The American Promise 290-405
John Deere
1804-86, American industrialist, manufacturer of agricultural implements, b. Rutland, Vt. He was one of the pioneers of the steel plow industry. A blacksmith by trade, he established (1837) a shop at Grand Detour, Ill.
Henry clay
A Whig political leader of the early nineteenth century known for his efforts to keep the United States one nation despite sharp controversy among Americans over slavery. Clay represented Kentucky, first in the House of Representatives and then in the Senate.
lone star republic
Chamber of Commerce, Huntsville, TX. Sam Houston, President of the Republic of Texas. At the time Spain granted independence to Mexico in 1821, the land now comprising the state of Texas was very sparsely populated.
economic boom
is a period of rapid economic expansion resulting in higher GDP, lower unemployment and rising asset prices. Booms usually suggest the economy is overheating creating inflationary pressures.
The temperance movement
is a social movement against the consumption of alcoholic beverages.
the family and separate spheres
is an ideology that defines and prescribes separate spheres for women and men. Culturally located in Europe and North America,[2] it emerged as a distinct ideology during the Industrial Revolution, although the basic idea of gendered separation of spheres is much older.
economic inequality
is the difference found in various measures of economic well-being among individuals in a group, among groups in a population, or among countries. Economic inequality is sometimes called income inequality, wealth inequality, or the wealth gap.
Realignment of the party system
is the term used in political science and history for the period in American political history from about 1896 to 1932 that was dominated by the Republican Party, excepting the 1912 split in which Democrats held the White House for eight years. American history texts usually call it the Progressive Era. The concept was introduced under the name "System of 1896" by E.E. Schattschneider in 1960, and the numbering scheme was added by political scientists in the mid-1960s
second bank of the united states
the most powerful bankers sat on the board of directors for this bank, which was headquartered in philadelphia and was had eighteen branches.
mormons
the pioneers who were members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), also known as Latter-day Saints, who migrated across the United States from the Midwest to the Salt Lake Valley in what is today the U.S. state of Utah. At the time of the cease fire and planning of the exodus in 1846, the territory was owned by the Republic of Mexico, which soon after went to war with the United States over the annexation of Texas. Salt Lake Valley became American territory as a result of this war.
american system
the policy of promoting industry in the U.S. by adoption of a high protective tariff and of developing internal improvements by the federal government (as advocated by Henry Clay from 1816 to 1828)
The monroe doctorine
the policy, as stated by President Monroe in 1823, that the U.S. opposed further European colonization of and interference with independent nations in the Western Hemisphere.
John C. Frémont
"Pathfinder of the West". was an American military officer, explorer, and politician who became the first candidate of the anti-slavery Republican Party for the office of President of the United States. He lacked political credentials, but his wife, Jessie Frémont,
Maria Stewart
(1803 - February 6, 1880) was an African-American domestic servant who became a teacher, journalist, lecturer, abolitionist, and women's rights activist.
American temperance society
(ATS), also known as the American Society for the Promotion of Temperance was a society established on February 13, 1826 in Boston, MA. Within five years there were 2,220 local chapters in the U.S. with 170,000 members who had taken a pledge to abstain from drinking distilled beverages.
william henry harrison
(February 9, 1773 - April 4, 1841) was the ninth President of the United States (1841), an American military officer and politician, and the last President born as a British subject. He was also the first president to die in office.
Fort laramie confrence
(also called the Sioux Treaty of 1868) was an agreement between the United States and the Oglala, Miniconjou, and Brulé bands of Lakota people, Yanktonai Dakota, and Arapaho Nation[1] signed on April 29, 1868 at Fort Laramie in the Wyoming Territory, guaranteeing to the Lakota ownership of the Black Hills, and further land and hunting rights in South Dakota, Wyoming, and Montana. The Powder River Country was to be henceforth closed to all whites. The treaty ended Red Cloud's War. The treaty includes an article intended to "ensure the civilization" of the Lakota, financial incentives for them to farm land and become competitive, and stipulations that minors should be provided with an "English education" at a "mission building." To this end the U.S. government included in the treaty that white teachers, blacksmiths, a farmer, a miller, a carpenter, an engineer and a government agent should take up residence within the reservation.
James K polk
A political leader of the nineteenth century; Polk, a Democrat, was president from 1845 to 1849. An ardent believer in manifest destiny, he led the United States into the Mexican War.
william lloyd garrison
A prominent abolitionist of the nineteenth century (see abolitionism). In his newspaper, The Liberator, he called for immediate freedom for the slaves and for the end of all political ties between the northern and southern states.
elizabeth cady staton
A reformer and feminist who joined with Lucretia Mott in issuing the call for the first women's rights convention in America, which was held at Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848. Stanton later worked in close partnership with Susan B. Anthony for women's suffrage.
Mexican-American War
A war fought between the United States and Mexico from 1846 to 1848. The United States won the war, encouraged by the feelings of many Americans that the country was accomplishing its manifest destiny of expansion.
mexican american war 1846-48
A war fought between the United States and Mexico from 1846 to 1848. The United States won the war, encouraged by the feelings of many Americans that the country was accomplishing its manifest destiny of expansion.
Republican Party
Attempted to unite all those who opposed the extension of slavery into any territory of the United States, including the Whigs. Free-soilers, anti-Nebraska Democrats, and even Know-Nothings. The republican creed tapped into the basic beliefs and values of Northerners. Slavery, this party believed, degraded th dignity of white labor by associating with blacks and sevility. was founded in 1854 by a group of renegade Democrats, Whigs, and political independents who opposed the expansion of Slavery into new U.S. territories and states. What began as a single-issue, independent party became a major political force in the United States. Six years after the new party was formed, Republican nominee Abraham Lincoln won the U.S. presidential election. The Republican Party and its counterpart, the Democratic Party, became the mainstays of the nation's de facto two-party system.
free-labor ladder
Awakening, transcendentalism, and "free labor," these reform movements included temperance, women's rights, abolition, and states' rights. In competition with the slave system of the South was the concept of "free labor" advocated by many in the Northeastern states. Although the term might suggest the same meaning, the word "free" had nothing to do with bondage or working for no wage, but rather indicated concepts of freedom, independence, and self-reliance. The concept emphasized an egalitarian vision of individual human potential, the idea that anyone could climb the ladder of success with hard work and dedication. Such concepts and confidence in individual potential sprung from, or were at least supported by, the religious revivalism of the era known as the Second Great Awakening. At the same time, secular American philosophers like Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau were stressing ideas of self-reliance through concepts like transcendentalism.
The education and training of youth
Beginning in the mid-1800s, numerous factors combined to influence a transformation in the view of children and childhood and subsequently in services for children. Writings of the English philosopher John Locke (1632-1704) and American transcendentalists fostered the view of children as pure and good human beings who learn from experience and, as a result, are corrupted only by the influence of society. The nineteenth-century English naturalist Charles Darwin's theory of evolution-specifically its premise of environmental influence on behavior and development-contributed to the growing belief that, with appropriate nurturing, children could be molded into successful adults. As a result, childhood began to be viewed as a particularly critical point in human development. Friedrich Froebel (1782-1852), the German educator and founder of the kindergarten movement, encouraged this viewpoint and contended that children required special preparation for adulthood, as well as opportunities for recreation and play. The publication of American psychologist and educator G. Stanley Hall's seminal work Adolescence in 1904 expanded this notion to older children and served to further cement such views.
Land policy
Classical microeconomic theory posits "land," or natural resources, as one of the three factors of production, along with labor and capital. Ideally, the business firm optimizes the mix of labor, capital, and land to produce at the highest profit, and the theory describes a point of equilibrium and balance. The history of North America, however, at least since the beginning of the eighteenth century, was one of continual disequilibrium and imbalance due to the rapid growth of the white and black populations, and the parallel rapid decline of the American Indian population. The shift of land from American Indian possession to U.S. government ownership and then into private property was a continuing political issue from the founding of the American Republic to the Great Depression of the 1930s.
The politics of slavery
Confederate defeat and the end of slavery brought far-reaching changes in the lives of all Southerners. The destruction of slavery led inevitably to conflict between blacks seeking to breathe substantive meaning into their freedom by asserting their independence from white control, and whites seeking to retain as much as possible of the old order. Immediately after the Civil War, they sought to give meaning to freedom by reuniting families separated under slavery, establishing their own churches and schools, seeking economic autonomy, and demanding equal civil and political rights. In 1865 and 1866 many white Southerners joined memorial associations that established Confederate cemeteries and monuments throughout the region. Others, unwilling to accept a new relationship to former slaves, resorted to violent opposition to the new world being created around them.
Cultural shifts
along with economic change came an unprecedented revival of evangelical religion known as the second greatest awakening.
Joackson democratic agenda
During his presidency jackson continued to offer unprecedented hospitality to the public. twenty spitoons newly installed in the east room of the white house accommodated the tobacco chewers among the throngs that arrived daily to see the president. For secretary of state the key job he tapped new yorker martin van buren one of the shredest politicians of the day throughout the federal government from postal clerks to ambassadors. jacksons appointment practices became known as the spoils system; it was a concept the president strenupusly defended.
Bankers and lawyers
Entrepreneurs like the lowell factory owners relied on innovations in the banking system to finance their ventures. the number of banks doubled. accompanying the market revolution was a revolution in commercial law, fashioned by politicians to enhance the prospects of privateinvestment. in 1811 the states started to rewrite their laws of incorporation(allowing chartering bussinesses by states) and the number of coorporations expanded rapidly.
The old parties: whigs and democrats
In 1834 political opponents of President Andrew Jackson organized a new party to contest Jacksonian Democrats nationally and in the states. Guided by their most prominent leader, Henry Clay. They were immediately derided by the Jacksonian Democrats as a party devoted to the interests of wealth and aristocracy, a charge they were never able to shake completely.
Improvements in transportation
Inland waterways. As settlers moved into the trans‐Appalachian region, they found the river systems crucial for exporting products to distant markets. Many streams were navigable, and they led to larger rivers such as the Tennessee and Cumberland, which in turn fed into the Ohio, which merged with the Mississippi River and flowed past the port of New Orleans.Two‐way river transportation came with the invention of the steamboat, or riverboat. Transportation on trans‐Appalachian rivers met with great enthusiasm. Steamboats quickly succeeded rafts, flatboats, and keelboats as the main vehicle for river travel. The canal craze. After the War of 1812, DeWitt Clinton of New York boldly suggested that a canal be constructed from Lake Erie to Albany (363 miles) using the Mohawk River and then the Hudson River to connect with New York City. Railroads. Railroad construction began in the United States in 1825; by 1860, more than thirty thousand miles of track had been laid. Roads. Although road building was the earliest sign of the impending transportation revolution, it was not an important factor in economic development prior to the Civil War. The Lancaster Turnpike (1794), which started in Philadelphia
The adams administration
It was a mixed administration. Adams was a Federalist. Jefferson, the vice-president, was a Democratic-Republican. Federalists were increasingly divided between CONSERVATIVES such as Hamilton and MODERATES such as Adams who still saw himself as above party politics. Hamilton opposed Adams as the Federalist candidate. This helped create the circumstances whereby Jefferson slipped past the Federalist candidate, THOMAS PINCKNEY, to become vice president Although Hamilton resigned from the cabinet in 1795, he remained influential and his advice was sought and followed by many Federalists — even some who remained in Adams' cabinet.
The missouri compromise
an act of Congress (1820) by which Missouri was admitted as a slave state, Maine as a free state, and slavery was prohibited in the Louisiana Purchase north of latitude 36°30′N, except for Missouri.
the spread of democracy
Just as the market revolution held our the promise, if nor the reality, of economic opportunity for all who worked the political tranformation of the 1830's held out the promise of political opportunity for hundred of thousands of new voters. During andre jackson's presidency the second american party system took shape not until 1836however would the parties have sidtinct names and consistent programs transcending the particular personalities running for office over those years, more men could and did vote responding to new defined his party and his vitory over incumbent president john q a.
antonio lopez de santa anna
Mexican general who tried to crush the Texas revolt and who lost battles to Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor in the Mexican War (1795-1876)
Booms and busts
On e aspect of the economy that the lawyer-politicians could not ignore was that the threat of financial collapse. the boom years from 1815 to 1818resulted in the first sharp economic down-turn a "panic"
Grimké sisters
Sarah Moore Grimké (1792-1873) and Angelina Emily Grimké (1805-1879), known as the Grimké sisters, were 19th-century Southern American writers, orators, educators, and Quakers who were the first American women advocates of abolition and women's rights.
Popular politics and partisan identity
The election of 1828 was the first presidential conetst in which the popular vote determined the outcome. The 1828 election inaugurated new campaign styles. state-level candidates routinely gave speeches at rallies, picnics, and banquets. adams and jackson still declined such appearances as udignified but henry clay of kentucky campaigning for adams earned the nickname the "barbeque orater"
the age of jackson or the era of reform
The Progressive Era was a period of widespread social activism and political reform across the United States, from the 1890s to 1920s. The main objective of the Progressive movement was eliminating corruption in government. The movement primarily targeted political machines and their bosses.
The election of 1856
The United States election was an unusually heated election campaign that led to the election of James Buchanan, the ambassador to the United Kingdom. The election revealed that the repubican had become the Democrats' main challenger, and slavery in the territories, not nativism, was the election's principal issue. When the Know-nothings insisted on a platform that endored the Kansas-Nebraska Act, most of the Northerners walked out, and the party came apart.
Railroads
The early railroads in Virginia were privately owned, but often received partial state-funding through investments by the Virginia Board of Public Works, which was always keen to help with internal improvements in the state's transportation infrastructure. The Louisa Railroad Company (renamed Virginia Central in 1850) was chartered by the Commonwealth in 1836 and had reached a western point around Mechum's River by 1852.[1] This railroad, which was planned to link the Piedmont region of Virginia with the Shenandoah Valley and points west, had found a planned crossing at Swift Run Gap to be financially unfeasible.
idustrial revolution
The industrial revolution was a period of major industrialization that took place during the late 1700s and early 1800s. The Industrial Revolution, beginning in Great Britain, quickly spread throughout the world. This time period saw the mechanization of agriculture and textile manufacturing and a revolution in power (i.e., steam ships and railroads) and had a massive effect on social, cultural and economic conditions.
republican simplicity becomes complex
The jeffersonian republicans at first tried to undo much of what the federalists had created in the 1790s but their promise of a simpler government gave way to the complexities of domestic and foreign issues. the louisiana purchase promised land and opportunity to settlers but first requires intricate federal-level dealings with powerful western indians.
John C. Calhoun
The leading southern politician of the early nineteenth century; he served as vice president under both John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson and then was elected senator from South Carolina. Calhoun championed slavery and states' rights.
oregon and the overland trail
The route over which settlers traveled to Oregon in the 1840s and 1850s; trails branched off from it toward Utah and California. The Oregon Trail passed through what is now Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, Wyoming, and Idaho.
spoils system
The term was derived from the phrase "to the victor belong the spoils" by New York Senator William L. Marcy, referring to the victory of the Jackson Democrats in the election of 1828, with the term spoils meaning goods or benefits taken from the loser in a competition, election or military victory.
the mormon exodus
The well organized wagon train migration began in earnest in April 1847, and the period (including the flight from Missouri in 1838 to Nauvoo) known as the Mormon Exodus is, by convention among social scientists, traditionally assumed to have ended with the completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad in 1869. Not everyone could afford to transport a family by railroad, and the transcontinental railroad network only serviced limited main routes, so Wagon train migrations to the far west continued sporadically until the 20th century,
The westward movement
To Jefferson, this was the key to the nation's health: He believed that a republic depended on an independent, virtuous citizenry for its survival, and that independence and virtue went hand in hand with land ownership, especially the ownership of small farms.
Factories, workingwomen, and wage labor
Transportation advances promoted the expansion of manufacturing after 1815. the two leading industries, textiles and shoes, altered methods of production and labor relations. textile production was greatly spurred byt the developement of water-driven machinery built near fast-coursing rivers. The earliest factory was built by english immigrant samuel slater in pawtucket, rhode island in the 1790s. it had mechanical spinning machine that produced thread and yarn. american factories targeted young women as employees. ther were cheap to hire because of their limited employment options. mill girls would "retire" to marriage, replaced by fresh recruits earning beginners' wages. A typical worked earned 2 to 3 for a seventy-hour week, more than a seamstress or domestic servant could earn but less than a young man's wages.
The New Parties: Know-Nothings and Republicans
U.S. political party that flourished in the 1850s. The party was an outgrowth of the strong anti-immigrant and especially anti-Roman Catholic sentiment that started to manifest itself during the 1840s
Samuel F. B. Morse
United States portrait painter who patented the telegraph and developed the Morse code (1791-1872) Synonyms: Morse, Samuel Finley Breese Morse, Samuel Morse Example of: artificer, discoverer, inventor. someone who is the first to think of or make something. painter. an artist who paints.
Van buren's One term predidency
Unlike the seven men who preceded him in the White House, Martin Van Buren (1782-1862) was the first president to be born a citizen of the United States and not a British subject. He rose quickly in New York politics, winning a U.S. Senate seat in 1821 and presiding over a sophisticated state political organization. Van Buren helped form the new Democratic Party from a coalition of Jeffersonian Republicans who backed the military hero and president Andrew Jackson. A favorite of Jackson's, Van Buren won the White House himself in 1836 but was plagued by a financial panic that gripped the nation the following year. After losing his bid for reelection in 1840, Van Buren ran again unsuccessfully in 1844 (when he lost the Democratic nomination to the pro-southern candidate James K. Polk) and 1848 (as a member of the antislavery Free Soil Party).
mechanical reapers
When the crops are ripe — in Old English, "ready for reaping, fit for eating" — a reaper, either human or mechanical, can harvest them. Reap means "to cut grain with a hook or sickle."
indian policy and the trail of tears
White Americans, particularly those who lived on the western frontier, often feared and resented the Native Americans they encountered: To them, American Indians seemed to be an unfamiliar, alien people who occupied land that white settlers wanted (and believed they deserved).But their land, located in parts of Georgia, Alabama, North Carolina, Florida and Tennessee, was valuable, and it grew to be more coveted as white settlers flooded the region.State governments joined in this effort to drive Native Americans out of the South. Andrew Jackson had long been an advocate of what he called "Indian removal." As an Army general, he had spent years leading brutal campaigns against the Creeks in Georgia and Alabama and the Seminoles in Florida-campaigns that resulted in the transfer of hundreds of thousands of acres of land from Indian nations to white farmers. As president, he continued this crusade.The law required the government to negotiate removal treaties fairly, voluntarily and peacefully: It did not permit the president or anyone else to coerce Native nations into giving up their land. The Indian-removal process continued. In 1836, the federal government drove the Creeks from their land for the last time: 3,500 of the 15,000 Creeks who set out for Oklahoma did not survive the trip.
Doughfaces
a Northern congressman not opposed to slavery in the South before or during the American Civil War; also : a Northerner sympathetic to the South during the same period.
the erie canal
a canal in New York between Albany and Buffalo, connecting the Hudson River with Lake Erie: completed in 1825. Compare New York State Barge Canal
Specie payment
a note could alwats be trade in at a bank for its hard-money equivalent in gold or silver, a transaction known as .....
universal education
access to education is the ability of all people to have equal opportunity in education, regardless of their social class, gender, ethnicity background or physical and mental disabilities.
transcentalism
an idealistic philosophical and social movement that developed in New England around 1836 in reaction to rationalism. Influenced by romanticism, Platonism, and Kantian philosophy, it taught that divinity pervades all nature and humanity, and its members held progressive views on feminism and communal living. Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau were central figures. a system developed by Immanuel Kant, based on the idea that, in order to understand the nature of reality, one must first examine and analyze the reasoning process that governs the nature of experience.
Agriculture policy
describes a set of laws relating to domestic agriculture and imports of foreign agricultural products. Governments usually implement agricultural policies with the goal of achieving a specific outcome in the domestic agricultural product markets. Outcomes can involve, for example, a guaranteed supply level, price stability, product quality, product selection, land use or employment.
Immigrants
from England, France, Ireland, and Germany. Many of these immigrants were culturally similar to each other, literate, and had some wealth. Most were Protestant, believed in democracy, and resembled each other physically. Due to the similarities among these groups, old immigrants were able to adapt to America more easily. A sharp increase in migration from northwestern Europe occurred in the 1840s and 1850s. In the 1840s, a disease destroyed a majority of the potato crop in Ireland. The Irish relied on the potato as a staple food, and the destruction of this crop resulted in a widespread famine across the nation. The Irish Potato Famine led to the mass exodus of Irish citizens to America. Most of these immigrants settled along the East Coast since they were too poor to buy land or travel elsewhere. They initially encountered discrimination, but eventually they were able to overcome prejudice by working their way into politics and assimilating into local communities. In Germany, a failed revolution in 1848 and economic hardship caused more than a million Germans to migrate to America in the following decade. Many Germans had enough money to travel to the Midwest and purchase farmland, settling in places like Cincinnati, St. Louis, and Milwaukee.
fourierst phalanxes
he social system proposed by François Marie Charles Fourier, under which society was to be organized into phalanxes or associations, each large enough for all industrial and social requirements. Origin of Fourierism Expand. French. 1835-1845. 1835-45
Lowell mills
in 1821 a group of boston entrepreneurs founded the worn of Lowell on the merrimack river, centralizing all aspects of cloth production. by 1836 the eight mills in Lowell employed more than five thousand young women, who lived in carefully managed company-owned boarding houses. Coorporation rules at the Lowell mills required church attendance and prohibited drinking and unsupervised courtship; dorms were locked at 10 p.m. refers to the many mills that operated in the city of Lowell, Massachusetts during the 19th and early 20th centuries.
Jackson defines the democratic party
in his two terms as presiden he worked to implement his version of politics of opportunity for all white men to open land for white settlement he favored the relocation of all easter indian tribes. he dramatically confronted JOhn C calhoun and south carolina when the state tried to nullify the tarigg of 1828. disapproving of all government-granted privilege, jackson challenged what he called the "monster" bank of the united states. and took it down to defear. in all this, he greatly enhanced the power of presidency.
manufacturing
make (something) on a large scale using machinery. English, Dutch, and Swedish settlers introduced sheep raising into the Atlantic colonies early in the seventeenth century, and the practice became a familiar part of their economy, particularly in the North. Household manufacture of wool was widespread; cards, spinning wheels, and looms were standard equipment in many homes. Sheep were unimproved, the wool coarse, and the homespun rude but serviceable. Fulling mills, auxiliaries of the home industry, appeared early. Itinerant weavers were numerous, and weaving shops existed in most towns, although colonials who could afford them still imported woolen goods from England. English policy discouraged the growth of large-scale wool manufacture in the colonies. The American Revolution spurred efforts to expand both wool growing and manufacture.
henry clay
of kentucky campaigning for adams earned the nickname the "barbeque orater" A Whig political leader of the early nineteenth century known for his efforts to keep the United States one nation despite sharp controversy among Americans over slavery. Clay represented Kentucky, first in the House of Representatives and then in the Senate.
Free labor
of the nineteenth century was grounded in the beliefs that Northern free labor was superior to Southern slave labor. The key factor that made this system unique was "the opportunity it offers wage earners to rise to property-owning independence."
guadalupe hidalgo
officially entitled the Treaty of Peace, Friendship, Limits and Settlement between the United States of America and the Mexican Republic, is the peace treaty signed on February 2, 1848, in the Villa de Guadalupe Hidalgo
Gadsen Purchase
or Treaty, was an agreement between the United States and Mexico, finalized in 1854, in which the United States agreed to pay Mexico $10 million for a 29,670 square mile portion of Mexico that later became part of Arizona and New Mexico.
from property to democracy
presidential elections occurred in the electoral college, at a remove from ordinary voters. the excitement generated by state elections, however, created an insistent pressure for greater democratization of presidential elections.
the bank war
refers to the political struggle that developed over the issue of rechartering the Second Bank of the United States (BUS) during the Andrew Jackson administration (1829-1837).
manifest destiny
the 19th-century doctrine or belief that the expansion of the US throughout the American continents was both justified and inevitable.
Jessie Frémont
the daughter of Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri, knew the political map, as well as her husband knew the western trails. was an American writer and political activist. Frémont's initial notability came from her family.
The election of 1828 and the character issue
the first national election in which scandal and character questions reigned supreme. they became central issues because voters used them to comprehend the kind of public official each man would make. john QA. was vilified by his oponents as tan elitist a bookish academic and even monarchist critics pointed to his white house billiard table academic and even a monarchist . The election of 1828 was a rematch between the incumbent president, John Quincy Adams, and the runner-up in the 1824 election, Andrew Jackson. The election of 1828 was important as a turning point in American politics, with some historians and political scientists arguing that it introduced the prototype for modern American politics and the two-party system that we know today. The election is also notable for the personal attacks that occurred between the opposing candidates who had a long and controversial political history together, dating back to the hotly contested election of 1824. Jackson won an overwhelming victory over Adams, capturing 56 percent of the popular vote and 68 percent of the electoral vote and bringing the Democratic Party into power.
The second great awakening
was a Protestant religious revival movement during the early 19th century in the United States. The movement began around 1790, gained momentum by 1800 and, after 1820, membership rose rapidly among Baptist and Methodist congregations whose preachers led the movement.
Martin Van-Buren
was a U.S. Senator and governor of New York, and one of the founders of the Democratic Party. Under Andrew Jackson, Van Buren served as Secretary of State, Minister to England and Vice President. Shortly after Van Buren took office a financial panic in 1837 forced several bank closures.
winfield scott
was a United States Army general, and unsuccessful presidential candidate of the Whig Party in 1852.
The campaign for Moral reform
was a campaign in the 1830s and '40s to abolish licentiousness, prostitution, and the sexual double standard, and to promote sexual abstinence among the young as they entered the marriage market. Like abolitionism and the temperance movement in these years, moral reform attracted the support of thousands of men and women from New England to the Old Northwest. What distinguished moral reform from other movements was not only its focus on sexuality, but the extent to which women ran the movement. Female numerical predominance was nothing new in churches, revivals, and benevolent associations during the antebellum period, but moral reform was the first reform movement to become almost exclusively the cause of women.
california gold rush
was a period in American history which began on January 24, 1848, when gold was found by James W. Marshall at Sutter's Mill in Coloma, California.
Tariff of Abominations
was a protective tariff passed by the Congress of the United States on May 19, 1828, designed to protect industry in the northern United States.
oneida community
was a religious commune founded by John Humphrey Noyes in 1848 in Oneida, New York.
nullification crisis
was a sectional crisis in 1832-33, during the presidency of Andrew Jackson, which involved a confrontation between South Carolina and the federal government.
Charles grandison finney
was an American Congregationalist/Presbyterian minister and leader in the Second Great Awakening in the United States. He has been called The Father of Modern Revivalism.
stephen F austin
was an American empresario born in Virginia and raised in southeastern Missouri. the first to offer land at only ten cents an acre. thousands of americans poured across the border most were southerners who brought cotton and slaves with them.
bringham young
was an American leader in the Latter Day Saint movement and a settler of the Western United States. He was the second President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1847 until his death in 1877.
Joseph smith Jr
was an American religious leader and founder of Mormonism and the Latter Day Saint movement. When he was twenty-four, Smith published the Book of Mormon; by the time of his death fourteen years later, he had attracted tens of thousands of followers and founded a religious culture that continues to the present.
Andre Jackson
was an American statesman who served as the seventh President of the United States from 1829 to 1837. He was born near the end of the colonial era, somewhere near the then-unmarked border between North and South Carolina. He became a lawyer. He was also elected to Congressional office, first to the U.S. House of Representatives and twice to the U.S. Senate. had far less national polictical experience than the other, but he enjoyed great celebrity form his military career.
Indian Removal act of 1830
was passed by Congress on May 28, 1830, during the presidency of Andrew Jackson. The law authorized the president to negotiate with southern Indian tribes for their removal to federal territory west of the Mississippi River in exchange for their ancestral homelands.
The kansas-nebraska act
was passed by the U.S. Congress on May 30, 1854. It allowed people in the territories of Kansas and Nebraska to decide for themselves whether or not to allow slavery within their borders. The Act served to repeal the Missouri Compromise of 1820 which prohibited slavery north of latitude 36°30´
seneca falls declaration of sentiments
was presented to the first women's rights convention held in Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848. Modeled on the Declaration of Independence, it articulated the rights of women, listed types of discrimination women faced in the mid-1800s, and offered solutions.
john quincy adams
was represented the urban northeast. he was an American statesman who served as the sixth President of the United States from 1825 to 1829. He also served as a diplomat, a Senator and member of the House of Representatives. He was a member of the Federalist, Democratic-Republican, National Republican, and later Anti-Masonic and Whig parties.
Elections and Panics
was the 11th quadrennial presidential election, held from Friday, October 31, to Tuesday, December 2, 1828. It featured a re-match between incumbent President John Quincy Adams, and Andrew Jackson, the winner of the electoral college in the election of 1824. was a financial crisis in the United States that touched off a major recession that lasted until the mid-1840s. Profits, prices, and wages went down while unemployment went up. Pessimism abounded during the time.
zachary taylor
was the 12th President of the United States, serving from March 1849 until his death in July 1850. Before his presidency, Taylor was a career officer in the United States Army, rising to the rank of major general.
James monroe
was the fifth president of the United States and a distinguished diplomat. His administration was marked by several foreign-policy accomplishments, including the Monroe Doctrine, and a period of domestic tranquility that has been called the Era of Good Feelings.
panic of 1819
was the first major peacetime financial crisis in the United States followed by a general collapse of the American economy persisting through 1821.
The Tariff of Abominations an Nullification
was the name given to the Tariff of 1828 by outraged southerners who felt the tax on imports was excessive and unfairly targeted their region of the country.which became law in the spring of 1828, set very high duties on goods imported into the United States, and it did create major economic problems for the South. Adding insult to injury, the law had been devised to protect manufacturers in the Northeast.
John tyler
was the tenth President of the United States (1841-45). He was elected vice president on the 1840 Whig ticket with William Henry Harrison, and became president after Harrison's death in April 1841.
The election of 1824
was the tenth quadrennial presidential election, held from Tuesday, October 26, to Thursday, December 2, 1824. John Quincy Adams was elected President on February 9, 1825. The election was decided by the House of Representatives under the provisions of the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution after no candidate secured a majority of the electoral vote. It was the first presidential election in which the candidate who received the most electoral votes (Andrew Jackson) did not become President,
The Market revolution
which occurred in the United States, in the 19th century, is a historical model which argues that there was a drastic change of the economy, which disoriented and deordinated all aspects of the market economy in line with both nations and the world.
