabrics can be created wit traditional needle sewing or bonding

true

rayon and lyocell have a high regain

true

rayon fibers are regenerated cellulose fibers

true

rayon has a serrated cross section

true

regenerated cellulosic fibers could be produced using various sources of cellulosic biomass

true

registration is the term used when all colors of a screen print have been applied the the fabric

true

resiliency- the power or ability to return to the original form, position

true

roller printing is uneconomical unless a large amount of the same printed pattern is needed

true

satin weaves require a loom with five or more harnesses for commercial production

true

serviceability deals with the comfort of a product

true

staple fibers are short fibers

true

synthetic fibers are made of petroleum products

true

synthetic fibers are produced as filament and can be used as either staple or filament

true

texturing is usually applied to filament fibers, as one of the purposes is to give filament yarns characteristics that are more like spun yarns

true

the ability of a textile to return to its original dimension after elongation is elasticity

true

the convolutions contribute to cotton's cohesiveness and soiling characteristics

true

the cross sectional shape of a fiber impacts luster, cover, bulk, body, texture, and hand

true

the cross-sectional shape of a fiber impacts luster, cover, bulk, body, texture, and hand

true

the greater polarity of the surface, the better is the wetting

true

the higher the fabric count in a fabric, the less resilient and less flexible

true

the shorter the yarn floats in a fabric, the greater its durability

true

the technical face of a knit terry is the loop side

true

tufted fabrics are pile fabrics that are made by inserting extra yarns into an already woven fabric of relatively open weave

true

twill weave has distinct wales or diagonal line

true

using too little or too much soap/detergent causes soil re-deposition and possible graying

true

wool proteins contain sulfur

true

worsted wool fabrics are much softer and smoother than woolen

true

wovens tend to fray and ravel

true

young modulus stands for ratio of stress over strain

true

most carpets today are made using which method

tufting

which fabrication method uses a backcoating to lock yarns in place

tufting

Which of the basic weave is typically most durable (considering different parameters such as yarn twist and fabric count).

twill

which of the basic weave is typically most durable (considering different parameters such as yarn twist and fabric count)

twill

which weave can you see diagonal lines on the fabric

twill

which are the basic weaves

twill plain satin

a weave that produces a diagonal line in the cloth

twill weave

length of fiber

untwist the yarn to determine fiber length. (any fiber can be staple length but not all can be filament)

floats in a fabric

used to create luster, to create color effects, increases the potential for snags

burn test

used to identify a fiber's general chemical composition (i.e. mineral, synthetic, protein, and cellulosic) -blends can not be identified in a burn test

weaving and knitting

used to make fabrics

spinning

used to produce yarns; also the term used to describe extruding manufactured fibers.

wool

warm and bulky fibers

cotton is ideal use for:

warm weather apparel, activewear, work clothes, upholstery, draperies, area rugs, towels, and bedding.

lengthwise yarns on woven fabrics are known as:

warp

lengthwise yarn printed before weaving create an indistinct pattern in the finished fabric in

warp print

the van der waals bonding forces

weak bonds between atoms that are physically close together.

the denier system is used to measure *blank* size

weight

denier refers to the

weight in grams per 9,000 meters of yarn or fiber

a resin is a chemical applied as a *blank* finish

wet

Fibers solidify in a solvent bath in

wet spinning

fibers solidify in a solvent bath in

wet spinning

rayon fibers are produced by

wet-spinning

crystalline

when molecular chains are organized parallel to each other. *if they are also going in the same lengthwise axis then they are also considered oriented. but if they are not, they they are just considered crystalline*

polymerization

when small molecules -- monomers -- are joined together to form a long chain, or *polymer* - the length of a polymer varies just as the length of the fiber varies.

race to the bottom

where companies and countries tried to compete with each other by cutting wages and living standards for workers and the production of goods is moved to the places that have the lowest wages and production costs.

moisture regain

where the moisture in the material is expressed as a percentage of the weight of the moisture-free material

Which fiber characteristic would prevent feeling clammy on a hot day

wicking

A fiber characterized by a high tenacity is able to

withstand a heavy pulling force

a fiber characterized by a high tenacity is able to

withstand a heavy pulling force

a fiber with high tenacity is able to

withstand a heavy pulling force

*blank* is used as the standard for rugs and carpets

wool

acrylic is most often used as a substitute for

wool

the fiber that creates the standard for all fibers used for carpet is

wool

the natural fiber known for its high retractile force and high elongation

wool

this fiber has low wet strength

wool

which fiber "felts" when laundered?

wool

which fiber has a good resiliency due to natural cross links and crimp?

wool

which fiber has good resiliency due to natural cross-links and crimp?

wool

amorphous fibers include

wool, cotton, and rayon are relatively weak and easily elongated. these fibers have poor elasticity and good moisture absorbency, dye ability, and flexibility

most commonly used fibers in the past; economic importance has decreased

wool, flax, cotton or silk (all natural fibers)

which statement is untrue regarding printing?

woolen fabrics respond well to screen printing

stage when color is applied to denim

yarn

which of the following terms is defined as an assemblage of fibers, twisted or laid together so as to form a continuous strand that can be made into a textile fabric?

yarn

cord yarn

yarn composed of two or more plys

Cotton fabric with a woven gingham design- dyeing method?

yarn dyeing

dye method most commonly used to produce red and white plaid pattern on 100% cotton broadcloth is

yarn dyeing

Which of the yarn classifications is the spiral arrangement of fibers within a yarn?

yarn twist

which of the yarn classifications is the spiral arrangement of fibers within a yarn

yarn twist

core-spun yarn

yarn with central area of one fiber around which is wrapped or twisted an exterior layer of another fiber

crepe yarn

yarn with exceptionally tight twist

Skewed definition

yarns in a woven fabric that are distorted angularly in a straight line

bulk yarn

yarns with greater covering power or appearing to have greater volume than conventional yarns

plisse is a permanent finish used to make seersucker

yes

which diagram shows a one-bar tricot knit

a

Satin weaves require a loom with _________ or more harnesses for commercial production.

5

length of flax

5-21.5 inches in length 12-16 microns diameter

Flax is similar to cotton in its chemical composition in that its

71% cellulose

Denier is the weight in grams per _______ meters

9000

denier is the weight in grams per __ meter

9000

There is only one best choice for any textile product need. A. True B. False

False

True or False: Lyocell fibers are soluble in acetone

False

True or False: The stress-strain curve of polymer first goes through a plastic region before elastic region

False

A fabric with good elongation will also have good elasticity. A. True. B. False.

False.

A fiber with a denier of 16 would be softer and more flexible than a fiber with a denier of 6. A. True. B. False.

False.

Chemical reactivity of fibers is of little concern to consumers since they rarely come in contact with chemicals. A. True. B. False.

False.

Cotton and flax are available in both staple and filament form. A. True. B. False.

False.

Fibers that wick well are also very absorbent. A. True. B. False.

False.

Ramie and flax are the same fiber. A. True. B. False.

False.

Textiles are no longer made in the United States A. True B. False

False.

Textiles include only apparel and interiors. A. True B. False

False.

The burn test is an easy and sure way to determine fiber content, especially for blends with synthetic fibers. A. True. B. False.

False.

The central portion of the flax fiber is called the core. A. True B. False

False.

The scales contribute most to wool's ability to insulate. A. True. B. False.

False.

When compared to weaving, knitting is

Faster, more versatile, produces less stable fabric and more permeable fabric

Fabric made by interlocking scales of wool fibers together

Felt

Which fabric structure is held together by fiber scales?

Felt

Wool tweed suit jacket- dyeing method?

Fiber dyeing

Polymers are found in:

Fibers Yarns Fabrics Films

Fancy yarn example

Novelty yarn

add interest

Novelty yarns are used to ___ ________

This fiber tends to pick up color from soil and wash water

Nylon

What fiber is not a natural fiber?

Nylon

Which of these fibers are not a natural fibers? Options: Nylon, Cotton, Wool, Ramie, and Acrylic

Nylon and acrylic

availability

Of the items listed here, which one is not considered a component of serviceability? availability, aesthetics, appearance retention, comfort, cost

Because of its low absorbency, this fiber is almost always colored by mass pigmentation

Olefin

The least absorbent of those listed below is

Olefin

Rayon and lyocell is oleophobic or oleophilic?

Oleophilic

flax

One of the oldest textile fibers dating back to 8,000 to 10,000 BC from Northern Ireland and Belgium originally. Popular until cotton came up in the 18th century.

Quality of cotton fiber is related to: -Length of the fiber. -Number of convolutions per inch. -Brightness of the cotton fiber. -All of the above are correct. -Only A and B are correct.

Only A and B are correct.

Which of the following is/are true for wool? -Cellulose chemical composition. -Only natural bio-component fiber. -Available in either staple or filament form. -Stronger when wet. -Both B and D are correct

Only natural bio-component fiber.

A fiber with good cover would be? -Opaque. -Translucent. -Transparent. -Both B and C are correct.

Opaque.

Which of the following are impacts of yarn manufacturing?

Opening steps create airborne dust Hearing protection is required Wastewater creation

Cross and union dyeing are types of

Piece dyeing

Select correct characteristics for nylon:

Pills readily

Natural fibers come from

Plants, animals and minerals

cotton properties:

Pleasing appearance, comfort, easy care, moderate cost, durability.

The fabric is a plain weave cotton with alternating flat sections and puckered sections

Plisse

__________ of covalent bonds in polymer molecules is the mechanism responsible for intermolecular forces

Polarization

Major 5 classes of synthetic polymers used in textile industry are

Polyacrylates, Polyamide, Polyesters, Polyolefins, Polyurethanes

Nylon is a

Polyamide

The most widely used synthetic fibers are made of

Polyamide

The most widely used synthetic fibers are made of:

Polyamide

This fiber can be made to resemble most natural fibers in appearance and is often used in blends

Polyester

Which fiber is less expensive?

Polyester

Which fiber is more heat resistant? Nylon or Polyester?

Polyester

What are examples of polyolefins?

Polyethylene and Polypropylene

Select major textile components from the list

Polymer Fiber Yarn Fabric

Above the glass transition temperature

Polymers become softer and undergoes transition from the glass to viscous-elastic state

Polyester fibers have (poor or high) absorbency?

Poor

Properties of cotton fibers

Poor resiliency, high absorbency, comfortable

Environmental concerns focus on impact of textiles on environment during

Production, care, use and disposal

elongation

The ability of a fiber to be stretched is called _________.

find nylon in the image

a --H(over)N (CH2)5 C(double under)O--

which of the diagrams shows a fabric that is skewed

a straight diagonal

Fibers may be blended to

-improve performance -improve comfort -decrease cost

which of the following is true for cotton

-increases strength when wet -attacked by mildew, must be stored in dry place

smart textiles

*are able to deliver medication in slow and controlled doses, monitor pulse and body temperature, promote safety with sensors that identify seat occupancy in vehicles , and keep wearers comfortable by promoting heat loss in warm weather and minimizing heat loss in cooler weather.* sense and react to the environment or stimuli of an electrical, chemical, thermal, mechanical, magnetic, or other nature. undergoing rapid change and of interest to govt. agencies, military, and consumers.

in order for it to be true felt it must be

- 100% wool - at least 50% wool blended with cotton - at least 50% wool blended with rayon - ALL OF THE ABOVE

which of the following statements is representative of pigment dyeing?

- pigments can be applied quickly and economically - excellent fastness to light - loss of color when cleaned - color crocking ALL OF THE ABOVE

a major advantage to importing textile goods

- sewn products are labor intensive and wages overseas can be lower - some textiles products from around the world are superior to the products we have domestically - giving third world countries the opportunity to grow economically ALL OF THE ABOVE

Common characteristics of bast fibers include: -Irregular thick-thin structure. -High orientation. -Good elongation potential. -All of the above are correct. -Only A and C are correct.

-Only A and C are correct.

alternatives to cotton

-Organic Cotton -Transitional Cotton -Conventional Cotton -Green Cotton -Color grown cotton

coloration and finshing are used to:

-improve product performance -improve product appeal to customers -enhance appearance

three important cotton groups that are commercially produced

-Upland Cottons (medium staple) (predominately in US, 97%) -Long Staple Cottons (longest) (Egyptian and South American Cottons 3% in US) -Short staple Cottons (shortest) (India and eastern Asia)

cellulose (plant) fibers

-absorbent -heavy -heat resistant -prone to wrinkling -damaged by acids and mildew -highly flammable

cottons high absorbency contributes to its

-good comfort characteristics -good dyeability -propensity to be damaged by mildew

jacquard looms:

-have chains of punched cards or microprocessors controlling individual warp yarns -are used to create permanent designs -are used in large repeating designs requiring 25 or more warp yarn arrangements

Common characteristics of synthetic fibers include

-hydrophobic -heat sensitivity and heat stability -oleophilic

explain the differences among naturally colored cotton, organic cotton, green cotton, transition cotton, and conventional cotton.

-naturally colored cotton: has been cultivated for thousands of years. reemergence in the beginning of 1990's to minimize the environmental impact and sustainability concerns of conventionally produced cotton. *produce less fiber per acre, but sell for about twice the price of regular white cotton* the colors deepen with age and care (differs from other fabrics that fade) shorter, weaker, less absorbent and have less uniform properties than white cotton. higher metal content. lower environmental impact, especially in yarn and fabric finishing processes. -organic cotton: produced following state fiber-certification standards on land where organic farming practices have been used for at least three years. *no synthetic commercial pesticides or fertilizers are used.* (more expensive than conventional), to whiten safe peroxide is used. -green cotton: cotton fabric that has been washed with mild natural-based soap but *has not been bleached or treated with other chemicals, except possibly natural dyes*. -transition cotton: produced on land where organic farming is practiced, but the three-year minimum has not been met. (more expensive than conventional) -conventional cotton: cotton that is treated with fungicides etc, possible genetic modification, uses synthetic soils, to white bleach is used.

Fibers based on synthetic organic compounds: esters (polyester)

-nonabsorbent -lightweight -resistant to wrinkling -resistant to most chemicals -melt when exposed to flames or high heat

environmental impacts of bast fibers

-retting (chemical retting = water pollution) -Dew retting is the least harmful to environment, it actually very environmentally sustainable) -fewer chemicals used with flax -soil erosion can be an issue because of how it is harvested -overall less impact than cotton

compare the processing needed to separate fibers from the plant component for each of these groups: seed fibers, bast fibers, and leaf fibers.

-seed fibers: must be separated from the seedpod. (the seed is used to produce animal feed and refined cottonseed oil is used in many human foods.) -bast fibers: come from the stem of the plant, near the outer edge. time-consuming and requires specialized machinery. uses cottonizing makes he bast fiber a length similar to that of cotton (seed fiber) which makes the fibers process-able for equipment designed for cotton (will lack some of their more traditional characteristics like hand, luster, durability) -leaf fibers: the leaf is cut from the plant and fiber is split or pulled from the leaf. *all are either shorter size or cut to be a shorter size similar to the seed fibers, and then is pulled from the original stem, root, leaves.*

cotton

-standard in the industry -slightly irregular contour; pleasing to skin -little crimp -amorphous fiber -opaque -hydrophilic -good heat conductivity/ release heat quickly -poor resiliency -easily compressible; wrinkles easily -poor elasticity -great aging resistance

low-absorbency fiber characteristics include consumer advantages and disadvantages:

-static cling can occur -dries rapidly -has a cool and slick hand -feels clammy next to the skin -waterborne soils do not stain -liquids wick along the fibers' surface, but absorbency is low -does not shrink when machine-washed and machine-dried -does not require ironing after washing -difficult to dye, but dyes are colorfast to washing

resins used in finishes like durable press may create problems with

-strength and abrasion loss -yellowing -stiffness and unpleasant odor

fibers classified by two criteria

-the source (natural or manufacturers) -chemical composition (cellulose, protein, mineral, or synthetic)

developments in weaving includes:

-wider looms -faster and quieter looms -greater control of warp yarns

explain the relationship among serviceability, product development, and product performance

....

linters

.very short cotton fibers that remain attached to the cotton seed after ginning. Can be used to stuff small decorative pillows, candlewicks, mattresses ect. They can be converted into cellophane, photographic film ect.

cotton's major producers are:

1) China (32%) 2) India (21.8%) 3) USA (12.2%)

properties common to all cellulosic fibers

1) Good absorbency 2) Good Conductor of heat 3) ability to withstand high temperature 4)low resiliency 5) low loft, good compressibility 6) good conductor of electricity 7) Heavy fibers 8) Harmed by mineral acids, minimal damage by organic acids 9) Attacked by mildew 10) Resistant to Moths but eaten by crickets and silverfish 11) Flammable 12) Moderate resistance to sunlight

match the type of knit to the description of consumer need

1) greatest stretch potential: jersey 2) good dimensional stability: tricot 3) high elasticity where snug fit is needed: rib 4) crosswise structured ridges: purl

five ways we are constantly trying to breed a better cotton plant

1) minimizing environmental impact 2) better resistance to insects 3) longer cotton fibers 4) enhanced reactivity to dyes 5) better resistance to disease

match the following

1) name: when a fabric is described as denim 2) fiber content: if a fabric is described as cotton, the reference to 3) Construction: if a fabric is referred to as a woven, the reference is to the

Above the glass transition temperature:

1) polymers become softer 2) polymer undergoes transition from glass to viscous-elastic state

natural fibers derive their shape from:

1) the way the cellulose is built up during plant growth (cotton) 2) shape of the hair follicle and the formation of protein substances in animals (wool) 3) the shape of the orfice through which the insect extrudes the fiber (silk) *ways how cross-sectional shapes can not be controlled*

match the following yarn related definitions

1)monofilament yarn: yarn consisting of a single, usually large, filament 2) core-spun yarn: yarn with central area of one fiber around which is wrapped or twisted 3) crepe yarn: yarn with exceptionally tight twist 4) bulk yarn: appearing to have greater volume than conventional yarns 5) cord yarn: yarn composed of two or more plys

Most apparel fibers are in a denier range (in dpf)

1-7

filament fibers are in a denier range

1-7

identify a natural protein fiber that would be appropriate for each of the end uses listed below and describe the properties that contribute to the end use:

1. area rug in front of a fireplace: wool because of the rich color, texture and appearance retention, durable nature and natural flame resistance. 2. upholstery for corporate boardroom: 3. suit for business travel: 4. tie with small print pattern: 5. casual sweater: 6. sutures for medical use: 7. summer shawl: 8. wall covering:

identify consumer expectations for each serviceability concept for the following products and target markets:

1. carpet for a high-traffic area: durability, safety. 2. shirt/blouse for internship/interview: quality, comfort, appearance retention, aesthetics 3. house coat/robe: safety, comfort, care 4. upholstery of chairs: comfort, appearance, durability, care 5. adhesive bandage: environmental concern, durability, comfort, quality, safety.

describe the properties of wool and silk that some manufactured fibers attempt to duplicate

1. carpeting:

compare cotton performance related to polyester

1. cotton is poor in resiliency, thermal retention, good for light resistance 2. polyester is excellent at abrasion resistance, thermal retention, good for resiliency, excellent at light resistance.

cotton contains:

1. cuticle 2. primary wall 3. secondary wall 4. *LUMEN*

negative environmental effects of cotton

1. excessive use of agricultural chemicals such as pesticides 2. soil erosion due to heavy water use 3. pollution 4. water consumption 5. water runoff of combined chemicals can be toxic to other plants, animals, and humans.

to what fiber aspects are differences among cellulosic fibers attributed?

1. seed fiber: grows within a pot or boll from developing seeds 2. bast fiber: obtained from the stem and root of the plant 3. leaf fiber: removed from the views or ribs of a leaf. they differ in the percentage of cellulose present and in their physical structure. molecular chains varies in orientation and length, making for different performance characteristic and hand.

what differences in performance might you expect from fibers in jeans for gardening, day care center carpet, and an erosion control fabric?

1. jeans - u-shaped fiber, absorbent, heat conductive 2. carpet - durable, safety, 3. erosion control fabric - abrasion resistant

describe the similarities in the properties common to all protein fibers

1. resiliency 2. hygroscopic 3. weaker when wet 4. specific gravity 5. harmed by alkali 6. harmed by oxidizing agents 7. harmed by dry heat 8. flame resistance *HYGROSCOPIC*

four types of cellulosic fibers

1. seed fiber 2. bast fiber 3. leaf fiber 4. misc. fibers

identify a cellulosic fiber that would be an appropriate choice for each of the following end uses and explain why you selected that fiber:

1. sheets for a twin bed in a child's room: cotton because it's hand is good, thermal retention is low, aesthetics are all pleasant. durability is good. comfort is excellent. 2. table cloth: flax because its relatively high in cost, durability is good, aesthetics is good, comfort is high, can be machine washable. 3. area rug home furnishing designers's showroom: sisal because it provides complementary texture and background for interior styles. can be used by itself or with wool and acrylic. durable, ease of application. 4. man's blazer for summer wear: linen (AKA FLAX) because it has excellent comfort, has a good conductor of heat. can be dry-cleaned or machine washed. 5. socks for an athlete: cotton because it is comfortable, it can be machine washed, good hand, thermal retention is low. 6. rug for a fair-trade apparel store: 7. erosion control fabric for a freshly seeded slope: 8. welcome mat for an entry into a home: coir because has good resistance to abrasion, water, and weather. has a stiff wiry texture and coarse size produce fabrics who's weave, pattern or design is clearly visible. 9. fiber for paper currency: cotton and linen because abrasion resistance, poor elongation, recycled denim scrapes are used to make paper currency.

match the following synonyms or definitions for wovens

1. slashing: sizing 2. selvages: the edge of a woven fabric 3. ends: warp yarns 4. picks: filling yarns 5: bowed: yarns in a woven fabric that are distorted

cotton is classified into three basic characteristics:

1. staple length 2. grade 3. character

list five aspects related to textile that concern you in terms of their sustainability or impact on the environment

1. water 2. chemicals 3. forests 4. human health 5. animals that carry diseases

compare the performance characteristics of the following fiber pairs:

1. wool and angora: do not have good dye ability, comfortable, 2. cashmere and silk: lustrous, hand, high quality draping, dry-clean only preferable. 3. mohair and llama: lustrous, high heat retention, less pronounces scales so felting not a big problem *resilient* 4. silk and spider silk: 5. alpaca and camel: heat retention, comfortable, fine fiber

match the identifying characteristics of these filling knit structures

1.Purl: wales not visible 2. plain: wales predominate 3. rib: alernating

length of cotton staple fiber

1/2 to 2 inches

correct way to write yarns per inch of a fabric containing 120 warp yarns and 80 filling yarns per inch

200 or 120x80

If a fabric, which is to be printed by the flat screen process, will have a design of red and yellow flowers against a printed background, how many screen will be needed?

3

how many minimum harnesses are required to make a twill weave

3

Cotton & Polyester account for more than ____ of the global textile fiber market

3/4; agricultural and manufacturing segments depend on them; less responsive to change and provide fewer consumer choices.

If the interlacing pattern is 2/2 how many yarns are being used to create the fabric?

4

skin

A ______ is a leather that weighs less than 15 lbs.

nep

A ______ is a small knot of entangled fibers which can create problems in yarn appearance by not accepting dye.

sliver

A _______ knit is a very weak rope of fibers produced in intermediate steps in the production of spun yarns.

combed

A ________ yarn is a yarn with short fibers removed and a very parallel arrangement of remaining fibers.

acetate, rayon

A buyer is seeking to stock a line of dresses that are shiny and smooth. The buyer also knows that the consumer may only wear this dress one or two times before discarding it so appearance retention and durability may not be so important. The buyer needs to look at dress with either a 100% ________ fiber content or a 100% ______ fiber content.

sustainability

A company that practices _________ uses practices and policies that reduce pollution, does not exploit people or natural resources, and does not compromise the future.

discharge printed

A disadvantage of a ________ ________ fabric which was laundered frequently by the consumer might be that it weaken in the design areas.

abrasion resistant

A durable fabric usually contains fibers that are ________ ________.

staple

A fabric in which lots of fiber ends can be seen throughout the fabric is made of ______ fibers.

mixture

A fabric of cotton warp and silk filling is a _______.

high

A fiber with _____ tenacity is able to withstand a heavy pulling force.

high, high

A fiber with ______ crystallinity and _____ orientation is strong and stiff.

opaque

A fiber with good cover would be ________.

take it to dry cleaners and identify the stain so they can spot treat it

A friend spilled spaghetti sauce on a white wool sweater. To remove the satin you, what do you recommend?

fiber

A garment made from ______ dyed materials has subtle variations in color from fiber to fiber.

higher

A hand, silk screen printed fabric is _______ in cost than a roller printed fabric.

Pima Refers to: -A long staple variety of flax. -A highly crimped variety of ramie. -A wild cotton. -A long staple variety of cotton. -A naturally brown variety of cotton.

A long staple variety of cotton.

hygroscopic

Fibers that absorb moisture from the atmosphere without feeling wet are _________.

unbalanced, has twice as many warp yarns as filling yarns

A woven fabric with a count of 144x72 is:

float

A yarn that crosses over more than 1 yarn at a time in an interlacing pattern is called a ______.

elasticity or elastic recovery

A&R properties; ability of a textile to return to its original dimension or shape after elongation -cotton and rayon have poor elastic recovery -nylon and polyester have good recovery

loft of compression resiliency

A&R properties; ability to spring back to the original thickness after being compressed; important for pile fabrics, most knits, and carpets and rugs.

compressibility

A&R properties; resistance to crushing -cotton (can produce heavy and compact fabrics like denim) -wool (does not compress easily; bulky fabrics)

moth resistance

A&R properties; resistance to insect damage, including moths, beetles, crickets, roaches, and spiders.

shrinkage resistance

A&R properties; the ability of a fabric to retain its original dimensions throughout care. related to reaction to moisture or heat; first cleaning cycle will shrink the most; some continue to shrink (residual shrinkage)

dimension stability

A&R properties; the ability of a fabric to retain its original size and shape through use and care; it includes the properties of shrinkage resistance and elastic recovery. - fabrics are carefully measured, cleaned and measured again -calculated based on the difference between the original measurements and the after-cleaning measurements.

resiliency

A&R properties; the ability of a textile to return to it's original shape after bending, twisting, or crushing. -evaluated by # of sharpness and wrinkles in fabric after it is compressed and twisted for a set length of time

mildew resistance

A&R properties; the resistance to the growth of mold, mildew, or fungus. if cotton and other plant fibers are stored in humid and warm conditions, mildew, mold, or fungus growth can occur.

How are fibers delustered?

Add titanium dioxide

compare the type of textile information available in a technical journal such as AATCC, WWD, and GAP

AATCC - most GAP - average WWD - least

Polymers are processed (to shape fibers and make other commodity plastic shapes) at temperatures that are

Above the glass transition temperature

Which fiber is the most heat sensitive?

Acetate

Common characteristics of synthetic fibers include

All of the above are correct.

What kinds of products are produced from textiles? A. Sporting goods B. Apparel C. Interior products D. All of the above are correct. E. Only B and C are correct.

All of the above are correct.

calendaring

All of the below are pre-treatment processes except: scouring, singeing, bleaching, calendaring, carbonizing

flax

All of the fibers listed below are leaf fibers except: Flax, Sisal, Abaca, Pina, Henequen

gas spinning

All of the following are methods of manufactured fiber spinning except: dry spinning, wet spinning, gas spinning, melt spinning

Coloration and finishing are used to A. Enhance appearance. B. Improve product appeal to consumers. C. Improve product performance. D. All the above are correct. E. Only A and C are correct.

All the above are correct.

Cotton's high absorbency contributes to its? -Good comfort characteristics. -Good dye-ability. -Propensity to be damaged by mildew. -All the above are correct. -Only A and B are correct.

All the above are correct.

Finishes are used to A. Modify the appearance of a textile. B. Enhance performance of fabric. C. Add comfort to fabrics. D. All the above are correct. E. Only B and C are correct.

All the above are correct.

Identify which of these products is not a textile. A. Ankle support wrap B. Lead rope for horse C. Headliner for car or truck interior D. Reinforced fiberglass boat hull E. All the above could describe a textile.

All the above could describe a textile.

A group of fabrics that share a commonality of design, structure, or color describe a/an: -Confinement -Assortment -Quality -Catalog -Bolt

Assortment

A group of fabrics that share a commonality of design, structure, or color describes a/an

Assortment

The greater polarity of the surface, the _________ is the wetting

Better

Yarns that have more air/space insulates (better or worse) than yarns that have less air/space

Better insulation

Transfer of color during laundering

Bleeding

What is an intimate mixture of different fibers?

Blend

A fiber with high luster would be described as? -Bright. -Shiny. -Dull. -Matte. -Both A and B are correct.

Both A and B are correct.

Which of the following statements are true for cotton? -Increases in strength when wet. -Impervious to insect damage. -Attacked by mildew; must be stored clean and dry. -Both A and C are correct. -All of the above are correct.

Both A and C are correct.

What are some characteristics imparted by texturing?

Bulk and softness Stretch and elasticity warmth and comfort

absorbency

C&S properties; the ability of a fiber to take up moisture from he body or from the environment -increase in mass when fiber is exposed to humid air -do not build up static or have cling & they do not attract lint

major 4 elements of organic fibers

C, H, O, N

major 4 elements of organic fibers are

C, H, O, N

thermoplastic

Fibers that melt or glaze at a relatively low temperature are called __________.

A natural protein fiber that is water repellent and a good insulator is: -Angora. -Camel's hair. -Abaca. -Coir. -Fibroin.

Camel's hair.

Major 4 elements of organic fibers are (multiple correct answer)

Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen

Which cotton spinning process utilizes small wires and wheels to partially align fibers and form a thin web?

Carding

Cotton fibers are made up of

Cell wall, waxy cuticle, and lumen

The major polymer of cotton fiber is

Cellulose

Rayon, acetate, and lyocell are

Cellulosic fibers

Major classes of chemical reaction/s used for synthesis of polymers

Chain polymerization and polycondensation

Generic name differentiate among manufactured and synthetic fibers based on

Chemical composition

Generic names differentiate among manufactured and synthetic fibers based on

Chemical composition

This is useful as the basis for designating generic names of fibers. -External structure. -Cross-sectional shape. -Denier. -Plant or animal source. -Chemical composition.

Chemical composition.

disposable

Cosmetic wipe is an example of a _________ nonwoven material.

seeds

Cotton _______ are considered a bi-product of cotton fiber production because we use them as cattle feed and cottonseed oil.

absorbency

Cotton's high _________ contributes to its good comfort characteristics, good dyeability, and propensity to be damaged by mildew.

Mercerization is a finish used to modify the performance of? -Cotton. -Coir. -Flax. -Jute. -Ramie.

Cotton.

fineness is measured in millimeters:

Cotton: 16-20 Flax: 12-16 Wool: 10-50 Silk: 11-12

What is the name of the finish that wool is given?

Crabbing

piece

Cross and union dyeing are types of ______ dyeing.

Melting temperature corresponds to

Crystalline to amorphous phase transition

fiber content and percentage and recommended care procedure

Currently, the information that is required to be present on a label or hangtag at the point of purchase includes:

reversible twills

Even-sided twills are also known as ______ ______.

T/F: a fabric with good elongation will also have good elasticity

FALSE

T/F: a fiber with a denier of 16 would be softer and more flexible than a fiber with a denier of 6

FALSE

T/F: chemical reactivity of fibers is of little concern to consumers since they rarely come in contact with chemical

FALSE

T/F: cotton and flax are available in both staple and filament form

FALSE

T/F: fibers that wick well are also very absorbent

FALSE

T/F: ramie and flax are the same fiber

FALSE

T/F: soft goods are textiles that sense and react with the environment

FALSE

T/F: textiles are no longer made in the US

FALSE

T/F: the burn test is an easy and sure way to determine fiber content especially for blends with synthetic fibers

FALSE

T/F: the central portion of the flax fiber is called the core

FALSE

T/F: the textile complex changes slowly and lacks innovation

FALSE

both llama and linen are natural protein fibers

FALSE

the scales contribute most to wools ability to insulate

FALSE

felt

Fabric made by interlocking scales of wool fibers together is called _______.

abrasion

Fabric pills occur because of __________.

apparel

Fabrics used for running shorts would usually be categorized in which end use grouping?

Textiles should perform the same regardless of the target market for which it is intended. A. True B. False

False

The textile complex changes slowly and lacks innovation. A. True B. False

False

Which of the fabrics below is a sliver knit

Fake fur

A fiber with a denier of 16 would be softer and more flexible than a fiber with a denier of 6.

False

Both llama and linen are natural protein fibers. A. True. B. False.

False

Disposal of manmade fibers have minor impact on environment

False

Gray goods are textiles that sense and react to the environment

False

Hydrophilic surfaces repeal water

False

If you know the cost of the fabric and other materials used to produce a textile product, you can determine the cost of the product to the consumer. A. True B. False

False

Nylon is the lightest of the synthetic fibers.

False

Olefins are known for their high heat resistance

False

Soft goods are textiles that sense and react to the environment A. True B. False

False

T/F Kevlar is an example of Polyacrylate

False

T/F: A raschel is a fancy type of filling double knit

False

T/F: Acrylic is often heat set to maintain its shape

False

T/F: Blended yarns are made from staple fibers

False

T/F: Care describes the treatment required to maintain a textile product's original appearance, but not cleanliness

False

T/F: Cross-dyeable fibers are colored when they are extruded.

False

T/F: Fibers arrangement or orientation in the woolen system are more parallel/aligned than the worsted system

False

T/F: Filament fibers are exclusively man-made fibers

False

T/F: For all manufactured fibers, the shape of the spinneret hole controls the cross-sectional shape of the fiber.

False

T/F: If you know the cost of the fabric and other materials used to produce a textile product, you can determine the cost of a product to the consumer

False

T/F: In spun yarns, yarn twist only determines the surface texture of the fabrics

False

T/F: Lyocell is a type of acetate.

False

T/F: Lyocell is highly abrasion resistant and is used for work clothing and heavy duty interiors.

False

T/F: Manufactured and Synthetic fibers are bad of the environment.

False

T/F: Manufactured and Synthetic fibers comprise less than 15% of the fibers used world-wide today.

False

T/F: Nylon is the lightest of the Synthetic fibers

False

T/F: Olefin is known for its high heat resistance

False

T/F: PLA is made from waste from the production of rubber

False

T/F: Parent fibers are fibers that have been modified for specific end uses.

False

T/F: Poromeric fabrics are a type of tufted fabric

False

T/F: Rayon is significantly heavier than cotton.

False

T/F: Solution-dyed fibers are modified to accept dye more readily

False

T/F: Textile should perform the same regardless of the target market for which it is intended.

False

T/F: The technical face of a knit terry is the loop side

False

T/F: The terms 'repeating unit' and 'monomer' can be used interchangeably in all cases

False

T/F: There is no difference between blended fabrics and mixture fabrics

False

T/F: Trade name and generic name are the same for all fibers.

False

T/F: Vinal is used for bone grafts because of its biocompatibility

False

T/F: Vinyl films can be dry cleaned

False

T/F: Wool has the lowest among fibers moisture regain

False

T/F: Yarns produced from filament fibers require more processing than yarns made from staple fibers

False

T/F: Yarns with metallic components are not considered novelty or fancy yarns

False

T/F: carding is a step in the production of filament yarns.

False

If a fiber is damaged in the dryer, that means the fiber is

Heat sensitive

Comfort includes the way textiles affect

Heat transfer, moisture transfer, and flammability

A fabric with a weight of 8 oz/yd2 is

Heavy weight fabric

3

How many layers typically compose a quilted material?

4

How many screens are needed to make a design with 4 different colors?

Serviceability describes

How well a product meet consumers' needs and expectations

Serviceability describes? -How well the product lives up to the company's claims. -How satisfied the consumer is with with the product based on its price. -How well a product meet consumers' needs and expectations. -How durable a product is. -How well a product fits within the allocated budget.

How well a product meet consumers' needs and expectations

What is a property that is not common for synthetic fibers?

Hydrophilic

Fibers that absorb moisture from the atmosphere without feeling wet are? -Hydrophilic. -Hygroscopic. -Hydrophobic. -Nonabsorbent. -Saturated.

Hygroscopic.

shuttle

In the loom, the ________ is responsible for carrying the weft/filling yarns back and forth across the fabric.

advantages to crimping

Increases cohesiveness Increases resiliency Increases resistance to abrasion Increases stretch Increases bulk Increases warmth

Even-sided twills have a(n)/are

Interlacing pattern of 2 up 2 down.

To which fiber aspects does wool owe its resiliency? -Its crimp and scale structure. -Its low degree of orientation and polymerization. -Its crimp and spiral helix molecular structure. -Its staple form and convolutions. -Both C and D are correct..

Its crimp and spiral helix molecular structure.

a textile company that purchased fabrics that are discontinued styles, colors, and overruns

Jobber

Spun yarns are (likely or unlikely) to pill

Likely

tendering or tender spots

Loss of strength due to adverse reaction between dye and fiber is called ___________. This is sometimes seen in discharge printed fabrics.

Olefin is known for its (low or high) heat resistance

Low

Acrylic fibers have

Low regain

The greater absorbency of rayon compared to cotton can be explained by its

Lower degree of crystallinity

The way that light is reflected from a textile's surface is called

Luster

spandex

Lycra is the brand name for ________ fiber.

This fiber is most cotton-like manufacted fiber available.

Lyocell

Which fiber is the most cotton-like manufactured fiber?

Lyocell

With abrasion, this fiber has a tendecy to fibillate.

Lyocell

Which is the most commonly used method of spinning manufactured fibers?

Melt Spinning

Which method is used to produce nylon and polyester?

Melt spinning

the highest quality of wool is

Merino

Which of these describes the smallest diameter?

Microfiber

A fabric of cotton warp and silk filling is a

Mixture

what is the difference between a blend and mixture

Mixture composes of different yarns in different fabric places; blend composes of different fibers in one yarn

The fiber produced by the angora goat is called? -Cashmere. -Mohair. -Lamb's wool. -Tussah. -Angora.

Mohair.

The fabric is an historic fabric, a faille rib silk, with a pattern on the outer-side that looks like the grain of wood or a water mark

Moire

Do waterproof and water repellent mean the same thing?

No

the majority of textile mills in the U.S. are located in

North Carolina, South Carolina. Georgia ALL OF THE ABOVE

This fiber made from a biopolymer, but not a regenerated fiber is

PLA

the fiber made from biopolymer, but not a regenerated fiber is:

PLA

percale

Percale is plain weave cotton made from combed, Muslin is plain weave cotton made from carded. Which has more tensile strength?

dry cleaning solvent

Perchloroethylene is a ____ _______ _______.

Which one is defined by extension per unit length

Strain

Which is not a characteristic that is imparted by texturing

Strength

tenacity

Stretching or drawing is done to increase which area of performance?

a fiber with high crystallinity and high orientation is: -Amorphous. -Susceptible to acid degradation. -Weak and flexible. -Strong and stiff. -Absorbent.

Strong and stiff.

More crystalline polymers cause

Stronger polymer and less flexible polymer

Wool proteins contain _________

Sulfur

Indicate which of the following are common uses for BCF

Swimwear, sweaters and blankets

BIGGEST DISTRIBUTORS

TABLE 3.2 IMPORTANT AF.

T/F: a fabric is defined as a planar substance constructed from solutions, fibers, yarns, fabrics, or any combination of these

TRUE

T/F: a fiber with good resiliency has good wrinkle resistance

TRUE

T/F: a hydrophilic fiber is likely to have low static potential:

TRUE

T/F: fibers that have good thermal retention are poor heat conductors

TRUE

T/F: microscopy works well to identify many natural fibers, but not so well to identify most manufactured and synthetic fibers

TRUE

T/F: most contemporary textiles and textile products are mass produced

TRUE

T/F: pilling refers to the formation of tiny balls of fiber on the fabrics surface

TRUE

T/F: polymers are found in fibers and films

TRUE

T/F: textiles include only apparel and interiors

TRUE

explain the fiber characteristics that has the greatest influence on thee fiber properties. identify three fibers that perform well for each property

Table 3.2 middle column! 1. absorbency: PBI or wool, chemical composition and amorphous areas 2. cohesiveness: cotton and wool , crimp/twist, surface contour 3. elasticity: rubber and spandex, chemical and molecular structure 4. flexibility: silk and wool, flexible molecular chain 5. hand: crimp, chem. comp., cross sectional shape 6. loft: fiber crimp, stiffness 7. luster: silk, smoothness of fiber, yarn, fabric 8. pilling: cotton and polyester, strength of fiber 9. strength: molecular structure and orientation 10. texture: physical structure 11. wicking: chemical and physical composition

A friend spilled spaghetti sauce on a white wool sweater. To remove the stain you recommend: -Using a strong, alkaline detergent to remove the stain. -Bleaching it with a chlorine bleach. -Taking it to a dry cleaner and identifying the stain so that appropriate spot treatment can be used to remove the stain. -Hand-washing with lots of scrubbing and wringing to force the stain out. -Using hot water and lots of agitation to remove the stain.

Taking it to a dry cleaner and identifying the stain so that appropriate spot treatment can be used to remove the stain.

Stretching or drawing is done to increase which area of performance?

Tenacity

A finish that straightens fabric, removes wrinkles, controls grain, and dries fabric to an even width is

Tentering

What are types of BCF yarns?

Textured, stretch, and bulk

What process increases the absorbency potential of synthetic yarns?

Texturizing

The affinity of a dye for a particular fiber depends on

The chemical structure of the fiber and the finishes on the fiber

Elongation stands for

The degree of stretching

silk

The design of a garment requires both spun and filament yarn fabrics. You want it to be made entirely of one fiber. Which would you choose?

The (lower or higher) the fabric count in a fabric, the less resilient and less flexible

The higher the fabric count

Product performance describes

The manner in which a textile product responds when something is done to it

Product performance describes? -The degree of satisfaction a consumer will have with a textile product. -How well a product carries over from one selling season to another. -The overall quality of a textile or textile product. -How well a product sells when it is on the market. -The manner in which a textile product responds when something is done to it.

The manner in which a textile product responds when something is done to it.

water

The most commonly used solvent is _______.

flammable fabrics act

The name of legislation regulating the flammability of textile products is the _______ ______ _____.

heddle

The part of the loom that looks like small, metal eyelets where warp yarns are inserted is the ______.

spinneret

The piece of machinery used to extrude manufactured fibers is called a ________.

sericin

The sticky, gummy protein found on a silk fiber is called _______.

What is drape?

The way a fabric falls over a 3D form

T/F: Leather and fur require specialized cleaning procedures to maintain an appearance as close to new as possible

True

wool

This fiber has good resiliency due to natural cross-links and crimp.

deluster

To make a fiber less shiny, one would ________ the fiber.

Which cross section below is most often used to create silk-like fabrics?

Trilobal

Durability describes the manner in which the product withstands use, that is, the length of time the product is considered suitable for the use for which it was purchased

True

Hydrophobic surfaces repeal water

True

Nylon and polyester are durable fibers

True

Nylon types are differentiated based on the number of carbon atoms in the diamine and acid used in its production.

True

Organic molecules are major building blocks of fibers.

True

Polarization of covalent bonds in polymer molecules is the mechanism responsible for intermolecular forces.

True

Polymer molecules are chain-like molecular structures with the most probable coil-like conformation of chains

True

Safety issues related to flammability apply to both apparel and furnishings. A. True B. False

True

Sustainability issues address production, use, cleaning, and disposal of textile products. A. True B. False

True

T/F Acetate fibers are derivative cellulose fibers

True

T/F Synthetic fibers are made of petroleum products

True

T/F: A covered yarn is completely wrapped with another yarn

True

T/F: A durable finish gradually loses its effectiveness with age

True

T/F: A warp knit is more stable and has less stretch than a filling knit jersey, all other aspects being the same

True

T/F: Absorbency is moisture regain

True

T/F: Acetate is often used in lining fabrics because of its smooth, slick surface and ease of handling in sewing facilities.

True

T/F: Acrylic and wool are related chemically

True

T/F: Antistatic compounds increase the electrical conductivity of fibers

True

T/F: Aramid is related chemically to nylon

True

T/F: Azion is a regenerated protein fiber.

True

T/F: Blending of fibers is usually done at the roving stage

True

T/F: Bulk yarns are a type of filament yarn

True

T/F: Combed and worsted yarns are higher quality than carded and woolen yarns

True

T/F: Denier can be refer to both fiber size and yarn size

True

T/F: Double-knit fabrics have high dimensional stability than single-knit fabrics

True

T/F: Dyes are organic compounds that are water or solvent soluble

True

T/F: Grain in leather refers to its natural texture and surface elements

True

tanning

Vegetable and mineral are examples of different methods of leather ________.

Denier refers to the? -Abrasion resistance of the fiber. -Strength of the fiber -Weight in grams per 9,000 meters of yarn or fiber. -Weight in grams per 1,000 meters of yarn or fiber. -Density of the fiber.

Weight in grams per 9,000 meters of yarn or fiber.

Fibers solidify in a solvent bath in...

Wet spinning

Rayon fibers are produced by

Wet spinning

Which is the oldest method of spinning manufactured fibers?

Wet-spinning

product

What stage in production is considered the last possible moment to add color?

batch

When a fabric is circulated through a dye bath it is undergoing the technique of _______ dyeing.

structural, fancy

When compared to applied designs, ________ designs or _____ weaves are more time consuming to produce.

faster

When compared to weaving, is knitting is faster or slower?

hydrogen, carbon, oxygen

Which elements from the Periodic Table are found in natural cellulosic fibers?

lace

Which fabric uses yarns in an open-work area with some elaborate pattern in the design?

napping

Which finishing process contributes softness, loft and depth to the fabric design?

changing the actual spinning process

Which method is not used to modify fibers during spinning? Changing size and shape of spinneret holes, adding other components to the dope, changing the actual spinning process, respinning a spun fabric.

fake fur

Which of the fabrics is a sliver knit?

laminated

Which of the following is not a method of creating a nonwoven fiber web structure? Spunlaced, spunbonded, laminated, air laid, needlepunched

batik

Which resist dye method uses hot wax to create the design?

acid, mordant, and reactive

Which type of dye class would you use when dyeing a textile made of 100% wool fiber?

A fiber with high tenacity is able to: -Absorb a large amount of moisture. -Conduct a high amount of electricity. -Withstand a heavy pulling force. -Resist abrasion. -Resist degradation by chemicals.

Withstand a heavy pulling force.

natural protein

Wool and silk are ______ ______ fibers.

Which fiber has good resiliency due to natural cross-links and crimp? -Wool. -Cotton. -Ramie. -Tussah silk. -Cultivated silk.

Wool.

Which of the following terms is defined as an assemblage of fibers, twisted or laid together, so as to form a continuous strand that can be made into a textile fabric? A. Fiber B. Yarn C. Fabric D. Finish E. Textile

Yarn

Monofilament yarn

Yarn consisting of a single, usually large, filament

Stage when color is applied to denim

Yarn stage

uniformity

Yarns are plied to increase their _________ and strength.

Are nylon and polyester durable?

Yes

tex system

____ _____ is a direct yarn-numbering system. The yarn size is the weight in grams of 1000 meters of yarn.

fume fading

_____ ______ is a color-retention problem. Colors alter when exposed to gases, fumes, or other atmospheric pollutants.

jacquard

______ looms: have chains of punched cards or computer programs controlling individual warp yarns, are used to create permanent designs, and are used in large repeating designs requiring 25 or more warp yarn arrangements.

grain

______ refers to the position oF warp yarns relative to filling yarns.

pulled

______ sheep wool is the wool fibers that are taken from the carcasses of sheep.

wet

______ spinning is the manufacturing process for rayon.

melt

______ spinning method is used to produce nylon and polyester.

plain

______ weaves are the largest category of woven fabrics.

spun

______ yarns are short lengths of fiber twisted/spun to hold together

cotton

_______ increases in strength when wet, and is attacked by mildew so it must be stored clean and dry.

jersey

_______ knits tend to curl up at the edges.

cottonizing

_______ reduces a bast fiber to a length similar to that of cotton.

filament

_______ yarns have low to no twist, less cover, and do not lint or pill.

serviceability

________ describes how well a product meets consumers' needs and expectations.

flammability

________ describes the ease of ignition and ability to sustain combustion.

applied

________ design includes those appearance aspects related to luster, drape, texture, hand, or design that are added to the fabric after it has been produced.

pigment

_________ coloring can be adhered to fabrics with low dye affinity, and can contribute metallic effects to fabrics.

metamerism

_________ describes when two items match in color under one light source, but not under another light source.

mercerization

_________ improves strength and increases absorbency.

elasticity

_________ is the ability of a strained fiber to recover to its original size when the stress is removed.

bleaching

_________ works by removing irregular natural color; usually through oxidation.

flexibility

_________, as a fiber property, will allow the fiber to bend repeatedly without breaking.

greige

__________ goods have been neither wet nor dry finished.

Find nylon in the image

a

which diagram depicts a twill weave fabric

a

density or specific gravity

a measure of fiber weight per unit volume. *lower density fibers can be made into thicker fabrics that tend to be more comfortable than higher density fibers made thicker leading to heavier fabrics*

Young modulus stands for

a ratio of stress over strain

using figure 3.3 consider how changing a fiber's shape from round to trilobal would impact performance.

a round fiber would attract light and is dirtier than trilobal, trilobal traps light and appears less dirty

luster

aesthetic properties; results from the way light is reflected by a surface. shiny or bright fabrics reflect a great amount of light and are used in selected fashion instances or for safety reasons -high luster fibers = bright fibers -low luster = dull -medium = semi-bright or semi-dull -yarn, fabric structure, and finish may change fabric luster -lustrous fabrics reflect a fair amount of light -used in formal apparel and interiors silk is usually lustrous -shiny or bright ones reflect a great amount of light -cotton and wool are usually matte

cover

aesthetic properties; the ability of a fiber t conceal or protect.(cotton is opaque and can be used to produce lightweight fabrics like batiste with good opacity)

translucence

aesthetic properties; the ability of a textile to allow light to pass through it(nylon and polyester are translucent and must be altered by additives or change cross section to provide good cover)

texture

aesthetic properties; the nature of the textile's surface. -natural fibers = more texture due to variations in the structure -yarns, finish, fabric structure affect texture

hand

aesthetic properties; the way a textile feels to the skin. -warm or cool -bulky or thin -slick or soft -feel between finger and thumb -human assessment and instrument measures used to determine suitability for end use important for designers and consumers

when a particular dye is capable of combining with a fiber and can impact color to it, the dye has *blank* for the fiber

affinity

in postcured durable press items, the curing takes place

after the fabric is heat set

What purposes in yarn spinning do carding and combing processes serve?

aligning staple-length fibers and removing short fibers

what purposes in yarn spinning do carding and combing processes serve

aligning staple-length fibers and removing short fibers

a silk boil-off is similar in that it produces greater yarn mobility to which other finish

alkali treatment

which of these are not conventional looms

all are not conventional looms (rapier, projectile, circular, triaxial)

identify which of these products is not a textile

all are textiles

common characteristics of synthetic fibers include

all of above hydrophobic, heat sensitivity, oleophilic

Common characteristics of synthetic fibers include

all of the above

Which fibers are used to manufacture carpets

all of the above

in relation to flammability, textiles for interiors are measured using which of the following criteria

all of the above - if material adds fuel to fire - degree of flammability - amount of smoke - amount of toxic fumes

which fibers are used to manufacture carpets

all of the above nylon, polyester, olefin

which of the following are impacts of yarn manufacturing?

all of the above opening steps create airborne dust, hearing protection is required, wastewater creation

common characteristics of wool fibers include

all of the above are correct high water regain, heat sensitivity, poor mechanical properties when wet

common characteristics of synthetic fibers include

all of the above are correct hydrophobic, heat sensitivity, oleophilic

quality of cotton fiber is related to

all of the above are correct length of the fiber, number of convolutions per inch, color of the fibers

fabric count definition

closeness of the weave of a fabric expressed as the number of yarns in one inch of the warp and in one inch of the filling

apparel

clothing and accessories made from flexible materials

loss of color from a dyed fabric when the fabric is immersed in liquid

color bleeding

this is used to facilitate the matching of colors between designers and manufacturers

color management systems

which pair of processes create similar yarn characteristics

combed and line

a yarn with short fibers removed and very parallel arrangement of remaining fibers is a

combed yarn worsted yarn

these yarns are more expensive to make, have a smoother appearance, higher quality and durability

combed yarns

a yarn with short fibers removed and very parallel arrangement of remaining fibers is a

combed yarns, worsted yarn

which is not one of the three large groupings of the textile industry?

commercial

to what fiber aspects are the difference in properties among the natural protein fibers attributed?

different physical and molecular structures, have different proteins such as wool is keratin but silk is fibroin. types and percentages of amino acids differ in-between wool and silk (more in wool and less in silk.. aka wool is bulkier and silk is thinner). wool is resilience and contains sulfur where silk does not. wool is more prone to insect damage.

Potential problems with bonded or laminated fabrics due to the fabrication method include

differential shrinkage and delamination

compared to wovens, knits are less

dimensionally stable

which of the following weaves are used to create a pattern

dobby, jacquard, and clip spot, ALL OF THE ABOVE

a common method to increase tenacity of synthetic fibers is

drawing

recommended care for lyocell fibers is

dry clean

Solvent evaporates and fibers solidify in

dry spinning

acetate is produced by

dry spinning

solvent evaporates and fibers solidify in

dry spinning

how must wool be cleaned?

dry-cleaned

Lyocell fibers are produced by

dry-jet wet spinning

lyocell fibers are produced by

dry-jet wet spinning

serviceability of fibers includes

durability comfort aesthetics care costs

elongation

durability properties; refers to the degree to which a fiber may be stretched without breaking. (i.e. cotton t-shirt being stretched over knees to make bigger but not broken)

factor in determining quality of fiber

fineness -- fine fiber is better quality

longer cotton fibers are ____ and make _____ yarns.

finer and stronger

the final process that takes place in fabric production that prepares the fabric for a specific end use is:

finishing

Rayon ("artificial silk" until 1924)

first fiber to be manufactured; acetate and nylon also introduced in silklike fabrics

visual inspection

first step in fiber identification; helpful 1. length of fiber 2. luster or lack of luster 3. body, texture, hand

Irish linen always refers to fabrics made from

flax

which fiber has the the safest high ironing temperature

flax

bast fibers most commonly cottonized

flax, ramie, and hemp

why are multifilament yarns used more frequently than monofilament yarns in textile fabrics? multifilament yarns have greater

flexibility

A yarn that crosses over more than one yarn at a time in an interlacing pattern is called?

float

a yarn that crosses over more than one yarn at a time in an interlacing pattern is called a

float

a yarn that crosses over more than one yarn at a time in an interlacing pattern is called a:

float

when a yarn passes over two or more adjacent yarns

float

when fibers are adhered to the surface of a fabric, a *blank* print is created

flock

*blank* increase the light reflection of yarns but do not clean clothes

fluorescent brighteners, optical brighteners, and whitening agents ALL OF THE ABOVE

the fiber with a very low friction coefficient is:

fluoropolymer

which would NOT be a finish used on denim

fulling

manufacturers are able to make last minute color decisions when the dyeing method is

garment dyeing

which of the following is untrue about the care of textile goods

garments/fabrics frequently cleaned wear out more quickly

*blank* is a fiber used in window treatments because it has the highest resistance to ultraviolet degradation

glass

the fiber that is very brittle with good heat resistance is:

glass

the safest fiber from a flammability standpoint

glass

a fabric that has been glazed might be called

glazed chintz

the most basic monomer is...

glucose

correct tentering is important in controlling

grain

Flax fibers are ___ when dew retted and more ____ when water retted.

grayish, yellowish

seed fiber

grows within a pod or boil from developing seeds; cotton, kapok, coir, milkweed

Find nylon in the image

h-n(ch2)5c=o

even sided twills have a

interlacing pattern of 2 up 2 down

to make knit fabrics, yarns are:

interlooped

nodes

irregular crosswise markings, can look slightly swollen and resemble stalk of bamboo.

When compared to weaving, knitting

is faster

cost

is impacted by how a fiber is produced, the number and type of modifications present and how the fiber is marketed. -actual costs are related to supply and demand for the fiber as well as cost of raw materials to grow or produce it. (typically a smaller cost than consumer price) -non-wovens tend to be less expensive

drape: a fabric characteristic

is the way a fabric falls over a 3d form like a body or table

a woven fabric with a count of 144 X 76

is unbalanced

a woven fabric with a count of 144 x 76

is unbalanced

Why does plain weave hold wrinkles more?

it's interlacing makes it hold wrinkles more

why does plain weave hold wrinkles more

it's interlacing makes it hold wrinkles more

which is NOT true about cotton

it's lint free (p. 37)

to which fiber aspects does wool owe its resiliency?

its crimp and spiral helix molecular structure

*blank* sells to decorators and designers, as well as furniture companies and upholstery shops

jobbers

hydrogen bonds and Van der Waals forces

molecular chains that are held close to one another by intermolecular forces, the closer the chains are to each other, the stronger their bonds. -occur in the crystalline areas and help make crystalline polymers stronger than amorphous polymers

orientation

molecular chains that are parallel to each other AND to the fiber's lengthwise axis; high degree of orientation (highly oriented and highly crystalline). However highly crystalline fibers are not necessarily highly oriented.

process of making a fabric

molecule --> polymer --> fiber --> yarn --> fabric --> finishes

when compared to regular filament yarns, BCF yarns are:

more comfortable next to the skin

Textured or BCF filament yarn has all of the following characteristics except

more slippery

characteristics of bulk continuous filament (BCF) yarns

more smooth more permeable to air & liquids more absorbent less static prone

when compared to applied designs, structural designs or fancy weaves are:

more time consuming to produce

green cotton

most sustainably grown cotton, is washed with mild soap instead of chemicals or bleach

Elastic fibers (highly stretchable) made of polymers with the glass transition temperature which is:

much above the ambient temperature

elastic fibers (highly stretchable) made of polymers with the glass transition temperature which is

much below the ambient temperature

elastic fibers (highly stretchable) made of polymers with the glass transition temperature which is:

much below the ambient temperature

match the following

name- when a fabric is described as denim, corduroy or flannel, the fabric is being given fiber content- if a fabric is described as cotton, the reference is to construction- if a fabric is referred to as a woven, the reference is to the

finish that creates a pile-like appearance in a fabric is

napping

the fabric is a wool flannel with a soft, hairy surface

napping

the manipulation of low twist filling yarns using brushes to form the surface nap of flannel and fleece is

napping

explain why most natural fibers are available as staple only, but most manufactured and synthetic fibers are available in either staple or filament form.

natural fibers are not long enough to be in filament form except silk because filament is measured in kilometers and miles.

fiber identification

natural fibers- microscope manufactured-solubility/ burn tests and spectroscopic analyses

Fibers are made of

natural polymers synthetic polymers glasses metals

fibers are made of

natural polymers, synthetic polymers, glasses, metals

explain why most cotton that is produced is white or off-white color. what are the advantages or disadvantages of white versus naturally colored cotton?

naturally creamy white is highly desirable because it can be dyed or printed to meet fashion and consumer needs. the disadvantages are that these fibers may yellow with age.

The purpose of souring is to

neutralize the alkali after scouring

a *blank* acts as an intermediary and represents an exporter or importer in the countries overdress where it conducts business

overseas agent

which of these fabrics is a basket weave

oxford cloth

which of these fabrics is a basket weave?

oxford cloth

which of these fabrics is not made from the same gray goods or print cloth?

oxford cloth

describe polymerization and the possible arrangements of molecules within fibers. list four aspects of performance that might be expected for each combo you describe.

polymerization: the gathering of smaller molecules to make a bigger molecule. 1. amorphous - absorbant, flexibilité, dyeability. easily elongated. relatively weak (cotton, wool, rayon) (1. poor elasticity, 2. good absorbency 3. dye ability 4. flexibility) 2. crystalline - stronger, forces of traction together, do not stretch much but do recover from stretch quickly. parallel. not necessarily oriented. strong and stiff. (1. nonabsorbent 2. difficult to dye 3. strong 4. stiff) i.e. polyester, nylon, arid 3. orientation - parallel to each other. highly crystalline.

major 5 classes of synthetic polymers used in textile industry

polyolefins, polyamide, polyesters, polyacrylates, polyurethanes

cotton fibers have

poor resiliency excellent comfort

grain refers to:

position of warp relative to filling

sustainability

practices and policies that reduce environmental pollution and do not exploit people or natural resources in meeting the lifestyle needs of the present without compromising the future

sustainability

practices and policies that reduce environmental pollution and do not exploit people or natural resources in meeting the lifestyle needs of the present without compromising the future.

Bleaching is a preparation finish that....

prepares the fabric for further processing such as dyeing

lint

pressed into bales weighing 480 pounds each and sold to spinning mills or exported.

Flax is a ____ fiber as a result of its limited production and relatively high cost.

prestige

Geotextiles are used in which of the following applications?

preventing soil erosion roadbuilding

Finish definition

process that modifies appearance or enhances performance of gray goods

Finish is a

process that modifies appearance or enhances performance of gray goods

finish is a

process that modifies appearance or enhances performance of gray goods

finish is a:

process that modifies appearance or enhances performance of gray goods

smooth filament yarns

produce fabric that is shiny, lustrous, smooth, and slick; no fiber ends seen on surface; fewer turns to unravel yarn; fiber ends where fabric is cut and fibers are as long as piece of fabric -fold and view on contrasting surface- edge looks sharper and crisper than that of a spun yarn fabrics (staple fibers) -textured or bulked- spun and filament aspects -cannot see filament tow -*IF A FILAMENT FIBER HAS BEEN TEXTURED OR BULKED* it will resemble spun yarns in that the fiber ends only occur where the fabric is cut and the yarns are as long as the piece of fabric but the hand is not smooth and slick; surface will not look as flat as a smooth filament yarn fabric.

filament tow

produced as a loose rope of several thousand fibers, is crimped or textured, and cut to staple length.

textile production has been linear

producing a textile product and delivering it to the consumer as quickly and inexpensively as possible; sustainability is adding another dimension to this process.

used to add color at the last possible moment

product

fibers influence

product aesthetics, durability, comfort, appearance retention, care, environmental impact, sustainability, and cost; must have sufficient strength, pliability, length, and cohesiveness

environmental concerns focus on impact of textiles on environment during

production care use disposal

soft goods

products constructed of textiles and other flexible materials including apparel, interior textiles, and technical textiles

Until the first manufactured fiber was produced commercially in 1885:

they were produced by plants and animals

spandex replaced which fiber

rubber

abrasion resistance is ability of textile products to withstand:

rubbing

abrasion resistance is the ability of textiles to withstand

rubbing

miscellaneous fibers

rush, sea grass, maize, palm fiber

fiber with the best sunlight resistance:

saran

which of the weaves are most likely to snag

satin

which of these weaves are most likely to snag?

satin

which one is not considered a fancy fabric

satin

match the basic weaves and their variations to the most accurate description of the structure

satin- smooth surface formed by long, warp-yarn floats left-hand twill- diagonal lines run from lower left to upper right right-hand twill- diagonal lines run from lower right to upper left

a type of calendaring that is used with a resin or on thermoplastic fibers to create very fine diagonal lines that increase luster of a fabric surface

schreiner

Finishing step that removes the natural wax from cotton fibers is

scouring

tow

short flax fibers must be carded before dry spinning into yarns

staple fiber

shorter fiber, measured in feet, inches, centimeters. spun yarn -short fibers measured in inches or centimeters (less than 2 to 46 cm or 0.5 in-18 in) -produce spun yarn fabrics (cotton percale)

pieces of fabric shorter than 40 yards in length are called:

shorts

a fiber that has good dimensional stability does not

shrink or stretch when cleaned

The part of the loom through which the filling yarn is inserted is the

shuttle

the part of the loom through which the filling yarn is inserted is the

shuttle

what is the only natural filament yarn

silk

which of natural fiber is finest?

silk

what is the only filament fiber that exists in nature?

silk; all other natural fibers are only measured in staple form.

The routine steps in finishing a cotton fabrics

singeing, desizing, scouring, bleaching

Yarn number refers to the

size of yarn

match the following synonyms or definitions for wovens

slashing-sizing selvages- the edge of a woven fabric ends- warp yarns picks- filling yarns bowed- yarns in a woven fabric that are distorted in a curved line

what are dobby fabrics?

small figured designs requiring fewer than 25 different warp yarn arrangements

Stretching or drawing is done to increase which area of performance?

tenacity

stretching or drawing is done to increase which area of performance?

tenacity

a finish that straightens fabric, removes wrinkles, and dries fabric to an even width is

tentering

example of uncut pile weave

terry cloth

which of these fabrics is a warp-pile fabric?

terrycloth

The term is this list that is a direct yarn numbering system is the

tex system

pieces of the fabrics that you do see

textile --> fiber --> yarn --> fabric --> gray goods --> finish

what process increases the absorbency potential of synthetic yarns

texturizing

confinement

that only one firm can use that color, pattern, or fabric. some large retailers or manufacturers control such a significant market share that fabric producers willingly modify their processes to meet the buyer's preferences.

the shape of manufactured fibers is controlled by:

the shape of the spinnerette opening and the spinning method; size, shape, luster, length, and other properties can be modified by changes in the production process.

shape and size of manufactured fibers are determined by

the spinnerette

fiber crimp

the waves, bends, twists, coils, and curls along the length of the fiber; INCREASES cohesiveness, resiliency, resistance to abrasion, stretch, bulk, and warmth. -increases absorbency and skin-contact comfort but reduces luster. -lots of crimp (wool) = warmer -traps air within fabric and next to skin

comfort

the way textiles affect heat, air, and moisture transfer, and the way the body interacts with a textile product

environmental concerns

the way the production, use, care, and disposal of a fiber or textile product affects the environment -natural fiber has an impact on soil conservation, use of agricultural chemicals, disposal of animal waste, water demands, cleaning requirements, processing. -natural fibers can't be disposed for biodegradation

life cycle impact

the way the production, use, care, and disposal of a product affects the environment and the people involved with the product

denier

the weight in grams of 9,000 meters of fiber or yarn

denier

the weight in grams of 9,000 meters of fiber or yarn; fineness or coarseness of fiber; related to end use -smaller number describes fine fiber -larger number describes coarse fiber

tex

the weight of grams of 1,000 meters of fiber or yarn. staple fiber is sold by denier and fiber length. filament fiber is sold by the denier or the yarn or tow

cotton gin

the whirling saws pick up the fiber and carry it to a knifelike comb which blocks the seeds and permits the fiber to be carried through

fibers differ in:

their physical structure, chemical composition, and molecular arrangement. these differences are used to distinguish among fibers by generic names. these differences influence the serviceability of that product

Most textured yarns are produced from fibers which are

thermoplastic

body, texture, hand

these factors indicate whether the fiber is soft to hard, rough to smooth, warm to cool, stiff to flexible and relate to fiber size, surface contour, stiffness or ridgity and cross-sectional shape

explain the properties that are common to all cellulosic fibers

they all contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and they're basic monomer is glucose. 1. good absorbency 2. good conductor of heat 3. ability to withstand high temperature 4. low resiliency 5. low loft 6. good conductor 7. heavy fibers 8. harmed by mineral acids, minimal damage by organic acids 9. attacked by mildew 10. resistant to moths, but eaten by crickets and silverfish 11. flammable 12. moderate resistance to sunlight

how do textiles contribute to individual, community, and societal way of life?

they surround us from life to death. they provide protection and enhancement in

bast fibers have a variation of...

thick and thin appearance when processed into yarns and fabrics

Textiles are flexible materials that are composed of .... (select the best match from the list)

thin films of polymers or of fibers, yarns, or fabrics

textiles are flexible materials that are composed of

thins films of polymers, fibers yarns, or fabrics

natural fibers

those that are in fiber form as they grow or develop and come from animal, plant, or mineral sources.

producing bast fiber is

time consuming and requires specialized machinery --- cottonizing is meant to speed up the process.

dyeing and finishing

to make fabrics more attractive with better consumer performance have been modified for use with manufactured fibers

molecular chain

too small to be seen, even with an optical microscope; also described by molecular weight, a factor in properties such as fiber strength and extensibility; contain different configurations within fibers.

match the following woven definitions

top weight- fabrics weighing 2 to 4 ounces per square yard and typically used for shirts or blouses fabric count- closeness of the weave of a fabric expressed as the number of yarns in one inch of the warp and in one inch of the filling skewed- yarns in a woven fabric that are distorted angularly in a straight line

care

treatments required to maintain the new look of a textile product during use, cleaning, or storage.

the knit fabric most often used in lingerie

tricot

match the basic weaves and their variations to the most accurate description of the structure

twill- parallel diagonal lines are visible plain- simple over- one, under-one interlacing pattern rib- unbalanced yarn counts create raised ridges basket- groups of warp yarns float over one or more filling yarns

basket weave

two yarns over, two yarns under, two yarns under, two yarns over...

axminster and wilton carpets are

types of woven carpets

important factors to successful product development include

understanding processes, people, and things including product innovation and management consumers, and textile materials.

Yarns are piled to increase their

uniformity and strengh

dyeing process of when a fabric is composed from two or more fibers and the desire result of the dyeing process

union dyeing


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