The 6 Kingdoms - Classification

Deuterostomes (Echinodermata)

Members of this group, which includes stars and sea urchins, are spiny and radially symmetrical, contain a water-vascular system, and possess the capacity for regeneration of parts, and move via tube feet.

Classification

The arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their physical similarities and assumed evolutionary connections to other organisms.

Kingdom

The second level of the eight levels of classification. Very general, containing a variety of organisms.

Tracheophytes

The vascular plants have specialized transporting cells named xylem (for transporting water and mineral nutrients) and phloem (for transporting sugars from leaves to the rest of the plant). When we think of plants we invariably picture vascular plants. Vascular plants tend to be larger and more complex than bryophytes, and have a life cycle where the sporophyte is more prominent than the gametophyte. Vascular plants also demonstrate increased levels of organization by having organs and organ systems.

Amphibia

first vertebrates on land; examples include salamander and toads; divide their time between land and water. Larvae: posses gills, tail, no legs. adults: 2 pair of legs, lungs, no tail 3 chambered heart, and no scales. utilize external fertilization, eggs laid in water with a jellylike secretion and subsequently fertilized.

Angiosperms

flowering plants Characteristics of these plants include protected seeds. Monocots have one cotyledon (seed leaf) and dicots have two cotyledons.

Vertebrates

have a backbone

Seedless plants

have vascular tissue with true roots and leaves. They reproduce via spores and need water for fertilization. Division Psilophyta - Whiskferns Division Lycophyta - Club mosses Division Spenophyta - Horsetails Division Pterophyta - Ferns

Seed plants

have vascular tissue. However, they do not require water for fertilization.

Mammalia

rodents, kangaroos, horses, human ancestors (primates such as humans and New and Old World monkeys); monotremes, marsupials and placental mammals; mammary glands and hair.

Reptilia

snakes and lizards; amniote egg; scales; ectothermic. Terrestial animals, leathery eggs, utilize internal fertilization, cold blooded (poikilothermic), scales, and a 3 chambered heart.

Arthropods

Arthropods have jointed appendages, an exoskeleton made of chitin (a polysaccharide), and open circulatory systems. The three most important classes of arthropods are insects, arachnids, and crustaceans. Insects possess three pair of legs, spiracles, tracheal tubes designed for breathing outside of an aquatic environment, and Malpighian tubules for removal of metabolic waste. Arachnids have four pair of legs and "book lungs"; examples include the scorpion and the spider. Lastly, crustaceans have segmented bodies with a variable number of appendages. Crustaceans like the lobster, crayfish, and shrimp also possess gills.

Aves

Birds. Posses 4 chambered hearts, warm blooded (homoeothermic), eggs surrounded by shells. (hens, eagles)

Chordata

Chordata differ from the previous phyla in that a stiff dorsal rod called the notochord is present at some stage of their embryologic development, as are paired gill slits. Chordata also have dorsal hollow nerve cords and tails extending beyond the anus at some point in their development; phylum Chordata contains both invertebrates (amphioxus and tunicates) and vertebrates.

Agnatha

Class of vertebrata made up of Jawless fish. Retain notochord throughout life, have a cartilaginous internal skeleton, have no jaw bone and posses a sucking mouth. (lambrey and hagfish) Chordata vertebrate fossils such as the diverse jawless creatures called agnathans are mostly extinct (the sea lamprey is an exception).

Osteichthyes

Class of vertebrata. Bony fish (most prevalent type of fish). Have scales, lack a notochord in the adult form. during development cartilage is replaced by a bony skeleton. (trout, sturgeon, tuna)

Chondrichthyes

Class of vertebrata. Cartilaginous fish that posses jaws and teeth. A reduced notochord exists as segments between cartilaginous vertebrae. (sharks)

Radiata (Coelenterates)

(hydra, medusa, sea anemone, corals): Coelenterates contain a digestive sac called the gastrovascular cavity that is sealed at one end. Two layers of cells are present-the ectoderm and the endoderm. Coelenterates have many specialized features, such as tentacles, stinging cells(called Nematocysts, to catch prey), and net nerves.

Protostomes (include phylums annelida and mollusca)

(include phylums annelida and mollusca): Protostomes(Mollusca), such as snails, clams, and squid, are soft bodied and possess mantles that often secrete calcareous (calcium carbonate) exoskeletons. They breathe through gills and have chambered hearts, blood sinuses, and a pair of ventral nerve cords. Annelida (segmented worms) possess a coelom contained in the mesoderm. Annelids have well-defined systems, including nervous, circulatory, and excretory systems.

Pseudocoelomates (nematodes)

(nematodes): Roundworms like hookworm and trichina possess long digestive tubes and an anus. A solid mesoderm is present; a circulatory system is not. They possess nerve cords and an anterior nerve ring. They reproduce sexually.

Acoelomates (platyhelminthes)

(platyhelminthes): Flatworms are ribbon-like and bilaterally symmetrical. They possess three layers of cells, including a solid mesoderm. They have a gastrovascular cavity with only one opening. They do not have a circulatory system, and their nervous system consists of eyes, an anterior brain ganglion, and a pair of longitudinal nerve cords.

Porifera

(sponges): Porifera have two layers of cells arranged in a sac surrounding a central cavity called the spongocoel; they are capable of regenerating lost body parts and reproducing from pieces of the parent sponge.

Eubacteria Kingdom

A kingdom of bacteria that contains mostly free-living bacteria. Characteristics of Eubacteria are: unicellular, prokaryotic, common bacteria, live in water, soil, animals Lack M.B.O., Cell wall with Peptidoglycan.

Archaebacteria Kingdom

A kingdom of bacterial organisms that live in extreme environment. Characteristics of archaebacteria are: Cell wall (peptidoglycan), lack M.B.O., unicellular, prokaryotic, live in extreme environments. Molecular genetics (transcription&translation) much more similar to eukaryotes than to eubacteria.

Fungi Kingdom

A kingdom of mostly Multicellular organisms that obtain energy by breaking down substances in their surroundings and absorbing them. Characteristics of Fungi: mostly multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic. Ex: mushrooms, bread mold (Multicellular) yeast (unicellular) -Cell walls with Chitin -Complex life cycles

Bryophytes

Non-vascular plants include the mosses, liverworts and hornworts - all true plants, collectively known as Bryophytes - plus various groups of algae, and (by convention) lichens. The term 'non-vascular' refers to the fact that these organisms do not have the well-developed and complex internal food- and water-conducting tissues (vasculature), roots or leaves, possessed by ferns, gymnosperms, and the flowering plants. They also need water for reproduction in order for the sperm to swim to the egg.

Vertebrata

Subphylum of Chordata. Includes; amphibians, reptiles, birds, fish, and mammals. Vertebrates posses a backbone, a skull protects the brain.

Animal Kingdom

The Animal Kingdom consists of multicellular organisms that can move from one place to another. Characteristics of the Animal kingdom: multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic Obtain energy from consuming other organisms or their byproducts.

Plantae Kingdom

The Plant Kingdom is made up of organisms that can perform photosynthesis to make energy. Characteristics of the Plant Kingdom: multicellular, eukaryotic, autotrophic, and mostly green in color. -Cell walls with Cellulose

Protista Kingdom

The Protist Kingdom consists of mostly unicellular organisms which have organelles; e.g., amoeba. Characteristics of Protists: mostly unicellular, eukaryotic, can be heterotrophic or autotrophic. Ex: algae, Paramecium.

The development of most animals is characterized by distinctive stages

a zygote is the product of the first few division of cells following fertilization; a blastula is a hollow ball of cells formed by the developing zygote; a gastrula is formed when the blastula folds in on itself to form a double-walled structure with an opening to the outside (the opening is called the blastopore).

Gymnosperms

conifers Characteristics of these plants include unprotected seeds. They retain leaves through the winter. The leaves are modified into needles to minimize water loss. The pine cone is considered the reproductive structure.

Invertebrates

do NOT have a backbone