The Integumentary System
What sweat gland begins at puberty?
Apocrine
What sweat gland is largely confined to armpits and anogenital areas?
Apocrine
What glands respond to rising androgen levels?
Apocrine and sebaceous glands
Located below the epidermis it contains all of the accessory organs of epidermal origin, such as, hair follicles and glands. It also has extensive networks of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels nerve endings and nerve fibers.
Dermal Layer
What region is vascular?
Dermal layer
What cell-to-cell structures hold the cells of the stratum spinosum tightly together?
Desmosomes
How do nutrients reach the cells of the epidermis?
Diffusion
What is the most numerous type of sweat gland?
Eccrine
Phagocytic cells that occupy the epidermis is called what?
Langerhan's cells
What is formed in bone marrow and migrants to the epidermis?
Langerhans cells
The outermost layer of the epidermis composed of flattened, dead, keratin-filled cells.
Stratum corneum
These dead cells are constantly being flaked off and replaced from below by cells dividing in the germinativum.
Stratum corneum
This dead layer provides protection from abrasion, strong chemicals, microbial invasion and dehydration.
Stratum corneum
What is the layer that is considered protective but non-living?
Stratum corneum
The layer just above the spinosum in which large amounts of keratohyalin is being synthesized.
Stratum granulosum
What layer does the cell begin to disintegrate?
Stratum granulosum
Which layer in the epidermis is "waterproof" and what makes it water proof?
Stratum granulosum and glycolipids
The keratinocytes in this layer are filled with keratohyalin and a fibrous protein, keratin.
Stratum lucidum
What layer is composed of clear, flat, and dead cells?
Stratum lucidum
Where are translucent cells in thick skin containing keratin fibers?
Stratum lucidum
The middle portion of the epidermis several cells thick.
Stratum spinosum
What gland is over the entire body besides nipples and parts of the genitalia?
Suderiferous (sweat) glands
The papillary and reticular layer
The 2 layers that the dermis is made up of
Contains loose (areolar) connective tissue with a rich supply of blood capillaries. It also contains the nerve endings for touch and pain.
The Papillary layer
Contains dense irregular bundles of collagen, elastic and reticular fibers. These fibrous bundles blend into the papillary layer above and into the underlying subcutaneous layer.
The Reticular layer
What basic tissue makes up the dermis?
Dense irregular connective tissue
Consists of a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
Epidermis
What are fibers in the epidermis produced by?
Fibroblasts
The protein that makes the dermis tough like leather.
Keratin
The tough water repellent protein found in the epidermal cells is called what?
Keratin
What is the most numerous of epidermal cells, and are responsible for creating a fibrous protein that strengthens the epidermis?
Keratinocyte
Most abundant cell type.
Keratinocytes
Most cells of the epidermis are what?
Keratinocytes
Produce keratin, a tough, fibrous protein, cells are held together by desmosomes, and organized into layers.
Keratinocytes
What makes keratin?
Keratinocytes
What cell is produced to help with a sun burn?
Melanin
What pigments contribute to skin color?
Melanin and carotene
The Specialized cells that produce the pigments that contribute to skin color.
Melanocytes
What synthesizes the pigment melanin and accumulate on sunny days to help form a shield against UV rays?
Melanocytes
What is a unique touch receptor from a stratum basale cell and a nerve fiber?
Merkel Cells
Cells are located among the cells of the germinativum. They are sensitive to touch.
Merkel cells
What is located at the epidermis and dermis border and is in sensory reception of touch?
Merkel cells
What is a localized concentration of melanin called?
Mole or freckle
What are deep touch receptors?
Pacinian corpuscles
What dermal layer is responsible for fingerprints?
Papillary layer
Functions of the Skin
Regulation of body temperature, protection from ultraviolet light, protection from infection by microbes, protection from excessive water loss or dehydration and production of Vitamin D
What layer forms cleavage or tension lines between these bundles?
Reticular layer
What layer has abundant elastic and collagenic fibers?
Reticular layer
What part of the hair is embedded in the skin?
Root
What gland excreted sebum?
Sebaceous gland
What gland is connected to the hair follicle?
Sebaceous gland
What glands are everywhere except for palms and soles of feet?
Sebaceous glands
Function of hair?
Sensing something on skin and protecting from UV rays on the head
What part of hair is above the skin?
Shaft
What basic tissue makes of the epidermis?
Stratified squamous epithelium
Cells found just above the basement membrane which undergo rapid cell divisions.
Stratum basale
What is the layer that contains the mitotic viable cells of the epidermis?
Stratum basale
