The Chemical basis of life- Anatomy and Physiology

Dihydrogen dioxide (H20)

70% of body weight is water Polar- effective solevent

Nucleus

dense central core

Polar

example: water opposite partial charges at different ends of the molecule.

Carbohydrates

serve structural role as a components of such critically important molecules as RNA and DNA, which are involved in cell reproduction and protein synthesis.

Nucleic acids

Key info carrying molecules in cells (larges molecules in the body

Human genome

The DNA sequence of a human; in humans, genomes have differences in their sequences about one time in every one thousand bases. Locations where differences tend to occur are called single nucleotide polymorphisms or SNP's (pronounced snips)

trace elements

The remaining 15 remaining elements are present in amounts that are less than 0.1% of body weight and are called

transfer RNA (tRNA)

assists in the ,manufacture of proteins

Triglycerides or Fats

bodies most concentrated energy. glycerol and fatty acids are building blocks needed to synthesize or build a fat molecule. each glycerol unit is joined to three fatty acids.

Disaccharides

carbohydrates of two or more simple sugars that are bonded together through a synthesis reaction that involves the removal of water. (same as Polysaccharide)

Polysaccharides

carbohydrates of two or more simple sugars that are bonded together through a synthesis reaction that involves the removal of water.(same as Disaccharide) Consists of many monosaccharides chemically joined to form straight or branched chains.

mRNA

carries messages to the ribosomes

Human somatic (Body)

cells contain 46 chromosomes (23 pairs- one from each parent);

Covalent bonds

chemical bond formed by the sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between the outer energy levels of two atoms

Catabolism

chemical reaction that break down complex compounds into simpler ones and release energy Example: glycolysis (breaking down of glucose into ATP)

anabolism

chemical reactions that join simple molecules together to form more complex molecules Example: Amino acids building a protein chain

Inorganic compounds

chemicals that do not contain both carbon and hydrogen (water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, electrolytes)

ATP

common energy source used in many cellular processes Glucose, glycogen, and triglycerides are converted to ATP in the mitochondria of cells

Lipids

composed largely of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. many lipids also contain other elements such as nitrogen and phosphorous .

Carbohydrates

compound containing the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen with the carbon atoms linked to one another to form chains of varying lengths.

Organic Compound

compounds composed of molecules that contain carbon- carbon covalent bonds(C-C) or carbon-hydrogen (C-H) covalent bonds- or both kinds of bonds. More complex than inorganic molecules

gametes (Sex Cells)

contain 23 chromosomes

RNA

contains A , G, C and U; single stranded several forms of RNA: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and newly discovered and least understood regulatory RNA.

Hydrogen Bonds

exists between biologically important molecules. Weaker than ionic or covalent bonds because they require less energy to break. Does not form new molecules.

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

form structure of ribosomes

enzymes

functional proteins tat bring molecules together or split them apart in chemical reactions.

regulatory RNA

help regulate which proteins are produced

Steroids

important and a large group of compounds whose molecules have as their principal component the steroid nucleus. Steroid nucleus has four attached rings.

Carbohydrates

include the substances commonly called sugars and starches and represent the primary source of chemical energy needed by every body cell.

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

involved in cellular respiration; it is produced as a waste product during the breakdown of complex nutrients and helps maintain an appropriate acid base balance in the body.

Electrolytes (ACIDS, BASES, SALTS

ions with a positive (+) charge are cations ions with (-) charge are anions

adenine triphosphate (ATP)

is a nucleotide composed of an adenine base, a sugar, and three phosphate groups ("energy currency" of cells)

Amino acid

make up protein molecules that are bonded together to form chemical units called:

Prostaglandins

often called ''tissue hormones'' are lipids composed of 20-carbon unsaturated fatty acid that contains 5-carbon ring.

Exchange reactions

permits two different reactions to exchange components and as a result form a new product. AB+CD=AD+CB

Ions can be:

positive or negatively charged and that ions with opposite charges are attracted to each other.

Elements

pure; cannot be broken down or decomposed into two or more different substances

Synthesis reaction

reaction result in the formation of new bonds, and energy is required for the reaction to occur and the new product to form. example: A+B=AB

Chemical reactions

reactions involve interactions between atoms and molecules that in turn involve the formation or breaking of chemical bonds.

Decomposition

reactions occur when a complex nutrient is broken down in a cell to release energy for other cellular functions. AB=A+B

Oxygen (O2)

required to complete the decomposition (breakdown) reactions required for release of energy from nutrients burned by the cell.

Monosaccharides

simple sugars have short carbon chains. The most important simple sugar is glucose. It is a six carbon sugar with the formula C6H12O6

Isotopes

since they have a different number neutrons, they differ in atomic weight

Organic Molecules

some are small and have only one or two functional groups, the large macromolecules often have many functional groups attached to one another or to other chemical compounds.

ATP

stands for adenine triphosphate

Classification of Lipids include:

Triglycerides or Fats Phospholipids Steroids

Phospholipids

are fat compounds similar to triglyceride. it is modified, however in that one of the three fatty acids attached to glycerol in a triglyceride is replaced in a phospholipid by another by another type of chemical structure containing phosphorus and nitrogen.

Proteins

are macromolecules;are most abundant of the carbon- containing, or organic, compounds in the body , and as their name implies, their functions as of first- ranked importance

nucleotides

are made up of a phosphate group,a 5-carbon sugar carbon, and a nitrogen- containing base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil.

Covalent bonds

the major elements of the body (carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen) almost always share electrons to form:

pH

H+ concentration of a solution; scales ranges from 0 (extremely acidic) to 14 (extremely alkaline)

Chemical Reactions

Interactions between two or atoms occur largely as a result of activity between electrons in their outermost energy level . (most often involves unpaired electrons.

Two types of chemical bonds that unite atoms into molecules:

Ionic Bonds (electrovalent) and covalent bonds

Chemical bond formed by the transfer of electrons from one to another is called:

Ionic or electrovalent bonds

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Made up of sub-units (monomers) called nucleotides

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Made up of subunits (monomers) called nucleotides. Is a molecule that is called chromosome (A, G, T, C) (many nucleotides bonded together)

Latin name for elements

P-Phosphorus; Cu-Copper; N-Nitrogen

Chemical Bonds

Reactions that hold atoms together do so by the formation of

Electrolytes (ACIDS, BASES, SALTS

Substances that break up, or dissociate, in solution to form charged particles (ions)

Three basic chemical reactions

Synthesis reaction Decomposition Exchange reactions Decomposition and synthesis are opposite

elements in human body

26-elements listed as being present in the human body. 11 are called Major elements. Four of these major elements-carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen-make up 96% of the material in the human body. The remaining 15 remaining elements are present in amounts that are less than 0.1% of body weight and are called trace elements.

Salt

Any compound that results from the chemical interaction of an acid and a base; when water is removed, ions crystallized and form salt Example: Potassium, calcium, sodium are required for proper functioning of nerves and for contraction of muscles tissue

Electrolytes

Are substances that break up o dissociate, in solution to form charged particles or ions. Other inorganic compounds include acid, bases and salts. These substances belong to a large group of compounds called:

Four major groups of organic substances are the most important in the human body:

Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic acid

Double Covalent Bonds

Covalent bonds that bind atoms together by sharing two pairs of electrons are called:

Bases (alkaline)

Example: Bicarbonate plays a critical role in the elimination of wastes from the body

Carbohydrates divided into three types or classes, which are characterized by the length of their carbon chains. The three types are called:`

Monosaccharides (simple sugar) Disaccharides (double sugars) Polysaccharides (complex sugars)

Acid

a weak acid dissociates very little and therefore produces few H+ ions Example: Hydrochloric acid in the stomach to aid digestion

SNP's or (single nucleotide polymorphisms)

account for the genetic differences among individuals, including innate differences in athletic ability, disease susceptibility, and other inherited tendencies.

macromolecules

are composed of basic building blocks, such as glucose or amino acids that are joined into the chains varying length by covalent bonds.

Bases (alkaline)

alkaline compounds that shift the H+/OH balance in favor of OH- (This is accomplished by increasing the OH- or by decreasing the H+, bases are stronger if they readily dissociate into ions, they are weak if they don't readily dissociate

Dihydrogen dioxide (H20)

all living things require water to survive, each body cell is bathed in fluids, basic substances of cytoplasm is water.

Isotopes

an element that contains the same number of protons but different number of neutrons. have the same basic chemical properties as any other atom of the same element, and they also have atomic number

Acid

any substance that will release a hydrogen ion (H+) when in solution (a strong acid completely or almost completely dissociates to form H+ ions),

Compound

two or more elements are joined to form chemical combination. CAN be broken down or decomposed into elements that are contained within. Water is a compound H2O it can be broken down into atoms of hydrogen and atoms of oxygen in a 2:1 ratio.