The Respiratory System

During the cough reflex, the trachea ________ slightly to increase the velocity of air movement

constricts

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the anatomical design of the paired lungs makes them easy to distinguish; the right lung has ________ lobes, while the left side has ________ lobes.

3, 2

an increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in the body will cause

a decrease in the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid

Ventilation

air moves into and out of the lungs

Hemoglobin is a protein that can

bind four molecules of oxygen

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged with ____ directly across the alveoli

blood

a condition in which wheezing occurs with breathlessness, a persistent cough and yields yellowish or greenish phlegm is

bronchitis

During the ingestion of food or liquid, the ____ tips to block the opening to the trachea

epiglottis

Breathing

exchange of air between lungs and the environment

in the blood, oxygen is bound to

hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells

The structure nicknamed the "Adam's apple" is associated with the ________, an organ of the respiratory system.

larynx

when air leaves the pharynx, it next enters the

larynx

The respiratory center, which determines breathing rate, is located in the ________ of the brain.

medulla oblongata

the respiratory control center is located

medulla oblongata

internal respiration

movement of carbon dioxide from interstitial fluids into the blood

external respiration

movement of oxygen across alveoli into the bloodstream

the order of which air goes through body

pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchiole, alveoli

Hemoglobin acts as a buffer because

protons released by the dissociation of carbonic acid binds to hemoglobin, preventing large swings in blood pH

During inspiration, intercostal muscles function to

pull the rib cage up and out, so that lung volume increases

the exchange of gases in the lungs occurs between the alveoli and the ________ capillaries

pulmonary

Surfactant is released to

reduce surface tension in the alveoli

tidal volume

the amount of air entering the lungs with every breath

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disorder is described as follows: damage to motor nerves innervating skeletal muscle; skeletal muscles weaken; death usually results within five years of diagnosis?

amytrophic lateral sclerosis

emphysema

chronic disorder that results from permanent damage to the alveoli as a consequence of smoking or exposure to pollutants

the muscle separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity

diaphragm

ntrapulmonary pressure must be reduced prior to the process of ________.

inhalation

Carbaminohemoglobin differs from hemoglobin in that

it is bound to carbon dioxide

after blood becomes oxygenated,

it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells

Lung diseases can be diagnosed by measuring

lung volumes

why do humans need to constantly breathe in oxygen in order to stay alive?

oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the process of cellular respiration, which results in the production of the ATPs required to fuel cell functions

which of the following is a symptom of botulism

paralysis of muscles used for breathing

most of the carbon dioxide released by cells is transported in the venous supply in what form

soluble bicarbonate ion

Lung capacity is measure with the use of a

spirometer

vital capacity

the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximal exhalation

cellular respiration

the process that results in water being produced as a byproduct

why should people breathe through their nose instead of their mouth

through the nose, air is warmed and filtered

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what structure does oxygen molecules move from lungs to the blood

alveoli

an increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in the body will result in

an increase in breathing rate

Bronchitis

inflammation of the bronchi, symptoms include a persistent cough, wheezing, and the production of phlegm

children who live with smokers are at risk for

asthma

burning of carbon-based fuels can produce ___ , an odorless gas that competes with oxygen for binding to hemoglobin

carbon monoxide

Receptors that respond to a decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood are the ________ and ________ bodies.

carotid, aortic

Asthma

chronic lung disorder characterized by spasms of the bronchi, which cause difficulty in breathing

congestive heart failure

condition that causes an accumulation of fluid in the spaces between the pulmonary capillaries and alveoli due to inadequate pumping of blood by the heart

Which of the following results from the stimulation by nerve impulses generated in the respiratory center when they arrive at the muscles involved in inspiration?

contraction of the diaphragm

air in the airways that does not participate in gas exchange is known as

dead space volume

A small amount of fluid is contained in the pleural cavity to

function as a lubricant as the lungs move during ventilation

tobacco smoke contains chemicals that ________ the production of mucus and ________ the activity of cilia in the respiratory system.

increase, decrease

pleurisy

inflammation of the epithelial membranes enclosing the lungs

Pneumonia

inflammation of the lungs due to viral or bacterial infection, secretion of excess fluid in the lungs prevents proper gas exchange

during exhalation, the pressure inside the lungs

initially is higher than atmospheric pressure, but drops as air leaves the body

The muscles involved in respiration include the ________ muscles located between the ribs and the ________ located between the thoracic cavity and the abdominal cavity.

intercostal, diaphragm

The basic pattern of inhalation and exhalation is controlled by a region at the base of the brain called the ________.

medulla oblongata

residual volume

the air that remains in the lungs after a forceful exhalation

expiratory reserve volume

the amount of air that can be forced out of the lungs beyond tidal volume

inspiratory reserve volume

the amount of air that can be inhaled beyond tidal volume

During inhalation

the diaphragm and rib muscles contract

The interface between the air and the blood is composed of

the epithelial cells of the alveolus, the extracellular fluid, and the capillary wall

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