The Neck

joints between C3 and C6 vertebrae are what type of joints

...

5 fascial layers of the neck

1. subcutaneous tissue of the neck (superficial cervical fascia) deep fascia: 1. investing layer 2. pretracheal layer 3. prevertevral layer 4. alar fascia and carotid sheath

Functions of the neck

1. support the head 2. allows for head movement - orientation of eyes, ears, nose - protects airway during head movements - protects blood flow during head movements - protects spinal cord during head movements 3. swallowing 4. eating 5. phonation 6. endocrine function (thyroid/parathyroid)

the hyoid bone has how many muscle attachments

10

# cervical vertebrae

7

Stylohyoid ligament function?

Allows the hyoid bone to swing anteriorly and posteriorly causing the larynx to be elevated or depressed

typical cervical vertebrae

C3-6

Typical Cervical veterbrae

C3-C Vertebral body, lamina, spinous porcess bifid, trasverse process, transverse foramen, cercial "rib", superior/inferior articular processes,

vertebral prominens

C7 transitional with thoracic like features long spinous process not bifed but has tubercle for attachment of ligamentum nuchae

Prevertebral compartment

Deep to preverteral fascia anerior group of muscles posterior group of muscles

cruciate ligament

Protects the spinal cord from the ondotoid process during head rotations

T/F the hyoid bone does not articulate closely with another bone?

T

T/F there are no intervertebral disc between C1 and C2

T

C2 articulates with C1 with (type of joint?)

a pair of synovial joints

anterior triangle of the neck

anterior cervical region borders: mandible, midling, sternocleidomastoid m divided: muscular triangle, carotid triangle, submental triangle, sunbmandibular triangle digastric muscle: anterior belly posterior belly omohyoid m superior belly inferior belly

Ligaments common to all parts of the spinal column

anterior longitudinal ligament, posterior longitudinal ligament, ligamentum flavum, interspinous lig, supraspinous lig, capsule of zygopophysial joints

C1

atlas No vertebral body, no spinous process, groove on the superior surface of arch where vertebral artery crosses, large superior articular facet

C2

axis Dens-odontoid process, derived from the body C1, extends from body C2 up to the anterior arch of C1,

Superior boundary of the neck

base of the skull

retropharyngeal compartment

between alar fascia and buccopharyngeal fascia runs the length of the neck infections can spread form the oral cavity to the mediastinum small rap he that limit infections to one side but it is easily breached

danger space

between prevertebral fascia and alar fascia it gets common name from the risk that an infection in this space can spread directly to the thorax extends from the base of the skull to the diaphragm

superficial compartment

between skin and the subcutaneous fascia platysma muscle

root of neck

boundaries: superior thoracic inlet, superior edge of great vessels and lungs contents: brachiocephalic trunk, left subclavian a , R and L brachiocephalic vv, thymus, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland arteries: vertebral, internal thoracic thoracocervial costocervical trunk dorsal scapular

arteries of the neck

common carotid internal carotid external carotid

Posterior group of muscles

extend the neck erector spinae mm (spinalis, longissiums) deep cervial muscles (splenius, semspinalis, multifidus) muscles of the occipital triangle splenius semispinalis, multifidis, and rotatories, trapezius

posterior muscles of cervical vertebrae splenius capitus and cervicis function?

extend vertebral column, lateral flexion, controls rate of flexion

anterior group of muscles

flex and tilt head scalenes (A/M/P) longus colli longus capitis

Head movements

flexion extension rotation lateral tilt at base of neck lateral tilt within the neck

Alar ligament

guards agains hyper rotation of the head

anterior longitudinal ligament

guards against hyperextension of the neck

bones of the neck

hyoid cervical vertebrae

__________ Muscles that depress the hyoid ______ the epiglottis

infrahyoid muscles open

cervical vertebrae and cervical rib

integrated and fused hole passage for vertebral artery

Odontoid process of C2

is the axis of rotation

quadrangle

jaw line, midline of the neck, clavicle, anterior edge of trapezius m

posterior triangle of the neck

lateral cervical region, divided: omoclavicular triangle, occipital triangle floor muslces: splenius, levitator scapulae, scalenes contents: nerves, trunks of brachial plexus, phrenic n, accessory n (CNXI)

The hyoid bone

location just under the mandible suspends the larynx

enlarged lymph nodes submental triangle

lower lip, chin, floor mouth, tongue, teeth

submandibular

mandilbe, anterior belly of digastric m posterior belly of digastric m

muscular triangle

midline superior belly of the omohyoid m sternocleidomastoid m

mental triangle

midline, hyoid anterior belly of digastric m

suprahyoid muscles

mylohyoid (V3), geniohyoid (C1), stylohyoid (CN VII),digastric muscles (post CN VII ant V3)

enlarged lymph nodes posterior triangle

nasopharyns, periauricular and scalp skin

ligaments unique to cervical region

nuchal ligament C1 and C2 ligaments: cruciate ligament, alar ligament capsule of the alanto-occipital joint

suboccipital muscles

obliquus capitis inferior, rectus capitis posterior minor, rectus capitis posterior major

what is found in the transverse foramen of c7

only the vertebral vein

enlarged lymph nodes sumbandibular triangle

skin, buccal mucosa, gingival and floor mouth

why are C1 and C2 different

specialized features adapted for their role in supporting movements of the skull

infrahyoid muscles

sternohyoid (C1), stenothyroid, omohyoid, thyrohyoid (anas cervicalis C1-C3)

suboccipital muscles are innervated by

suboccipital nerve dorsal rami of C1

compartments

superficial compartment, pretracheal comparment, carotid compartment, retropharyngeal compartment

carotid triangle

superior belly of the omohyoid m sternocleidomastoid m posterior belly of the digastric m

inferior boundary of the neck

superior thoracic aperture

external carotid a.

superior thyroid a, ascending pharyngeal a, lingual a, facial a, occipital a, posterior auricular a, maxillary a superficial temporal a

nuchal ligament

superior to spinous process, guards against hyperflexion of the neck

__________ Muscles that elevate the hyoid ______ the epiglottis

suprahyoid muscles close

superficial compartment

surrounds the platysma contains areoalr tissue, lymph nodes, nerves, and blood vessels, invovled in cellulitis and superficial abscesses

What happens if the dens is fractured or its ligaments are torn

the spinal cord at C1/C2 is vulnerable to damage

enlarged lymph nodes central neck

thyroid, larynx

enlarged lymph nodes anterior triangle

tonsil, lateral and posterior tonue (II, III) larynx, hypopharynx, throid (III, IV)

vertebral artery and vein travel in the

transverse foramina of C1-C6

Deep investing compartment

trapezius sternocleidomastoid infrahyoid muscles (between DIF and visceral fascia)

Rotation of the skull C2 moves _______

with the neck relatively stable

Rotation of the skull C1 moves ______

with the skull moves with the sagittal plane of the skull during rotation

carotid compartment

within the carotid sheath internal jugular vein common carotid artery vagus nerve sympathetic chain can become secondarily involved in an infection from the oral cavity

pretracheal compartment

within the pretracheal fascia thyroid and parathyroid glands esophagus larynx and trachea