The Age of Exploration

Prince Henry the Navigator

(1394-1460) Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire.First European royal to heavily promote discovery and exploration. Motivated by mercenary as well as missionary factors. Seeking to promote Portugese economic interests (challenging Muslim monopoly of gold trade) and to further Christian influence. Hope to find the kingdom of Prester John - a legendary Christian king ruling a wealthy kingdom somewhere in Africa (probably a hoax/myth). Prince Henry promoted settlement of islands in the Atlantic and exploration of the African coast.

India

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asia

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Conquisadores

Spanish soldiers and explorers who led military expeditions in the Americas and conqured land for spain

Antwerp

One of Europe's busiest ports is on the Schelde River in Belgium. Name this city., Each day, as many as five-thousand merchants gathered in this northern Dutch city to trade goods.

Mestizos

A person of mixed Native American and European ancestory

Bourgeoisie

In early modern Europe, the class of well-off town dwellers whose wealth came from manufacturing, finance, commerce, and allied professions.Middle Class.

potato

New World crop that increased the food supply; it may have accounted for the population explosion., A sturdy, planted food that grew massive quantities in small areas.

God,Glory, Gold

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Hernan Cortes

1485-1547, Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico.1519 he led soldiers to Tenochtitlan, placed it under siege with help of natives, defeated Aztec empire and began Spanish empire in Mesoamerica., A conquistador who in 1519 led seven hundred men to Mexico to take the Aztec Empire and rob it of everything. The leader of the Aztecs, Moctezuma, believed that Cortes was a God and allowed him to enter the capital unopposed. On June 30, 1520, the Aztecs drove the Spanish out of the capital. In August 13, 1521, the Spanish laid siege to the city. A combination of disease and death led to the end of the Aztecs.

Golden age of spain

1500 - 1600. Newfound wealth from American explorations bring in high point of Spanish military might, art and culture., Resembeled more the "new imperialism" of the late 19th early 20th century by outright conquering entire regions and subjugating their population. opened the richest silver mine in the world in peru during this time.

Hanseatic League

A group of merchant towns designed to achieve security and trust for trading.a commercial and defensive confederation of free cities in northern Germany and surrounding areas.

Amerigo Vespucci

A mapmaker and explorer who said that America was a new continent, so America was named after him., 1454-1512 AD Italian explorer and navigator who, upon exploring the American mainland and the South American coast, concluded that Columbus' discovery was actually a new world. It was named "America" in his honor.

Triangular Trade

A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa., A trade between America, the West Indies, and Africa, which some colonists took advantage of after the fall of the Royal African Company, and yielded great profits to its merchants.

Middle Passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies, the route in between the western ports of Africa to the Caribbean and southern U.S. that carried the slave trade.

Creoles

American-born Spaniards who owned land, but ranked below "real" Europeans.

Colombian Exchange

Biological and ecological exchange that occurred after European arrival in the New World; peoples of Europe and Africa came to the Americas; animals, plants, and diseases moved between the Old and New Worlds., the transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the Americas and Europe, Asia, and Africa

Bartholomew Dias

Dias was an early Portuguese explorer who traveled down the coast of Africa in search of a water route to Asia. He managed to round the southern tip of Africa in 1488, now the Cape of Good Hope.He found a way to bypass the Turks in Constantinople in order to trade to India. You go all the way around Africa to in. Discovered in 1488.

John Cabot

English explorer who claimed Newfoundland for England while looking for Northwest Passage;, 5 years after Spain, he sailed to the Northeast coast of North America in search of a Northwest passaged through the New World to the Orient (China, Japan...) (1497). Unsuccessful.He was the first European since the Vikings to explore the mainland of North America and the first to search for the Northwest Passage.

bourse

European stock exchange, i.e. group of people organized to provide an auction market among themselves for the buying and selling of securities in good. In the mid-16th century, the bourse at Antwerp was the largest in Europe

Slave trade

European trade agreement with Africa dealing with slaves brought from Africa. Integral part of Triangle Trade between the Americas, Africa, and Europe., The business of capturing, transporting, and selling people as slaves.Africans captured other Africans and brought them to the coastal trading pos. new system of trade in the seventeenth century where slaves from Africa were traded instead of goods. Leaders of slave trade included Portugal and the Dutch.

Vasco da Gama

Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route.(sailed around Africa to India).Portuguese Navigator Who Sailed Around The Cape Of Good Hope And Reached The West Coast Of India In Search Of Spices.

Vasco Nunez de Balboa

Spanish explorer who became the first European to see the Pacific Ocean in 1510 while exploring Panama., (1475 - 1519) traveled to New World, settled on Hispaniola; first permanent settlement in Americas

syphilis

A highly contagious sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum

Agricultural Revolution

A time when new inventions such as the seed drill and the steel plow made farming easier and faster. The production of food rose dramatically., 17th and 18th centuries. peasants and artisans had about the same standard of living as in the Middle Ages. Agriculture had changed little. The transformation of farming that resulted in the eighteenth century from the spread of new crops, improvements in cultivation techniques and livestock breeding, and consolidation of small holdings into large farms from which tenants were expelled. Features: Increased production of food, new methods of cultivation, selective breeding of livestock. low countries led the way

Christopher Columbus

An Italian navigator who was funded by the Spanish Government to find a passage to the Far East. He is given credit for discovering the "New World," even though at his death he believed he had made it to India. He made four voyages to the "New World." The first sighting of land was on October 12, 1492, and three other journies until the time of his death in 1503., (1451-1506) Italian explorer, he was convinced that he could reach Asia by sailing westward across the Atlantic Ocean. He gained the support of Spain's monarchs and commanded a small fleet that reached the so called New World, setting off a tide of European exploration of the area.

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought. government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests., According to this doctrine, the colonies existed for the benefit of the mother country; they should add to its wealth, prosperity, and self-sufficiency. The settlers were regarded more or less as tenants. They were expected to produce tobacco and other products needed in England and not to bother their heads with dangerous experiments in agriculture or self-government.

Joint-Stock companies

Association of individuals in a business enterprise with transferable shares of stock, much like a corporation except that stockholders are liable for the debts of the business., An economic arrangement by which a number of investors pool their capital for investment., Ancestors of the modern corporation, in which stockholders shared the risks and profits for single ventures or on a permanent basis. Some of the larger companies managed to get royal charters that entitled them to monopolies in certain areas and even governmental powers in their outposts.

Smallpox

A highly contagious viral disease characterized by fever, weakness, and skin eruption with pustules that form scabs; responsible for killing Native Americans., A deadly disease that was introduced to the Indaians by the Europeans.

Ferdinand Magellan

(1480?-1521) Portuguese-born navigator. Hired by Spain to sail to the Indies in 1519. (The same year HRE Charles V became empreor.) Magellan was killed in the Philippines (1521). One of his ships returned to Spain (1522), thereby completing the first circumnavigation of the globe., 1519, Sailed W around South America to reach Asia - first to sail around the world -voyage took 3 years,1st expedition to circumnavigate the globe, Proved world was round and much bigger than previously thought.

Commercial Revolution

A dramatic change in the economy of Europe at the end of the Middle Ages. It is characterized by an increase in towns and trade, the use of banks and credit, and the establishment of guilds to regulate quality and price. the expansion of the trade and buisness that transformed European economies during the 16th and 17th centuries., (17th-18th centuries) The transition from the local economies of the Middle Ages to an economy based on overseas trade, the extension of banking and credit, and mercantilist policies.

Treaty of Tordesillas

A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal., 1494 dividedthe Atlantic world between two maritime powers, reserving for Portugal the West African coast and the route to India and giving Spain the oceans and the lands to the west., Set the Line of Demarcation which was a boundary established in 1493 to define Spanish and Portuguese possessions in the Americas.

Dutch east India company

A company founded by the Dutch in the early 17th century to establish and direct trade throughout Asia. Richer and more powerful than England's company, they drove out the English and Established dominance over the region. It ended up going bankrupt and being bought out by the British., Government-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies.

Francisco Pizarro

A conquistador like Cortes, who conquered the Incas in Peru and help to begin more advances in South America. Besides miners, farmers, priests, friars and missionaries went to South America after it was conquered by the conquistadores., A Spanish conquistador who went to the Incas and took emporer prisoner and then killed him and took over the Inca empire., - This was a conquistador who conquered Incan Peru, revealing the wealth of the Incas. His significance lays in how his efforts opened up other advances into South America. For example, Hernando de Soto led several expeditions through Florida, becoming the first man to cross the Mississippi River.

Atlantic System

The network of trading links after 1500 that moved goods, wealth, people, and cultures around the Atlantic Ocean basin., The triangular pattern of trade that bound together western Europe, Africa, and the America's. Europeans bought slaves in Africa, sold them to their colonies, bought sugar and other products there, and sold them back in the main land.

Ecomienda System

a kind of feudalism granting Spanish colonists control of conquered lands and obliging the Indians to provide forced labor and a fixed portion of their harvests., System by which the natives were essentially enslaved, and recieved food from the spanish in return., gave Spaniards the right to tax local native americans or to make them work. In exchange they were supposed to protect and convert them to Catholicism.

Old Imperialism

characterized by establishing posts and forts on coastal regions but not penetrating inland to conquer entire regions or subjugate their populations., A European policy of conquest that occurs in the 15th through 18th centuries in Africa, India, the Americas, and parts of Asia The motives were the same for most areas, the establishment of lucrative trade routes. Various European countries dominated these trades routes and one time or another, and a some countries, such as Great Britain and Spain, came to dominate entire countries.

Price Revolution

increase in prices in 16th century-inflation-increased demand for goods-influx of gold and silver., Inflation of prices in the 15th and 16th centuries, caused by monetary debasement and the influx of bullion from the new world., A dramatic rise in prices (inflation). A major problem in europe in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, causes economic collapse in Spain., A dramatic rise in prices (actually VERY slowly compared to modern inflation). A major problem in Europe in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, causes economic collapse in Spain. It was caused by the increasing population of Europe, mainly centered in rural areas, leading to the rapid rise of agricultural prices. The constant rebasing of the currency by european Monarchies (which had every-increasing power) exacerbated the situations.