The Art of Public Speaking Lucas - ORG215

Causes of poor listening

-not concentrating -listening too hard - over concentrating - jumping to conclusions - second guessing the speaker - focusing on the delivery or the visual appearance

How to become a better listener

-take listening seriously -be an active listener -resist distractions -don't be diverted by physical appearance - suspend judgement - be open to all points of view - develop note taking skills - focus your listening

How can you get the attention and interest of the audience?

1) Relate the topic to the audience 2) State the importance of your topic 3) Startle the audience 4) Question the audience 5) Begin with a quotation 6) Tell a story 7) Arouse the curiosity of the audience

What are 4 useful methods to reinforce the central idea?

1) Summarize your speech 2) End with a quotation 3) Make a dramatic statement 4) Refer to the introduction

What is the Main purpose of a Conclusion?

1) To let the audience know you are ending the speech 2) To reinforce the audience's understanding of, or commitment to, the central idea

Methods of delivery

1) reading from a manuscript 2) reciting from memory 3) Speaking impromptu 4) Speaking extemporaneously

What are the steps involved in Monroe's motivated sequence?

1. Attention 2.Need 3. Satisfaction 4. Visualization 5. Action

What three examples used for support?

1. Brief examples 2. Extended Examples 3. Hypothetical examples

What kind of visual aids might you use in a speech?

1. Objects and Models 2. Photographs and Drawings 3. Graphs 4. Charts 5. Video 6. You the Speaker 7. Powerpoint

What are 5 tips for using examples in your speeches?

1. Use examples to clarify your ideas 2. Use examples to reinforce your ideas 3. Use examples to personalize your ideas 4. Make your examples vivid and richly textured 5. Practice delivery to enhance your extended examples

Thesaurus

A book of synonyms

Extemporaneous speech

A carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes.

Font

A complete set of type of the same design.

Crescendo ending

A conclusion in which the speech build to a zenith of power and intensity.

Dissolve ending

A conclusion that generates emotional appeal by fading step by step to a dramatic final statement.

Monotone

A constant pitch or tone of voice.

Academic Database

A database that catalogues articles from scholarly journals.

Hasty generalization

A fallacy in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence.

False cause

A fallacy in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second.

Ad hominem

A fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute.

Either-or

A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist.

Red herring

A fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion.

Bandwagon

A fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable.

Appeal to novelty

A fallacy which assumes that something new is automatically better than something old.

Appeal to tradition

A fallacy which assumes that something old is automatically better than something new.

Slippery Slope

A fallacy which assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented.

Pie Graph

A graph that highlights segments of a circle to show simple distribution patterns.

Line Graph

A graph that uses one or more lines to show changes in statistics over time or space.

Bar Graph

A graph that uses vertical or horizontal bars to show comparisons among two or more items.

Preliminary Bibliography

A list compiled early in the research process of works that look as if they might contain helpful information about a speech topic.

Catalogue

A listing of all the books, periodicals, and other resources owned by a library.

Comparative advantages order

A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which each main point explains why a speaker's solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed solutions.

Problem-solution order

A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem.

Problem-cause-solution order

A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies a problem, the second main point analyzes the cause of the problem, and the third presents a solution to the problem.

Monroe's motivated sequence

A method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action. The five steps of the motivated sequence are attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action.

Problem-solution order

A method of speech organization in which the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem.

Topical order

A method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics.

Spatial order

A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern.

Chronological order

A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern.

Causal order

A method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship.

Pause

A momentary break in the vocal delivery of speech.

Call Number

A number used in libraries to classify books and periodicals and to indicate where they can be found on the shelves.

Vocalized pause

A pause that occurs when a speaker fills the silence between words with vocalizations such as "uh," "er," and "um."

Speech to gain passive agreement

A persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy.

Speech to gain immediate action

A persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy.

Question of fact

A question about the truth or falsity of an assertion. -Informative in non-partisan -persuasively is partisan -advocate for facts -organize topically -persuade audience to accept certain view of facts

Question of value

A question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action. -organized topically

Question of policy

A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken.

Rhetorical question

A question that the audience answers mentally rather than out loud.

Newspaper and Periodical Database

A research aid that catalogues articles from a large number of magazines, journals, and newspapers

Virtual Library

A search engine that combines internet technology with traditional library methods of cataloguing and assessing data.

Brief Example

A specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point.

Example

A specific case used to illustrate or represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences, or the like.

Impromptu speech

A speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation.

Manuscript speech

A speech that is written out word for word and read to the audience.

Internal summary

A statement in the body of the speech jag summarizes the speaker's preceding point or points.

Internal preview

A statement in the body of the speech then let's the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next.

Preview statement

A statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body.

Extended Example

A story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point.

Abstract

A summary of a magazine or journal article, written by someone other than the original author.

Creating common ground

A technique in which a speaker connects himself or herself with the values, attitudes, or experiences of the audience.

Cliché

A trite or overused expression

Dialect

A variety of a language distinguished by variations of accent, grammar, or vocabulary.

Signpost

A very brief statement that includes where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on the key ideas.

Chart

A visual aid that summarizes a large block of information, usually in list form.

Graph

A visual aid used to show statistical trends and patterns.

Connective

A word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationship between them.

Transition

A word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving to another.

Reference Work

A work that synthesizes a large amount of related information for easy access by researchers.

Appropriate to the occasion

Adjust language to the occasion Language that is appropriate to the occasion may not be appropriate for others

Invalid analogy

An analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike.

Fallacy

An error in reasoning.

Hypothetical Examples

An example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation.

Simile

An explicit comparison, introduced with the word "like" or "as," between things that are essentially different yet have something in common

Metaphor

An implicit comparison, not introduced with the word "like" or "as," between two things that are essentially different yet have something in common

Research Interview

An interview conducted to gather information for a speech.

Sponsoring Organization

An organization that, in the absence of a clearly identified author, is responsible for the content of a document on the internet.

What are the Three criteria for evaluating the reliability of Internet documents?

Authorship, Sponsorship, Recency

Appropriate to the audience

Avoid language that would offend your routine No off color humor or profanity Elevate and Polished language when addressing an audience Be cautious when in doubt

What types of reference works does your textbook mention?

Encyclopedias, Yearbooks, Quotation books, Biographical aids.

What are the Three basic kinds of supporting materials?

Examples, Statistics, Testimony

Appropriateness to the Speaker

Language appropriate to the speaker Accomplished speakers have developed their speaking styles over trial and error Be language conscious

Appropriateness of the Topic

Language should be appropriate to the topic Give special language skills to evoke emotion, admiration, and appreciation

Inclusive language

Language that does not stereotype, demean, or patronize people on the basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or other factors

What are 5 resources for finding what you need in a library?

Librarians, The Catalogue, Reference Works, Newspapers and Periodical Databases, Academic Databases

Gestures

Motions of a speakers hands or arms during a speech.

Ethics and Persuasion

No matter what the speaking situation, you need to make sure your goals are ethically sound and that you use ethical methods to communicate your ideas.

Statistics

Numerical data

When a set of main points follows a consistent pattern of wording throughout, it can be described as __________.

Parallel

The speakers body

Personal appearance Movement Gestures Eye Contact

The Psychology of Persuasion

Persuasion is a psychological process. It occurs in a situation where two or more points of view exist. The different points of view may be completely opposed, or they may simply be different in degree.

How to answer audiences questions?

Preparing for the question and answer session Formulate answers to possible questions Practice the delivery of your answers Managing the question and answer session Approach the questions with positive attitude Listen Carefully Direct Answers to the Entire Audience Be Honest and straightforward Stay on Track

Conversational quality

Presenting the speech so it sounds spontaneous no matter how many times it has been rehearsed.

Strategic organization

Putting a speech together in a particular way to achieve a particular result with a particular audience.

Testimony

Quotations or paraphrases used to support a point.

Quoting out of context

Quoting a statement in such a way as to distort its meaning by removing the statement from the words and phrases surrounding it.

Analogical reasoning

Reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second.

Reasoning from principle

Reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion.

Reasoning from specific instances

Reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion.

Causal reasoning

Reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects.

Repetition

Reiteration of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences

Alliteration

Repetition of the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words

What are the Main components of a Speech conclusion?

Signal the end of the speech, Reinforce the Central idea, Summarize your speech, End with a Quotation, Make a dramatic statement.

Types of speeches on questions of policy

Speeches to gain passive agreement Speeches to gain immediate action

Evidence

Supporting materials used to prove or disprove something.

Peer Testimony

Testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic.

Expert Testimony

Testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields.

Direct Quotation

Testimony that is presented word for word.

Pronunciation

The accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language.

Credibility

The audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic.

Credibility

The audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic. The two major factors influencing a speaker's credibility are competence and character.

Goodwill

The audience's perception of whether the speaker has the best interests of the audience in mind.

Mean

The average value of a group of numbers

Terminal credibility

The credibility of a speaker at the end of the speech.

Initial credibility

The credibility of a speaker before she or he starts to speak.

Derived credibility

The credibility of a speaker produced by everything she or he says during the speech.

Need

The first basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: Is there a serious problem or need that requires a change from current policy?

Identify and explain the main components of a speech introduction.

The first objective is to get Attention and interest of your audience. The second objective is to reveal the topic of your speech. The third objective is to establish your credibility and goodwill. The fourth objective is to preview the body of speech.

Pitch

The highness or lowness of the speakers voice.

Antithesis

The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure

Denotative meaning

The literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase

Volume

The loudness or softness of the speakers voice.

Main points

The major points developed in the body of a speech. Most speeches contain from two to five main points.

supporting materials

The materials used to support a speaker's ideas. Three major kinds of supporting materials are examples, statistics, and testimony.

Connotative meaning

The meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase

Mental dialogue with the audience

The mental give-and take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech.

Median

The middle number in a group of numbers arranged from highest to lowest.

Logos

The name used by Aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker, two major elements of logos are evidence and reasoning.

Ethos

The name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility.

Pathos

The name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as emotional appeal.

Mode

The number that occurs most frequently in a group of numbers.

Burden of Proof

The obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary.

Rhythm

The pattern of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words

Articulation

The physical production of particular speech sounds.

Target audience

The portion of whole audience that the speaker most wants to Persuade.

Persuasion

The process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions.

Reasoning

The process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence.

Plan

The second basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: if there is a problem with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem?

Parallelism

The similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences

Rate

The speed at which a person speaks.

Kinesics

The study of body motions as a systematic mode of communication.

Practicality

The third basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: will the speaker's plan solve the problem? Well it create new and more serious problems?

Generic "he"

The use of "he" to refer to both women and men

Imagery

The use of vivid language to create mental images of objects, actions, or ideas

What does it mean to "Paraphrase"?

To restate or summarize a source's ideas in one's own words.

The speakers voice

Volume Pitch Rate Pauses Vocal variety Pronunciation Articulation Dialect

Persuasive speeches on questions of fact

What are questions of fact Analyzing questions of fact Nonpartisan- when the situation is informative Partisan- when the speaker acts as an advocate Organizing speeches on questions of fact

note taking skills

short sentences, keywords. an excellent way to improve concentration

What does the preview statement provide?

they usually come at the very end of the introduction, they provide a smooth lead-in to the body of the speech.

Why is it important to establish your credibility at the beginning of your speech?

to gain the full attention of the audience and so that your audience knows how and why you are qualified to speak on a topic.

What are visual aids used for, and how can they be used effectively?

Come across as better prepared, more credible, and more professional. They also heighten the audience interest, shift attention away from the speaker, and give the speaker greater confidence.

nonverbal communication

Communication based on a person's use of voice and body, rather than on the use of words.

What are the 3 strategies that speakers can use to enhance their credibility?

- Explain Your Competence - Establish Common Ground with Your Audience - Deliver Your Speeches Fluently, Expressively, and with Conviction.

Speakers can generate emotional appeals in 3 ways

- Using Emotional language - Developing Vivid examples - Speaking with Sincerity and Conviction

3 Basic Issues with Question of Policy

-Need -Plan -Practicality

Organization of Questions of Policy

-Problem-Solution order -Problem-Cause-Solution -Comparative advantages order -Monroe's motivated sequence

what are the 3 stages of a research interview

Before the interview, During the interview, After the interview

Inflections

Changes in the pitch or tone of the speakers voice.

Vocal variety

Changes in the speakers rate, pitch, and volume that give the voice variety and expressiveness.

What are five (5) strategic ways to organize your Main Points?

Chronological order, Spatial order, Casual order, Problem-Solution order, Topical order

Eye contact

Direct visual contact with the eyes of another person.

Clutter

Discourse that takes many more words than are necessary to express an idea

Abstract words

Words that refer to ideas or concepts

Concrete words

Words that refer to tangible objects

The Importance of Persuasion

You need the skills of speaking to inform plus new skills that take you from giving information to affecting listeners attitudes, beliefs and actions.

key-word outline

an outline the briefly notes a speakers main points and supporting evidence in rough form

brain time

difference between rate of talk and rate brain processes language

active listening

giving undivided attention to the speaker in a genuine effort to understand the speakers point of view

how to focus your listening

listen for: Main points, Evidence, Technique and Delivery Methods -helps you become a better speaker (used by journalists when interviewing)

appreciative listening

listening for pleasure or enjoyment (goes right to your heart)

critical listening

listening to evaluate the message for purpose of accepting or rejecting it (a sales pitch, political message, in an argument)

empathetic listening

listening to provide emotional support or connection, a sympathetic ear (about relationships)

comprehensive listening

listening to understand the message (used in the classroom, or everyday listening)

listening

making sense of what we hear, paying close attention to what we hear

hearing

vibration of sound waves on the eardrum