The Respiratory System 2

Pneumothorax

If intrapleural pressure becomes equal or higher than atmospheric pressure, it no longer exerts suction effect that prevents lungs from collapsing; added pressure enhances lungs' elastic recoil; lungs immediately collapse

Lower Compliance more force needed to fill and empty lungs

Inadequate surfactant and collapse of alveoli Reduced mobility off thoracic cage or scar tissues making lung less elastic

_________________ is the amount of air you can inhale

Inspiratory Capacity

_______________ IS THE MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF AIR TO FILL THE LUNGS

Inspiratory reserve Volume

When we have Emphysema, it is easier to fill ________ but harder to put air into blood because _________

Lungs You loose respiratory membrane and the alveoli get destroyed

Boyle's Law

P = 1/V

In Pulmonary Ventilation, Changes in lung volume create

P difference

Mechanics of Ventilation, ___________ attach the lungs to the _________________

Pleurae thoracic wall

_______________ amount of air left after maximum exhalation

Residual Volume

Alveolar Ventilation (AV) is the amount of air that reaches he alveoli in a minute and it less than ____________ because of ______________

Respiratory minute volume anatomic dead space

RMV=

TV*RR

Functional residual capacity

The amount of air left in lungs after a quiet exhalation

Quiet inspiration

The diaphragm flattens on contraction Contraction of the external intercostals and accessory muscles such as the scalenes elevates the ribs If forced inspiration: more accessory muscles

____________________ Amount of air during normal breathing

Tidal Volume

__________ is the actual air you can actually move

Vital capacity

What is the standard atomic pressure

760 mmhg

Pulmonary Ventilation

Air flows from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure (down a pressure gradient)

Primary factors that influence the overall effectiveness of pulmonary ventilation

Airway resistance: anything that impedes air flow through respiratory tract. Air way resistance decrease as smooth muscle relaxes and the diameter of airway increases. and vice cersa Alveolar surface tension: reduced by surfactant. Hydrogen bonds pull the water molecules close together creating a tense surface. Without surfactant hydrogen bonds pull the water molecules together and the alveolus collapse. With surfactant, the hydrogen bonds are disrupted and the alveolus remains inflated Pulmonary compliance: ability of lungs and chest wall to stretch and expand

___________ is of all the air that comes in what is the amount that actually reaches alveoli

Alveolar Ventilation

Alveolar surface tension

Alveolar surface tension: reduced by surfactant. Hydrogen bonds pull the water molecules close together creating a tense surface. Without surfactant hydrogen bonds pull the water molecules together and the alveolus collapse. With surfactant, the hydrogen bonds are disrupted and the alveolus remains inflated

Expiratory reserve volume

Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after normal exhalation

Alveolar Ventilation (AV)

Amount of air that reaches the alveoli in a minute

Boyle's Law

As volume increases, pressure decreases As volume decreases, pressure increases

Intrapleural Pressure

At rest : - 4 or 756 mm Hg Inhalation: - 6 or 754 mm Hg Exhalation: - 4 or 756 mm Hg

Intrapulmonary pressure for quiet breathing

At rest: 760 mmHg Inhalation: -1 or 759 mm Hg Exhalation: +1 or 761 mm Hg

Driven by volume/pressure changes

Atmospheric P Intrapulmonary pressure Intrapleural pressure

Obstructive lung disease it is easier to ______ and harder to ______

Breath in breath out

Restrictive Lung Disease

Decrease Pulmonary Compliance EG: Fibrosis and Neuro muscular disease

During Quiet Inspiration, ______________and becomes _______________, other muscles relax __________________________

Diaphragm relaxes dome-shaped as well and lungs recoil

Quiet expiration

Diaphragm relaxes and becomes dome-shaped, other muscles relax as well and lungs recoil If forced expiration: internal intercoastals and abdominal muscles contract

_______________ is breathing out you can push below

Expiratory reserve volume

Pulmonary compliance

ability of lungs and chest wall to stretch and expand

Respiratory minute volume

amount of air moved per minute

Airway resistance

anything that impedes air flow through respiratory tract. anything that impedes air flow through respiratory tract. Air way resistance decrease as smooth muscle relaxes and the diameter of airway increases. and vice cersa

Tidal Lung capacity

are the 4 volumes

Respiratory Rate

breaths per minute at rest is 12-18

Changes in lung volume create P difference, Movements of the ______________ and _____________ the ___________________

chest wall & diaphragm change volume of the lungs

Airway resistance

decreases slightly during inspiration increases slightly during expiration under ANS control: bronchodilation and bronchoconstriction

Airway resistance

determined by airway diameter

During Quiet Inspiration, The _______________flattens on contraction

diaphragm

Increased compliance

easier to fill and empty lungs

During Quiet Inspiration, Contraction of the ____________________and _____________ such as the _________________________________

external intercostals accessory muscles scalenes elevates the ribs

Obstructive Lung Disease

increase airway resistance and trap oxygen-poor, carbon dioxide rich air in alveoli Eg: COPD emphysema, bronchitis and asthma

Pulmonary ventilation consists of two phases NAME THEM

inspiration or inhalation to bring air into lungs expiration or exhalation that moves air out of lungs

If forced expiration

internal intercoastals and abdominal muscles contract

Tidal volume

is air moved during one respiratory ceycle the average is 500 ml

Emphysema

is loss of connective tissue increased compliance but also associated with loss of alveolar area or wall. It is highly related with smoking

Residual volume

is the air that remains in the lung after maximum exhalation (1100-1200)

Pulmonary Compliance

measures expandability of the lungs

During Quiet Inspiration,If forced inspiration, ____________________________

more accessory muscles

When we have lower compliance it means we need

more force to fill and empty lungs

Pulmonary ventilation

movement of air in and out of lungs

Tissue gas exchange

movement of gases between blood and tissues

Pulmonary gas exchange

movement of gases between lungs and blood

Gas transport

movement of gases through blood

Intrapleural pressure

pressure between pleurae; relative vacuum (always lower than atmospheric pressure and intrapulmonary pressure)

Atmospheric P

pressure by the weight of the atmosphere; at sea level atmospheric pressure is about 760 mm Hg;

Intrapulmonary pressure

pressure inside lungs (inside alveoli)

Respiration

process that provides body cells with oxygen and removes waste product carbon dioxide; includes four separate processes Pulmonary ventilation: movement of air in and out of lungs Pulmonary gas exchange: movement of gases between lungs and blood Gas transport: movement of gases through blood Tissue gas exchange: movement of gases between blood and tissues

Changes in lung volume create P difference, Atmospheric P is

relatively constant

Respiratory Cycle

single cycle of inspiration and expiration

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

the amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled above tidal volume

Vital capacity

the maximum amount of air that can be moved in and out of the lung. VC=ERV+TV+IRV+RV

Inspiratory capacity

the total amount of air that can be inhaled IC=TVxIRV

Pulmonary ventilation consists of

two phases

Alveolar surface tension is caused by __________________which form _________________ and __________

water molecules inside the alveoli hydrogen bonds and can collapse alveoli