The Secular, Secularization, Secularism by Jose Casanova in Rethinking Secularism, (Pg. 54-74)

What are the "three different, parallel and yet interrelated global processes that are in tension and often come in open conflict with one another" and that affect global forms of secularization understood as processes of differentiation.

Secularization, sacralization (to make sacred), and religious denominationalism (different sects are still a part of the same religion). The way these processes interact will determine the form of secularization the nation adopts.

What are two kinds of secularist ideologies?

Two kinds of secularist ideologies include "philosophical-historical" and "political" secularism." Philosophical-historical regulates religion, basically replacing it. Political Secularism when political theories state that religion is either an irrational force or non-rational form of discourse that should be banished.

When asked about religion, how do Americans and Europeans lie to the pollsters?

Americans exaggerate their religiousness, while Europeans under report on their religiousness.

What explains "when and where processes of modernization are accompanied by radical secularization?"

In Europe, as people modernize, they also experience a widespread decrease in religious beliefs. In America, however, modernization sees religious revivals.

Explain the difference between "mere secularity," "self sufficient and exclusivist secularity," and "secularist secularity."

Mere secularity is when one can live in a secular world where being religious is a viable option, while self-sufficient and exclusive secularity is when living without religion is normal, and secularist secularity is when one is passively free, being "liberated" from religion as a result of human flourishing.

For Casanova, when does secularism start becoming an ideology? When the state does what?

It becomes an ideology when the state explicitly holds a particular conception of religion, when they think they understand what religion is or does.

What does Casanova mean by "secularist historical stadial consciousness?"

It describes how Western Christianity tried to facilitate secularization, being "the religion to exit from religion."

How is being secular in Western Europe different than in America?

It is different in that in America, people believe that religion, modernity, and secularity go together, while in Europe, religion is seen as incompatible with secularity and modernization.

How does Casanova define the difference between the concepts of "secular... secularization...[and] secularism?"

Secular is often interpreted to mean "nonreligious" and a reality separated from religion. Secularization is the theory of institutionalized differentiation, decline of religious beliefs, and the privatization of religion. Secularism refers to the broad modern world-views of religion, as well as referring to the separation of state and religion.

What is the difference between secularism as statecraft doctrine and secularism as an ideology?

Statecraft doctrine is separation of religion and state, while secularism as an ideology