The Immune System

Compare and Contrast innate and acquired(adaptive) immunity in terms of specificity/timing of response.

"quick and dirty" vs "Slow and Directed/immunological memory"

What are the major functions of the immune system?

1) Protect against pathogens 2) Recognize and remove abnormal "self" cells 3) Remove dead or damaged cells

Type O blood has what type of antibodies? what antigens do they bind to?

Anti-A and Anti-B (universal Donor). Bind to A and B antigens

Type B blood has what type of antibodies? what antigens do they bind to?

Anti-A antibodies that bind to A antigens

Type A blood has what type of antibodies? what antigens do they bind to?

Anti-B antibodies that bind to B antigens

What is the function of a Cytotoxic T-Cell?

Attack and destroy virus infected cells

How do antibodies make pathogens more visible to the immune system?

B-cells produce antibodies that tag antigens for movement to a phagocyte

What are the cells of the innate immune system?

Basophils, Mast cells, Eosinophils, Neutrophils, Monocytes, Macrophages, Dendritic Cells

Which signaling molecule released by macrophages creates the inflammatory response?

Cytokines- cause the barrier of the capillary membrane to open up tight junctions

What is the function of an Eosinophil?

Destroy antibody-covered parasites (1-3% of WBC's). They are cytotoxic cells

What causes Heat during the inflammatory response?

Increased Blood Flow

What causes redness during the inflammatory response?

Increased Blood Flow

What causes Swelling during the inflammatory response?

Infiltration

What is the function of a Macrophage?

Ingest and Destroy invaders via phagocytosis. They are antigen presenting cells.

What is the function of a Neutrophil?

Ingest and Destroy invaders. (50-70% of WBC's in blood)

What is the function of a Dendritic cell?

Ingest and destroy invaders via phagocytosis. they are APC's

What are the cells of the acquired(adaptive) immune system?

Lymphocytes

What is the function of Basophils and Mast Cells?

Mediate inflammation and allergic responses. rare in blood

What causes Pain during the inflammatory response?

Nerve Pressure

Type AB blood has what type of antibodies? what antigens do they bind to?

No antibodies to A or B (Universal Recipient)

What are the different types of Lymphocytes?

Plasma cells, Cytotoxic T cells, Helper T cells, Natural Killer Cells

How do APC's activate T lymphocytes and the induction of the acquired immune response?

Post-phagocytosis, they present the antigen on external surface of MHC receptors. APC searches for corresponding T lymphocyte and activates the T-cell thus strengthening the response to the antigen. Initiates acquired immune response.

How do the primary and secondary immune responses differ?

Secondary is "bigger, faster and stronger" due to presence of memory B and T cells= increased antibody concentration

What is the function of Natural Killer Cells?

attack and destroy virus-infected cells and tumor cells. Structurally part of adaptive response, functionally innate response.

What is the process of Phagocytosis?

completed by macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells. Receptors on phagocytes detect antigens on surface of pathogen, and engulf and destroy the pathogen

What happens during an incorrect immune response?

immune cells recognizes and attacks healthy self cells (autoimmune disease). ex- Type I Diabetes, MS.

What happens during a Lack of Response?

immune system fails to respond properly (AIDS). HIV attacks immune cells lowering their count

What is the function of a Helper T-Cell?

regulate other immune cells

What is the function of Plasma cells?

secrete antibodies

What happens during an overactive immune response?

the immune system creates a response that is out of proportion to the threat (allergies). Immune system interprets non-pathogenic substances at pathogenic

How does the body differentiate between self and non-self?

when antibodies encounter pathogens carrying "non-self" (antigen) markers, they tag them for destruction.

What blood types can donate to other blood types

when correct blood types are mixed, the recipients antibodies cannot bind to the donors RBC's. When incorrect types are mixed, clotting occurs