The Enlightenment & the American Revolution (Unit 1) The French Revolution & Napoleon (Unit 2)

The Bill of Rights protects citizens against what?

A government with too much power.

Bastille

A grim medieval fortress used as a prison for political and other prisoners.

The United States has a which type of government?

Republic

Popular Political Mobilization

Revolutionary talks: more than 500 newspapers and oath of loyalty. Revolutionary symbols and leaders. Revolutionary clubs such as the Jacobins.

Natural Rights

Rights that belong to all humans from birth.

William of Orange

Ruler of Netherlands who was married to James II daughter.

Natural Law

Rules discoverable by reason.

Adam Smith

Scottish economist, "father of capitalism" and an advocate of Laissez Faire. Believed that government had a duty to protect society, to provide justice and public works. Wrote THE WEALTH OF NATIONS.

Magna Carta (15 articles)

Secures some freedoms such as rights of widows and wards. Limits the power of the monarch. Protects the right of individual. Forbids bribery and official misconduct.

Thomas Hobbes

Seventeenth- century English thinker, believed people were greedy, cruel, and selfish. Believed that a powerful government like an absolute monarchy was best for society. Author of the LEVIATHAN.

John Locke

Seventeenth- century English thinker, believed that from birth people had rights of life, liberty, and property. Mind is a Tabula Rasa- a blank tablet. Government has an obligation to protect the natural rights of the people it governs. Author of TWO TREATISES OF GOVERNMENT.

Estates

Social classes

Tennis Court Oath

"Never to separate and to meet wherever the circumstances might require until we have established a sound and just constitution."

How should we look at the French Revolution?

"Series of revolutions which became more radical as leadership cascaded down through French society."

George Washington

A Virginia planter and soldier. Was chosen to lead the American army. Nation's first president.

Totalitarian

A country with only one political party. People are forced to do what the government tells them and may also be prevented from leaving the country.

Jacques Necker

A financial expert hired by Louis XVI as an advisor. He urged the king to reduce extravagant court spending, reform government, and proposed to tax first and second estate.

Capitalism

A free-market country where people can own their business and property. People can also buy services for private use.

Autocracy

A government by a single person having unlimited power.

Oligarchy

A government in which a few people such as dominant clan have power.

Democracy

A government in which all people vote on all laws and rulers.

Republic

A government in which people vote for representatives who vote on laws and leaders for them.

Habeas Corpus

A law that guarantees everyone a trial after arrest; cannot be held in jail forever.

Invisible Hand

A natural phenomena that guides free markets capitalism through competition for scarce resources.

Benjamin Franklin

A philosopher, scientist, publisher, diplomat, and legislator. Sent by Congress to France in 1776 to seek financial and military support for the war.

Laissez Faire

A policy that allows business to operate with little or no government interference.

Popular Sovereignty

A principal which states that all government power comes from the people.

Anarchy

A situation where there is no government. Usually happens after civil war in a country.

Treaty of Paris

A treaty which ended the war by being signed by American, British, and French diplomats. In the treaty, Britain recognized the independence of United Staes of America.

Dictatorship

A type of government in which only one person holds power and uses force to maintain control.

Absolute Monarchy

A type of government in which the ruler uses divine right to justify is complete control over people and decisions.

Commonwealth

A type of government with no king and ruled by the Parliament.

Mary Wollstonecraft

A well- known British social critic. Argued that women were being excluded from the social contract itself. Felt that a woman's first duty was to be a good mother but a woman could decide on her own what was in her interest without depending on her husband. Published A VINDICATION OF THE RIGHTS OF WOMAN.

Declaration of Independence

All men are created equal. The only reason to have a government is to protect basic human rights. If the government does not meet the conditions, the people have the right to rebel against and overthrow the government.

War

American colonists had trouble fighting the British on their own. France enters the war to help the American colonists. Americans were victorious.

Social Contract

An agreement by which people gave up their freedom for an organized society.

Baron de Montesquieu

An early and influential thinker, studied the governments of Europe and was voice for democracy. Published PERSIAN LETTERS & THE SPIRIT OF LAWS.

What did the US Revolution produce?

An enduring constitution.

What helped spark the French Revolution?

Anger over a poor financial environment.

James Madison

Arrived at the Constitutional Convention with his thick notebooks on history and government. His notebooks remained unpublished for more than 50 years but now they are our main source of information about the birth of constitution.

Why were democratic revolutions were able to take place in Latin America against Spain?

Because of enlightenment.

Jean- Jacques Rousseau

Believed people were basically good but become corrupted by society. Hated political and economic oppression. His most famous work was THE SOCIAL CONTRACT.

What illustrates the idea of natural rights?

Believing "men are born free and equal".

Colonial Discontent

Britain needed more money for war debts, so it: Taxed Colonists and Restricted Settlements. Passed Sugar Act, Stamp Act, and Quartering Act.

How do tyrants come to power?

By convincing people that they will protect the population.

What was the problem between Charles II and the Parliament?

Charles II needed more money than the Parliament was willing to give, so he made a secret agreement with Louis XIV of France to convent to Catholicism in exchange for money.

Second Estate

Consisted of nobility and nobles held the top government jobs.

Constitutional Monarchy

Created by Parliament. Based on Magna Carta and Petition of Rights. Guaranteed rights of people and limited king.

Federal Republic

Created by the Constitution. Consisted of power being divided between the federal, or national, government and the states.

Mary

Daughter of James II.

In which countries, did the enlightenment thinkers lived?

England and France

Judeo-Christian Thinking

Every person should help those in need.

Simon Bolivar

Father of Latin America Independence.

The enlightenment thinkers proposed ideas to do what?

Freedom and good government.

United States Bill of Rights (10 amendments)

Freedom of religion and speech. Protected from quartering of troops. Right for the people to keep and bear weapons. Prohibits excessive bail and cruel punishments.

Who believed in individual choice?

Greeks Romans Christians

Life in the Commonwealth

Harsh; it was illegal to go to theaters and sporting events; "merrymaking" and "amusement" were illegal.

Limited Monarchy

Has a monarch who holds no real power, they can only advise. The power is in the hands of people. A system that is seen in UK.

Federalism

Idea of power being shared between national and regional governments.

George lll

In 1760, began a 60- year reign. Was born in England, spoke English and loved Britain. He was eager to recover the powers the crown had lost. Wanted to end Whig domination.

The Great Fear

Independent revolutionary agitation in the countryside. Rumors of Royalist troops became wandering vandals. Fear breeds fear and the peasants start marching. Abolition of the Nobility.

What does democracy allow when it is established?

It allows for governing by councils, rather than by just one/absolute ruler.

Reasons for the English Civil War

James I did not recognize the importance of working with the parliament. Believed he should be absolute monarch because of divine right. He did not listen to the Parliament.

French Declaration of the Rights of Man

Judicial procedures were insisted upon to prevent abuses by the king or by his administration. Equality before the law was to replace the system of privileges that

French Declaration of the Rights of Man (17 articles)

Judicial procedures were insisted upon to prevent abuses by the king or by his administration. Equality before the law was to replace the system of privileges that characterized the old regime.

Petition of Rights

King could not jail people without a good reason. King could not make taxes without Parliament's approval. King could not keep his soldiers in people's homes and could not use his army to maintain order.

Louis XIV

Left France deeply in debt: 7 years war and the American Revolution strained the treasury. Rising of costs during the 1700s. Lavish court spendings.

First Estate

Made up of clergy, enjoyed enormous wealth and privilege, on send about 10% percent of the land, collected tithes, and paid no direct taxes to the state.

Bourgeoisie

Middle class

Major Problems between the King and Parliament

Money Authority Religion

Checks & Balances

Montesquieu also felt that each branch of government should check/ limit the power of the other two branches.

Separation of Powers

Montesquieu felt that the best way to protect liberty was to divide the various functions and powers of government among 3 branches: legislative, executive, and judicial.

The French Revolution

More fundamental and profound consequences that the American Revolution. Massive social revolution. Worldwide impact. Becomes model for future revolutions.

Third Estate

Most diverse social class, was dominated by the middle class but the bulk consisted of rural peasants. Resented the privileges enjoyed by their 'social betters' and were burdened with taxes.

Voltaire

Most famous of the philosophers and advocated freedom of thought, speech, politics and religion. Fought against injustice and inequality and attacked idle aristocrats, corrupt government officials, and the slave trade. Often used razor sharp humor and cutting sarcasm in his writings.

Cahiers

Notebooks

Deficit Spending

Occurs when a government spends more money than it takes.

Ancien Régime

Old order

English Bill of Rights (13 articles)

Parliament would be responsible for making laws. Parliament would meet regularly. The monarch had to follow laws.

Stamp Act

Passed in 1765, which imposed taxes on items such as newspapers and pamphlets. Issued to increase taxes paid by colonists.

Motivations of the Revilutionaaries

Poverty and hunger. Low wages and fear unemployment. Strong dislike for and distrust of the wealthy.

Thomas Jefferson

Principal author of the Declaration of Independence.

What is a primary example of limiting the power of monarch?

The English Magna Carta of 1215.

What called attention to the importance of natural rights and reasons?

The enlightenment.

What did Locke write?

The government and people should enter into a contract.

Socialism

The government own property such as business and farms.

Oliver Cromwell

The leader of Roundheads and led them to victory in the war. Beheaded the King.

Estates-General

The legislative body consisting of representatives of the three estates. Became the National Assembly with the power to Fran a constitution.

Glorious Revolution

The peaceful transfer of power from James II to William and Mary.

Yorktown, Virginia

The place where in 1781, the French fleet blockaded the Chesapeake Bay, which enabled Washington to force the surrender of a British army.

What should the government protect?

The rights of people.

What did the third estate want during the Tennis Court Oath?

To creat a new constitution.

Fascism

Totalitarian+Capitalism

Communism

Totalitarian+Socialism

The Constitution

Used ideas from Montesquieu and Locke to create a strong democratic and balanced government.

English Civil War

War between Cavaliers (Royalists) and Roundheads (supporters of Parliament).

Charles II

Was called the Merry Monarch because brought back theater, sporting events, dancing and he got along with Parliament.

Charles I

Was really mad at Parliament and refused to call another Parliament for 11 years until he needed money to end revolts in Ireland and Scotland.

Louis XVI

Well-meaning but weak and indecisive. In 1788, summoned the Estates-General.

The Restoration

When people grew tired of the severe and religious rule of Oliver Cromwell and the Puritans, they wanted a king again.