The Second Slavery

steam and railroads:

the first Spanish railroads were built in Cuba, not Brazil. They were used to transport sugar from country side into Havana or cane to the production warehouse. This technological advance was essential considering the short period following the cane cutting that planters have to make into sugar. Production like that was not possible before because of the lack of technology. This innovation furthered the sugar revolution in Cuba and massively effected production and consequently, the use of slave labor. Even though Great Britain and France had abolished slavery, you still had 500k slaves coming to Cuba (and 1.8 million to Brazil in the 1800s')

Indian Removal (1830s):

Andrew Jackson had begun leading wars against the Indians in the South since the early 19th century. With the defeat of the Seminoles in Florida, the last southern tribes that remained were the Creeks and Cherokees. These Indians controlled about 5 million acres (that planters wanted for cotton production). When Jackson became President in 1832, he failed to respect/uphold the treaties with the Indians and signed the Indian Removal Act, which establishes the reservation system, pushing Indians off their land and pushing them West into unwanted lands/territories (aka the trail of tears). Shows the brutality the US does for economic reasons. MORE

Cuba's Sugar Revolution:

Cuba was originally more of a port rather than an economic powerhouse within the Spanish empire. However, this begins to change during the 7 years war when England occupied Havana in 1763 during the war and held it for about 10 years. At the time, England was the biggest slaver in the world and British investors and Cuban planters who stayed saw potential for the island. During this time, the British brought back huge numbers of slaves which led to the beginning of Cuba's sugar revolution. The sugar revolution effectively remade society. Its newfound sugar industry benefited from the lateness of its sugar revolution b/c of its new, young soil, experience and knowledge of emigrants/escapees from St. Domigue, the rise of sugar prices following the Haitian revolution and new technology (innovations regarding the production of sugar and railroads)

internal (U.S.) slave trade:

Different from Cuba and Brazil who expanded upon the trans-Atlantic slave trade. The South Carolina exception was only for 3 years. Therefore, a new trade system developed with a geographic shift from the old south to the new south. About a million people were transported from the older, longer established slave states into the new cotton frontier. Ever year, domestic slave trades became a profession as they traveled around plantations buying up the excess slaves, forcing them to march from the old south down to the slave markets of the new south (over 2 states), mostly to New Orleans. Slaves were also shipped coastally around to New Orleans, but most literally walked. This meant that thousands of families were being broken apart, all based upon the economic interests of the planter. For example, when the planter dies, property was split among the heirs, which meant that all of the slaves could be sold off. Led to the formation of the migration generations: people who are moved/sold forcible or others who have to deal with the pain of family severance and break up. Shows that slavery has become the cornerstone of society. With the Louisiana purchase (territorial expansion), the Adam-Onis treaty (where Spain cedes Florida to the US), and Indian removal, planters had as much land to produce cotton and sugar, as they wanted.

pushing system:

Due to the increase of land and influx of slaves, there were more people to work more land. The cotton planters developped the pushing system, where a quota of pounds of cotton was established on a daily basis. If this quota was not met, then a slave could be punished or flogged. This system was otherwise known as "the whipping machine" and the use of this exploitive technology was utilized to get people to work hard and increase both production and profits.

Economic Impact of the Haitian Rev:

I think the argument here is that the Haitian Revolution's destruction of one of the biggest markets, at the same time that an industrial revolution in Europe creates a growing middle class means that there's a demand and lack of supply that drives the market to trade more slaves in order to try and meet demand. Decreased price of general good such as coffee and sugar, and these purchases are made by the growing middle class post industrial revolution. Second slavery that takes place with Cotton not influenced by Haiti. Although Cotton is raw material that acts as impetus for the industrial revolution (the process of mechanizing cloth production). Part of second slavery. The labor on a Cuban sugar plantation not much different than in 17th century, but they are able to produce in much larger quantities because steam powers the mills, rail means land can be farther away, much higher levels of cultivation.

long-staple vs. short staple cotton:

Long staple cotton was produced in Carolina since the 17th century. It only grows along the coast (in a semi-tropical area) in the Caribbean and Carolina. Was a very fine cotton that makes valuable cloth. Short-staple cotton was another kind that was very seedy and was therefore rarely grown. However, with the invention of the cotton gin, short-staple cotton was made into a new staple within the backcountry of South Carolina, extending into Mississippi, Alabama, upcountry Georgia, and ultimately Texas. Cotton production in the U.S. expands massively as it supplies the textile economy in England during its own Industrial revolution. More and more raw cotton is being exported to England and is being produced by slaves in the U.S. south. By 1803, American cotton had 43% of the market, and 75% by 1860.

cotton gin:

Short-staple cotton was another kind that was very seedy and was therefore rarely grown. However, with the invention of the cotton gin, short-staple cotton was made into a new staple within the backcountry of South Carolina, extending into Mississippi, Alabama, upcountry Georgia, and ultimately Texas. Cotton production in the U.S. expands massively as it supplies the textile economy in England during its own Industrial revolution. More and more raw cotton is being exported to England and is being produced by slaves in the U.S. south (promulgated slavery). By 1803, American cotton had 43% of the market, and 75% by 1860.

S.C. reopens the slave trade (1804-7):

South Carolina's decision to reopen the trans-Atlantic slave trade in 1804 (brought in 50k Africans). Since the American Revolution, the trade had virtually been banned and most Americans thought that it was done. However, South Carolina during the constitutional convention wanted to ability to open it again if they needed to. The Louisiana purchase provided a market for South Carolina to sell slaves to at the same time that sugar and cotton are becoming the main staple crops, consequently changing production in revolutionary ways (especially w/ cotton). Led to the second slavery within the US. However, it should be noted that this was only for three years and unlike Cuba and Brazil who were expanding via the trans-Atlantic slave trade, the U.S. was doing so via the internal slave trade.

IR and the North Atlantic consumer society:

The context by which slavery expanded as a result of increasingly global markets of the 19th century. The Industrial Revolution facilitated global capitalism and the growth of a consumerist middle-class (which spend more of their income on goods from elsewhere). Within the context of the Haitian Revolution -- After the Haitian Revolution halted production of sugar from Haiti, demand from this group of consumers created a market for sugar. As a result, other islands (particularly in the British West Indies) began to produce sugar. Sugar production in these areas were bolstered by an increased use of slaves.

How was the expansion of slavery different in the U.S. vs. Cuba and Brazil?:

U.S. expansion of slavery in this era was particularly tied to cotton production, while in Cuba slavery's expansion was mostly predicated upon sugar production. In Cuba and Brazil slavery is a lot less sectional or class-based, with slaves often providing a means for socio-economic mobility for the poor--as opposed to American slavery which was dominated by the planter class. Essentially, slavery is a lot more pervasive in Cuba and Brazil.

Louisiana Purchase:

When Napoleon came to power, he tried to reestablish slavery in St. Domigue (was successful in Guadalupe but not St. Dominigue). He wanted to re-establish power in the New World against the U.S. At the time, the French Empire of the New World was New Orleans and St. Dominigue. However, when the reconquering of the island fails, he gives up the idea, which plays a major role in his decision to sell a massive portion of the US to the US. This purchase doubles U.S. land possession in North America while intensifying the development of sugar in southern colonies. With increase of sugar production on a much larger scale combined with the increased migration of Haitians following the revolution (b/c of Louisiana's French and Spanish cultural makeup), many more sugar plantations were formed. This purchase was extremely important in the South Carolina's decision to reopen the trans-Atlantic slave trade in 1804 (brought in 50k Africans). Since the American Revolution, the trade had virtually been banned and most Americans thought that it was done. However, South Carolina during the constitutional convention wanted to ability to open it again if they needed to. The purchase provided a market for South Carolina to sell slaves to at the same time that sugar and cotton are becoming the main staple crops, consequently changing production in revolutionary ways (especially w/ cotton).