the real 28-29
Stalinist Economy
- 1947 industrial production attained prewar levels, 3 years later had surpassed them by 40%, five year goal of 1946 reached it in <5 years - policy successful in heavy industry growth, not many consumer goods, h.i. grew 3x personal consumption, acute housing shortage
Warsaw Pact
- 1949 eastern european states formed COMECON for economic cooperation - 1955 albania, bulgaria, czechoslovakia, east germany, hungary, poland, romania, soviet union made formal warsaw pact
Cuban Missile Crisis
- 1959 castro overthrows batista - 1961 bay of pigs = epic fail - 1962 soviets put nuclear missiles in cuba - we found out about a ship w nuclear missiles on it, so we blockaded cuba, khrushchev agreed to turn ship around if kennedy didnt invade cuba - after this a hotline was installed 1963
Betty Friedan
- 1963 published The Feminine Mystique, argued women were denied equality w men - founded NOW "bring women into full participation in the mainstream of American society now
Small is Beautiful
- E.F. Schumacher british economist - critique of dangers of new science
Hulmut Kohl
- Free Democrats join w Christian Democratic Union of Holmut Kohl to make german gov - ppl kinda didnt like christian democrats, but when the two germanizes were reunited, things were up, and they won 44% in first free election, while free dem's won 11% - kohl gov had to raise taxes to fix east germany, plus high unemployment allowed rise in Social Democrat popularity
War In Yugoslavia
- Josip Broz aka Tito was leader of anti-commie movement before the war, post-war wanted independent communist state in yugoslavia, got the support of ppl against stalin - 1958 Yugoslav communists congress didnt se themselves as deviating from communism, only stalinism,, liked marxist-leninist ideals better, which had some decentralized and local government power
1972 ABM Treaty
- SU and US agreed to limit their systems for launching antiballistic missiles - we wanted to make it unlikely that a superpower could win a nuclear exchange by launching a preemptive strike - believed a policy of equivalence would deter nuclear confrontation
Afghanistan War
- Soviet invasion of Afghanistan hardened relationships between SU and US - US war failure demonstrated limited power of superpower against small nationalist country
1975 Helsinki Agreements
- US, Canada, all European nations recognized all borders that had been established in Europe since end of WWII, acknowledging soviet sphere of influence ,, committed the signatory powers to protect human rights of their citizens
SEATO
- US, britain, france, pakistan, thailand, philippines, australia, new zealand
Women's Suffrage
- after WWI, sweden, england, germany, poland, austria, hungary, czechoslovakia in 1918, USA in 1920, france and italy 1945 - feminism flares up in 60's again
Jimmy Carter
- beat gerald ford in 1976 election - faced stagflation, caused drop in living standards - 53 americans taken hostage by iran, he couldn't get hostages back, ppl thought he was a weak president - lost to ronald reagan
containment
- became formal american policy after 1948 soviet blockade of britain - pursued this policy in north korea
Leonid Brezhnev
- became head of soviet party + state after khrushchev , not rlly into reform - brezhnev doctrine = right of SU to intervene if socialism is threatened in another soviet state,,, led to soviets in czechoslovakia - detente allowed him a more relaxed regime - emphasized heavy industry, industrial growth declined - gov.'s insistence on central planning led to complex bureaucracy w little productivity/efficiency - bad harvests forced reliance upon capitalist countries - system was v corrupt, he didnt do anything
Pakistan/India Partition
- british worked with indian national congress and muslim league - split india into hindu india and muslim pakistan - 1947 they split, and millions were killed fleeing between new borders ghandi killed by militant hindu
Palestine and Israel
- british wouldn't let jews into palestine - zionists persuaded trumans ppl in support of an independent jewish state in palestine - UN divided palestine in half, jews called their half israel, arabs mad about this - egyptians formed PLO, believed only palatinates and not jews had a right to form state in palestine, launched guerrilla movement al-Fatah, led by Yasir Arafat , launched attacks, so jews started raiding PLO bases in jordan - israel adopted policy of immediate retaliation against any hostile PLO action - Nassar of Egypt set up a blockade against israeli shipping in gulf of aqaba, israel launches preemptive air strikes against egypt, israeli armies broke blockade and took sinai peninsula, some jordan territory, jerusalem, and syrian military positions (six day war), israel kicked ass but made lots of enemies - this ensured that they stay a state, but lots of internal conflicts with the palestines who live inside
Berlin Blockade
- british, french, american were gonna merge western german territories, soviets respond w berlin blockade - neither trucks nor trade could get into 3 western berlin zones - soviets wanted to stop creation of separate west german state - berlin air lift happened
Jimmy Carter ***
- cancelled US participation in Moscow Olympics + embargo on shipment of american grain to SU
Great Leap Forward
- china = comunist, led by mao, they nationalized most industry and commerce, but they weren't succeeding bc duh - 1958, existing collective farms were combined into peoples communes, made of 30,000 ppl - hoped this would speed up economic growth and speed into classless society - epic fail, bad weather and peasant hatred drove food production down
Truman Doctrine
- civil war in greece; communist ppls liberation party v. anti-communist british forces wanted control of greece - truman afraid commies would expand into mediterranean, proposes truman doctrine - US would provide money to countries claiming they were threatened by commie expansion
stagflation
- combo of high inflation and high unemployment - occurred 1973-1980's - came from change in oil prices; oil embargo by OPEC as result of arab-israeli war quadrupled oil prices
John Major
- conservative party - sucked, only held office for 5 years - after margaret thatcher, before tony blair
Margaret Thatcher
- conservative prime ministe - said lower taxes, bureaucracy, social welfare, union power, inflation - thatcherism worked for south but north and midlands sucked - hard line in foreign policy, built up military - put argentina in its place in faulkland rebellion - tried to replace local property tax w flat rate tax, popularity falls tremendously - resigned after revolt in conservative party
Charles De Gaulle
- during war led resistance groups and made sure france had provisional gov post-war - withdrew from politics after fourth republic, formed french popular movement, (right) wanted stronger presidency - fourth republic was doing bad so they let de gaulle take over and revise constitution - increased executive power, de gaulle is new president of 5th republic, pulled france from NATO high command, gave algerian independence, invested in arms race - french gross national product increased by 5.5% annually, france became major industrial producer/exporter - nationalization of traditional industries (coal, railroads) led to national deficits, inflation rose - lost of student protests and labour union strikes, he resigned april 1969, died a year later
CENTO
- eisenhower adopted policy of massive retaliation , advocating use of nuclear bombs to counteract soviet attacks here or in europe - Central Treaty Organization = turkey, iraq, iran, pakistan, great britain, US prevents soviet expansion south
Alexander Dubcek/ Prague Spring
- elected first secretary of communist party - freedom of speech, press, travel abroad, relaxation of secret police - "communism w a human face" - period of reform led to Prague Spring - ppl asked for more, like withdrawal from soviet bloc,,, red army invades czechoslovakia and crushes rebellion,, gustav husak replaces dubcek, reberses his reforms
Boris Yeltsin
- elected president of russian republic in 1991 - given gorbachev's responsibilities as commander of SU - free market economy transition was rough, ppl kinda liked old regime - took a hard line w checkins - re-elected, then suddenly replaced by putin
NATO
- formed April 1949 - belgium, britain, denmark, france, iceland, italy, luxembourg, the netherlands, norway, portugal sign treaty w US and canada - agree to provide mutual assistance if anyone is attacked - west germany, greece, turkey join later
African Independence Movements
- gold coast, kwame nkrumah formed Convention People's Party, first african political party - jomo kenyatta founded kenya african national union , wanted self-rule for kenya - non-violent, led by western-educated african intellectuals - made up of merchants, professionals, and labour union members - kenya, terrorist mau mau group got freedom from british in 1959 - 1918 wafd got egyptian independence, but remained under british control, 1952 army coup overthrew king farouk and set up independent republic - french gave independence to morocco and tunisia 1956, not to algeria, formed national liberation front, started guerrilla war 1954, charged de gaulle granted independence 1962 - south africa, african national congress formed, wanted economic/political reforms, but whites were strengthening the apartheid, after nelson's arrest, ANC called for resistance to government - most got independence 1950s/60s - gold coast becomes ghana under kwame nkrumah, first in 1957 - portugues last to pull out
Hungarian Independence
- kicked out ruling stalinist and picked imry nagy instead - lots of internal dissent, hungarians thought communism wasn't their ideals didnt like stalinist police,, rising rebellion - 1956 nagy declared hungary a free nation w free elections, red army invaded Budapest 3 days later, soviets took back control, replaced nagy w janos kadar, who saved many of nagy's reforms
Gabriel Garcia Marquez
- magic realism - One Hundred Years of Solitude - switches between fact and fantasy, depends on who's point of view it is
Philip Glass
- minimalist composer, - Einstein on the Beach adapted minimalist music to opera - Koyaanisqatsi used as background music for documentary
Vietnam War
- north vietnam = ho chi minh, nationalistis, soviet-support - south = good guys - kennedy supported ngo dinh diem, but thought they were corrupt and couldn't handle vietcong, we supported military coup - 1964 lyndon b. sent more american troops to nam to deal w cong, but cong=strong - it wasn't working, so americans turned against war, richard withdrew from nam, and commies look over whole country - helped show limitations of american power - other countries didnt fall to communism
Simone de Beauvoir
- novelist, dated jean-pail sartre -believed she led a liberated life - 1949 published The Second Sex, argued women were second-class citizens
Mikhail Gorbachev/ Glasnost/ Perestroika
- policy of allowing greater autonomy for eastern europe meant soviets wouldn't support communist governments against internal dissent - elected general secretary of party 1985 - perestroika (restructuring) market economy w limited free enterprise and private property - glasnost (openness)freedom of speech - parliament = Congress of People's Deputies, members chose in elections - legalized creation of other political parties, got rid of article 6, - separated soviet union leader from communist party leader,, became first president of SU - glasnost allowed dissension among different ethnic groups, lots of nationalist movements happened - gorbachev had to please liberals and conservatives, worked w boris yeltsin - right wings arrest him, coup epically failed, soviet republics move for independence, he resigns,
Karl Barth
- protestant - reinterpreted religious insights of reformation for modern world - thought humans could know religious truth not through reason but through grace of god
Rene Levesque
- ran parti quebecois on a platform of quebecs succession of canadian union, pursued separation - 1976 parti won provincial elections and called for referendum allowing provincial gov to negotiate quebecs independence from canada, plan = fail
Existentialism
- reflected anxieties of 20th c. - no belief in god - albert camus said humans have no purpose - man is nothing but what he makes of himself - ppl must take responsibility for themselves - individuals true to themselves refuse to be depersonalized by society
Green Movement
- some came from antinuclear movement, others by women liberation and concern for foreign workers - local level, expanded nationally - Green Party in Germany - communist countries like east germany, czechoslovakia, poland, hungary - church group charter 77 said environmental damage = soviet crime - green parties don't succeed bc they have much dissent on other issues -
Red Brigades
1978 former prime minister aldo moro kidnapped and killed by red brigades, terrorist organization
Baader-Meinhof Gang
left wing terror group in germany, made of affluent middle class young ppl who supported revolutionary terror in order to bring down the capitalistic man
Alexander Solzhenitsyn
novel A Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich portrayed horrors of forced-labor camps
Democratic Forum
right of center, patriotic party won hungarian election, formed coalition gov giving hungary a democratic gov and a free market economy
New Order
right wing terror group in italy used bombings to create disorder, didnt get any public support, quickly crushed
Irish Republican Army
southern irish attack northern irish gov and civilians, killed 2,000, 3/4 were civilians
