The Axial Skeleton

Zygomatic

(2). Facial bone that forms the prominence of the cheeks. Also form a part of the lateral wall and floor of earl have orbit. Articulate with the frontal, maxillary. Sphenoid and temporal bones.

Lacrimal

(2). Facial bone. The smallest bones of the facial division. Resemble the shape and size of a fingernail. Posterior and lateral to the nasal bones and form part of the medial wall of each orbit.

Palatine

(2). Facial bones. L shaped bones that form the posterior portion of the hard palate.

Nasal

2. Facial bone. Form the bridge of the nose. Rectangular. PFMA

Maxillae

2. Facial bone. Form upper jaw. Articulate with every face bone except the lower jaw. Form part of the floors of the orbits, lateral walls and floor of the nasal cavity, and most of the hard palate

Cranial division

A group of 8 flat bones that form a protective box around the brain. Help form cranial vault.

Malleus

Auditory ossicle. Attaches to the eardrum and is commonly called the hammer

Incus

Auditory ossicle. Middle bone that is commonly called the anvil

Stapes

Auditory ossicle. Smallest bone and is commonly called the stirrup

Olfactory foramina

Ethmoid bone landmark. A series of small openings found within the cribriform plate that allows nerves from the olfactory epithelium to pass directly into the brain.

Crista galli

Ethmoid bone landmark. A small triangular projection found in the center of the ethmoid bone. Near the front of the cranial cavity. Point of attachment for the meninges

Perpendicular plate

Ethmoid bone landmark. A small vertical projection arising from the inferior surface of the ethmoid bone.

Ethmoidal cells

Ethmoid bone landmark. Air spaces found within the lateral masses of the ethmoid bone. Small sinuses.

Cribriform plate

Ethmoid bone landmark. Paired projections found lateral to the crista galli. Has a small opening called the olfactory foramina.

Superior nasal conchae

Ethmoid bone landmark. Two thin scroll-shaped projections found lateral to the perpendicular plate.

Middle nasal conchae

Ethmoid bone landmark. Two thin, scroll-shaped projections found lateral to the perpendicular plate. Inferior to the superior nasal conchae

Vomer

Facial bone. A triangular bone that forms a portion of the posterior floor of the nasal cavity. Articulates with the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone to form the inferior portion of the bony nasal septum.

Hyoid

Facial bone. Located superior to the larynx. U-shaped. Only bone that does not articulate to any other bone. Suspends from Styloid process. Supports tongue.

Inferior nasal conchae

Facial bone. Scroll shaped bones that form part of the inferior, lateral walls of the nasal cavity. Increase surface area and help filter air along with the superior and middle nasal conchae of the ethmoid bone.

Auditory ossicles

Facial bones. The six smallest bones in the human body. Located medial to the eardrum. Connected by synovial joints. Transfer sound waves from the eardrum to the inner ear.

Sutures

Fibrous joints found between the bones of the cranium

Temporal (2)

Form the inferior lateral walls and a portion of the floor of the cranium. Articulate with the mandible to form the temporomandibular joint

Parietal (2)

Form the lateral walls and the superior portion of the cranium

Sphenoid

Forms the anterior floor of the cranial cavity

Appendicular skeleton

Forms the arms legs and girdles. 126 bones

Occipital

Forms the posterior wall and the floor of the cranium. Spinal cord passes through here.

Frontal

Forms the superior orbits of the eyes and forms the forehead

Axial skeleton

Forms the vertical axis of the body. 80 bones

Frontal sinus

Frontal bone landmark. A hollow space found within the frontal bone. Superior and medial to the supraorbital margin.

Supraorbital foramen

Frontal bone landmark. A small opening found on the medial aspect of the supraorbital margin

Supraorbital margin

Frontal bone landmark. Thickened ridge of bone found superior to the orbit of the eye. PFMA

Lacrimal fossa

Lacrimal bone landmark. A small vertical groove formed with the maxilla that helps drain fluid away from the eye. Houses a lacrimal sac that gathers tears and passes them into the nasal cavity

Mandible

Largest bone of the facial division. Except for the ossicles, it is the only moveable skull bone

Condylar process

Mandibular landmark. A small rounded projection found on the superior portion of the ramus. Articulates with the mandibular fossa to creat the temporomandibular joint. (TMJ)

Coronoid process

Mandibular landmark. A small triangular projection found on the superior anterior portion of the ramus.

Angle

Mandibular landmark. The area where the ramus and the body of the mandible meet

Mandibular body

Mandibular landmark. The long horizontal portion of the mandible

Ramus

Mandibular landmark. The short vertical portion of the mandible

Mental foramen

Mandibular process. Small openings found in the anterior surface of the body of the mandible that allow blood vessels and nerves to enter the mandible

Alveoli

Mandibular process. Sockets for teeth.

Palatine process

Maxillary landmark. A lateral projection that forms one half of the anterior portion of the hard palate.

Maxillary sinus

Maxillary landmark. A series of small spaces within the maxillae.

Infraorbital foramen

Maxillary landmark. Small openings found inferior to the orbits of the eyes. Allows passage of blood vessels and nerves.

Foramen magnum

Occipital bone landmark. A large opening in the inferior surface of the occipital bone that allows the spinal cord to exit the cranial cavity.

External occipital protuberance

Occipital bone landmark. A prominent midline projection found on the superior surface. Where the bone turns to form the horizontal part.

Occipital condyles

Occipital bone landmark. Paired oval-shaped projections found lateral to the foramen magnum. Form articulation with atlas.

Inferior nuchal line

Occipital bone landmark. Two curved ridges that extend laterally from the external occipital protuberance, inferior to the superior nuchal line. PFMA.

Superior nuchal line

Occipital bone landmark. Two curved ridges that extend laterally from the external occipital protuberance. PFMA.

Temporal fossa

Parietal bone landmark. A large shallow depression that begins on the parietal bone and extends to the frontal bone. PFMA.

Sphenoidal sinus

Sphenoid bone landmark. A hollow space found within the sphenoid bone, inferior to the sella turcica

Optic foramen

Sphenoid bone landmark. A small opening through which the optic (II) nerve amd opthalamic artery pass.

Sella turcica

Sphenoid bone landmark. A small, saddle-like depression found between the greater and lesser wings that surrounds and protects the pituitary gland. Composed of three smaller bony structures

Greater wing

Sphenoid bone landmark. The larger, inferior projection of the sphenoid that forms a portion of the floor and the lateral walls of the cranium. Also forms the posterior wall of the orbits of the eye

Lesser wing

Sphenoid bone landmark. The smaller superior projection of the sphenoid bone located posterior to the frontal bone

Skull

Superior to the vertebral column. Composed of flat and irregular bone. Surrounds and protects brain. PFMA.

Squamous

Suture (2). Unites the parietal and temporal bones on the lateral sides of the skull.

Coronal

Suture. Unites the frontal bone and both parietal bones.

Sagittal

Suture. Unites the two parietal bones on the superior midline of the skull.

Lambdoid

Suture. Unites the two parietal bones to the occipital bone

Mastoid process

Temporal bone landmark. A large blunt projection found posterior to the external auditory meatus. Bump behind ear. PFMA.

Mandibular fossa

Temporal bone landmark. A shallow depression found inferior and slightly anterior to the external auditory meatus. Forms articulation with the mandible.

Zygomatic process

Temporal bone landmark. A thin flat projection found anterior to the external auditory meatus. PFMA.

Styloid process

Temporal bone landmark. A thin sharp projection found inferior and medial to the external auditory meatus. Covered with muscle. PFMA.

External auditory meatus

Temporal bone landmark. The external ear canal. Auditory nerve runs through here.

Tuberculum sellae

The anterior portion of the sella turcica. Closest to the lesser wing.

Dorsum sellae

The posterior portion of the sella turcica. Closer to the greater wing

Hypophyseal fossa

The seat of the saddle on the sella turcica. Pituitary gland sits here

Ethmoid

The small bone located anterior to the sphenoid bone in the middle of the frontal bone. Forms a small portion of the anterior floor the cranium. Also forms a small portion of the medial wall of the eye orbitals. Also forms the superior portion of the nasal septum.

Temporal process

Zygomatic bone landmark. A thin, flat projection arising from the lateral posterior surface of the zygomatic bone. Articulates with zygomatic process of the temporal bone.

Zygomatic arch

Zygomatic bone landmark. Created by the articulation of the temporal process of the zygomatic bone and the zygomatic process of the temporal bone.