The Bill of Rights

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civil case

A case involving a noncriminal matter such as a contract dispute

Sixth Amendment

A constitutional amendment designed to protect individuals accused of crimes. It includes the right to counsel, the right to confront witnesses, and the right to a speedy and public trial.

Fifth Amendment

A constitutional amendment designed to protect the rights of persons accused of crimes, including protection against double jeopardy, self-incrimination, and punishment without due process of law.

indictment

A formal charge by a grand jury

petition

A formal request.

grand jury

A jury of 12 to 23 persons who, in private, hear evidence presented by the government to determine whether persons shall be required to stand trial. If the jury believes there is sufficient evidence that a crime was committed, it issues an indictment.

bail

A sum of money used as a security deposit to ensure that an accused person returns for his or her trial

federalism

A system in which power is divided between the national and state governments

Tenth Amendment

Any powers not given to the federal government per the Constitution are reserved for the states. (Example: driving laws)

censorship

Control of what people read or write or see or hear; efforts to prohibit free expression of ideas.

Third Amendment

Government can not force people to quarter troops in their homes

free press

If a country has a free press, its newspapers, magazines and television and radio stations are able to express any opinions they want, even if these criticize the government and other organization

Eighth Amendment

No cruel and unusual punishment, No excessive bail shall be required, nor excessive fines imposed

reserved powers

Powers not specifically granted to the federal government or denied to the states belong to the states and the people

states rights

Refers to political powers reserved for the U.S. State governments rather than the federal government according to the Tenth Amendment.

rights of the accused

The protections that the Constitution guarantees to citizens who are accused of crimes. (amendments 4, 5, 6, 8)

self-incrimination

The situation occurring when an individual accused of a crime is compelled to be a witness against himself or herself in court. The Fifth Amendment forbids self-incrimination.

criminal case

a case in which a defendant is tried for committing a crime as defined by the law

equal protection under the law

a guarantee under the 14th Amendment that a state must treat a citizen or class of citizens the same as it treats other citizens or classes in like circumstances

impartial jury

a jury who will not be bias toward or against either party. The sixth (for criminal charges) and seventh amendments (for civil cases) guarantee this.

due process of law

a system of justice according to established rules and principles

trial by jury

a trial in which the issue is determined by a judge and a jury, usually with 12 members, whose job is to determine facts and make a judgment of guilty or not guilty; protected in the Sixth Amendment

unenumerated rights

according to the Ninth Amendment, any right that is not specifically addressed in the Constitution still may be protected (e.g., privacy)

First Amendment

an amendment to the U.S. Constitution prohibiting Congress from establishing a religion, and from interfering with freedom of religious exercise, press, speech, assembly, or petition

cruel and unusual punishment

includes torture or other forms of punishment too severe for the crime committed

Fourth Amendment

protects you from unreasonable search and seizure of your home and property

Seventh Amendment

right to a jury trial in a civil case, to settle lawsuits over money or property worth more than $20

Ninth Amendment

states that people's rights are not limited to just those listed in the Constitution (first 8 amendments).

pleading the fifth

the act of a person refusing to testify under oath in a court of law on the grounds that the answers could be used as evidence against him to convict him of a criminal offense

Bill of Rights

the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, establishing rights and protections for American citizens

right to bear arms

the idea in the Second Amendment that people have an individual right to own and carry weapons

search and seizure

the process by which police or other authorities who suspect that a crime has been committed do a search of a person's property and collect any relevant evidence to the crime; protection from illegal search and seizure is in the Fourth Amendment

double jeopardy

the prosecution of a defendant for a criminal offense for which he has already been tried

right to legal counsel

the right of a defendant to be assisted by an attorney, and if he cannot afford his own lawyer, the government must appoint one for him; established in the Sixth Amendment

eminent domain

the right of the government to take private property for public use; the Fifth Amendment requires that fair compensation be made when property is taken under eminent domain

Second Amendment

the right to bear arms

suffrage

the right to vote; protected in the 15th, 19th, 24th and 26th Amendments


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