The Unfinished Nation Chapter 14

when and why did the "federals" begin to wear a consistent color, and what color was it?

"federals" did not consistently wear blue uniforms until 1862, when the federal government provided them along with shoes, weapons, cartridge boxes, knapsacks, blankets, canteens, and other basic supplies.

Union soldiers generally fought to sustain the "____ _____ _______ ___ _____"

"the best government on earth"

what happened in the battle of Nashville?

(Dec 15-16) Union forces under Sherman (the army that fought in Georgia earlier) practically destroyed what was left of Hood's army.

what happened in the battle of Chattanooga?

(Nov 23-25) the reinforced Union army drove the Confederates back into Georgia, and achieved their second major goal: gaining control of the Tennessee River.

what happened in the battle of Chickamauga?

(september 19-20) Union forces under General William Rosecrans began the unwise pursuit of Bragg's retreating Confederate troops. The two armies engaged in battle in western georgia, but the Union forces could not break the Confederate lines, so they retreated. Following soon after was the Battle of Chattanooga.

Union Military Leaders

- Abraham Lincoln: president, succeeded as commander in chief because he recognized the North's material advantages - General Winfield Scott: 74-year-old hero of the Mexican War, already contributed strategic advice but could not physically lead an army - George B. McClellan: Commander of the Union forces in the East (the Army of Potomac), was too slow to act for Lincoln's tastes - General Henry W. Halleck, also found ineffectual - Ulysses S. Grant, shared Lincoln's belief in unremitting combat and in making enemy armies and resources the target of military efforts.

Southern Military Leadership

- President Jefferson Davis: president of the Confederacy - General Robert E. Lee: principle primary military adviser, never got power from Davis and eventually left to command forces in the field - General Braxton Briggs: military adviser, never provided much more than technical advice

Battle of Fair Oaks & Battle of the Seven Days

Also known as battle of seven pines, it occurred from May 31-June 1, 1862. McClellan was fighting Confederate troops under General Joseph E. Johnston outside Richmond, and McClellan was holding his ground. Joseph Johnston was badly wounded and recalled Stonewall Jackson from the Shenandoah Valley. with a now combined force of 85,000 troops to face McClellan's 100,000, Lee launched a new offensive, known as the Battle of the Seven Days (June 25 - July 1) in an effort to cut off McClellan from his base on the York river. But McClellan fought his way across the peninsula and set up a new base on the James.

Charles Francis Adams

American minister to to London, assisted Judah P. Benjamin

Describe the Battle of Bull Run

It was the first official battle of the Civil War. Taking place in northern Virginia on July 21, a Union army of over 30,000 men under General Irvin McDowell were stationed just outside of Washington. About 30 miles away in Manassas, a slightly smaller Confederate army under the direction of P.G.T. Beauregard sat. Union leaders believed that if their army could defeat the Confederacy, the war might end at once. However, that wasn't the case. That day, many civilians came having picnics, treating this event as if it were entertainment. When the battle went to chaos on the Northern end, the situation was further complicated because of the amount of people. 800 people died that day; up to that point in history, that battle was the deadliest of its time. The battle took a blow on Union morale and showed them that this would not be an easy fight.

What was the major conflict of the Crittenden Compromise?

It would have required the Republicans to abandon their most fundamental position, that slavery would not be allowed to expand, and they rejected it.

what was the United States Sanitary Commission, and what did it allow?

It was an organization of civilian volunteers who mobilized large numbers of female nurses to serve in field hospitals.

Who proposed the Crittenden Compromise? What did it propose?

It was proposed by John J. Crittenden of Kentucky. It proposed reestablishing the Missouri Compromise line and extending it westward to the Pacific. Slavery would be permitted south of the line, and prohibited north.

What major event happened Feb 1861?

Representatives of the 7 states met in Montgomery, Alabama to form the Confederate States of America.

What major advantage did the North have over the South in terms of the material advantages for waging war?

The North had an advanced industrialized system able by 1862 to manufacture almost all of the North's own war materials, while the South had no industry at all. The North also had a much better transportation system, with more and better railroads than the south.

what was the result in terms of communication for the North because they were fighting on Southern ground?

The North were fighting mostly in the South in hostile local populations, so they had to maintain long lines of communication.

in a frantic and final attempt to recruit men, what did the Confederacy try to do?

They authorized the conscription of 300,000 slaves, but the war ended before they could go through with the experiment.

Where did Republicans disagree with eachother?

They disagreed sharply on slavery. "Radical Republicans", led by men like Representative Thaddeus Stevens of Pennsylvania, Senators Charles Summer of Massachusetts, and Benjamin Wade of Ohio, wanted to use the war to abolish slavery entirely. "Conservative Republicans" favored the policy to placate (to make less angry/hostile) the the slave states that remained, precariously (unstable), within the Union.

what failed attempts did the Confederacy take to finance the war?

They first tried to tax the states individually, but the states were reluctant to do so. Then they tried an income tax, which only produced about 1% of the government's total income. Borrowing was not successful either, whether it be from money or using cotton as a collateral.

who was the Fifty-fourth Massachusetts Infantry?

They were a smaller group of blacks who were organized into fighting units under the direction of white commander Robert Gould Shaw, a member of an aristocratic (high ranked) Boston family.

In 1865, what doc was congress finally able to ratify (make official)? what did it state?

They were able to ratify the 13th amendment, which abolished slavery in all parts of the United States.

Who were Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton?

They were women who founded the Women's National Loyal League in 1863 and worked simultaneously for the abolition of slavery and the awarding of suffrage to women.

What confederate places did union win over to lead to splitting the Confederacy in 2 geographically?

The win over Vicksburg and Port Hudson, Louisiana, was enough to finally take control of the whole Mississippi and split the Confederacy in two. Louisiana, Arkansas, and Texas were cut off from the other seceded states. This was another major turning point in the war.

England was reluctant to act because?

There was powerful popular support for the Union, particularly from the large and influential English Antislavery movement

what were the small but significant victories at around the same time as the battle of bull run?

a Union force under the direction of George B. McClellan had "liberated" the anti secession mountain people of the region, who created their own state government loyal to the union. The state names themselves West Virginia.

what is the confiscation act of 1861?

act that declared all slaves used for "insurrectionary" purposes (meaning that in support of the Confederate military effort) would be considered freed.

what is the second confiscation act of 1862?

act that declared free the slaves of persons supporting the insurrection and authorized the president to employ African Americans as soldiers.

what was the mortality rate in blacks vs whites?

although more whites died than blacks, blacks had the higher mortality rate. this was because many black soldiers died of diseases contracted while working long and difficult hours in unsanitary conditions.

what recreational activity emerged as a favorite pastime?

baseball; men from both sides would set up makeshift games within their ranks to relieve the pressure of war.

what were early union soldiers' uniforms like?

because the states were to dress their soldiers, colors ranged from dark blue jackets to light blue pants of the regular army to dark blue and red "Zouave" uniforms based on French colonial regiments in Algeria.

in what other way was there inequality between treatment of whites vs blacks? how did the black soldiers feel, regardless?

black soldiers were paid 1/3 less than white soldiers. regardless, they were immensely proud in their work to be serving for such a cause.

what happened to recruitment in march 1863?

congress was forced to pass a national draft law. virtually all young adult males were eligible to be drafted. the only way to escape draft was if a man hired someone to go in his place, or he payed a government fee of $300.

what did the Confederacy do to recruit soldiers?

first they took volunteers, then they began issuing laws.

how did both the union and confederacy raise their armies?

from scratch

what was another name for printed paper currency?

greenbacks

On Sept. 22, 1862, after Union victory at the battle of Antietam, what did the president announce?

he announced his intention to use his war powers to issue an executive order freeing all slaves in the Confederacy.

how many troops did lincoln call for an increase of in the regular army?

he called for an increase of 23,000 troops, even though he knew the bulk of the fighting would be done by the militia.

what is the Morrill Act of 1862?

it transferred substancial public acreage to the state governments, which could then sell the lands and use the proceeds to finance public education.

how were the value of the greenbacks fluctuated according to?

it was according to the fortunes of northern armies.

By the time of the 1864 election, what was happening in the North?

it was in a political turmoil. the Republicans suffered heavy losses in the midterm elections of 1862, and in response party leaders tried to create a broad coalition of all the groups that supported the war. They called this new organization the Union Party, and nominated Lincoln for a second term with Andrew Johnson of Tennessee as VP.

what was the confederate constitution most identical to, and how?

it was most identical to the constitution of the US, given several significant exceptions. It explicitly acknowledged the sovereignty of the individual states and specifically sanctioned slavery (although not the right of secession) and made its abolition (even by one of the states) practically impossible.

why was slavery so important to the south?

it was the heart of the economy they fought to preserve. Being the agricultural part of america rather than the industrial, they relied on farm labor to survive.

how would a possible confederate victory in a crucial moment affect the north?

it would have proved decisive in breaking the North's will to continue in the war.

what was the blockade of the southern coast able to do?

kept most oceangoing ships out of the Confederate ports, but for a time small blockade runners continued to slip through. Gradually, however, federal forces tightened the blockade by seizing the Confederate ports themselves.

who opposed most to the draft law?

laborers, immigrants, and democrats who opposed the war (known as "Peace Democrats" or "Copperheads" by their opponents).

what is he Conscription Act?

law that subjected that all males between the ages 18-35 would be recruited for 3 years.

what was the largest source of financing the war?

loans

The Confederate government, like the Union government, were dominated throughout the war by what men?

men of the political center

what tasks in war were assigned for blacks before the emancipation proclamation?

most blacks served menial tasks behind the lines, such as digging trenches or transporting water.

how did the nature of combat affect the war?

most of what happened in the war was because of the new technologies that transformed the nature of combat.

when did Lincoln replace McClellan for good? who was McClellan's replacement?

november 1862 his replacement was General Ambrose E. Burnside, but was shortly relieved per his own request after several bloody and hopeless battles launched against Lee.

by 1864, how many union black soldiers were captured in Tennessee and killed?

over 260 blacks

as a result of the many failed attempts to finance the war, what did the Confederacy fall to?

paper currency

In the war's first major battle, what did some Union Soldiers wear, and what happened as a result?

some wore gray uniforms, which resulted in tragic mixups with confederate soldiers.

what northern military victories boosted northern morale and republican prospects? what was the result of the election from this?

the capture of Atlanta, Georgia. This gave Lincoln overwhelming support, and he was able to win the election with 212 electoral votes to McClellan's 21.

describe southern vs northern support within the whites of both sides.

the commitment of the white population in the South was more or less consistent with support throughout the early years of fighting. In the North, opinion was more divided, and support remained shaky until the end.

How did the textile industries for american cotton seem like help for the confederate side?

the dependence of English and French textile industries on American cotton inclined many leaders in those countries to favor the Confederacy; southerners hoped that one or both nations would intervene on their behalf.

what document allowed for rapid enlistment of blacks into the Union Army?

the emancipation proclamation

what was happening in Georgia at the same time?

the two armies only fought in one real battle -Kennesaw Mountain, northwest of Atlanta, on June 27, on Johnston's (Con) attempt to maneuver Sherman (Uni) and stop his men from advancing. Johnston (Con) scored an impressive victory. Nevertheless, he could not stop the Union from advancing. Because of this, Jefferson Davis (Con President) was prompted to replace him with General John B. Hood.

what toll did the war take on women in the south?

the war forced many women and some men to perform untraditional, non-domestic tasks. Because the war decimated the male population, women were left unmarried, widowed, and it gave them no choice but to find employment.

how did the confederacy experiment to take important steps toward centralization?

they experimented with a "food draft" which permitted soldiers to feed themselves by seizing crops from farms in their path. They also seized control of the railroads and shipping, limiting corporate profits.

what was one problem women faced while nursing? how did the United States Sanitary Commission counteract this statement?

they faced resistance from male doctors who said it was inappropriate for women to take care of male soldiers. the United States Sanitary Commission presented nursing in domestic terms: as a profession that made use of the same maternal, nurturing roles women played as wives and mothers.

what did Grant's army of Potomac capture in april 1865? what happened to the Confederacy?

they finally captured a railroad junction. without it, Lee's army was plagued with heavy casualties and and massive desertions. General Lee then informed the Confederacy that he could no longer defend Richmond. Within hours, Jefferson Davis, his cabinet, and others fled. Mobs rushed in.

Who did the democrats nominate, and what platform did they adopt?

they nominated George B. McClellan, and adopted a platform denouncing war and calling for a truce.

what did some women see the war as?

they saw it as an opportunity to win support of their own goals.

What did Northerners see themselves doing by fighting in the war?

they saw themselves as fighting to restore the union and preserve the american democratic experiment. They questioned how the nation would survive if states seceded every time the results of an election were not in their favor. at first, they were not fighting to abolish slavery, but eventually, it became clear that abolishing slavery would help end the rebellion, so emancipation joined reunion as a war aim.

what were the southern's views and reasons for fighting?

they saw themselves as the protectors of sacred American values. they defended the rights of states to secede if they found the government to be oppressive, just as the original colonies did in order to gain independence from Great Britain. They interpreted their defense as of slavery as a defense of individual property rights in general. however, for the most part, many rebels fought simply to protect their homes and families.

during the war, what positions did women take?

they took over the men's positions, including teachers, salesclerks, office workers, mill and factory hands, and above all, nursing.

how did the government try to finance the war?

they tried to do so in 3 ways: 1. levy taxes 2. issue paper currency 3. borrowing

how did the Confederates make a bold attempt to break the blockade?

they tried using a ironclad warship, called the Merrimac, and renamed the Virginia. they were able to destroy 2 ships, but the Union government already had ironclads of its own, including the Monitor, which arrived the next day. Neither vessel was able to sink the other, but the Monitor was able to put an end to the Virginia's raids.

how did confederate soldiers handle their basic supplies?

they were given things like ammunition cartridge boxes on their belts, rolled - up blankets, a haversack, a tin cup, frying pan, and a cloth - covered canteen. soldiers provided their own guns (shot guns, hunting rifles, etc) and cavalrymen provided their own horses. regiments wore different uniforms, but even after confederates adopted gray as their uniform color, the government was never able to provide every soldier a uniform.

initially, how were soldiers from both sides trained for battle?

they were haphazardly trained and unprepared for battle.

How were meals on both sides?

they were meager, with dried vegetables, salt pork and beef, coffee, and tough crackers known as a hardtack.

what happened to blacks captured by the confederates?

they were sent back to their masters, if they were escaped slaves, or executed.

what were some positive outcomes of being in war for the north?

it produced prosperity and economic growth.

what methods other than repression were used to strengthen support for war in the north?

- arrests of "disloyal" northerners - persuasive things to stimulate enthusiasm to join the war such as: - pro - war pamphlets - posters - speeches - songs - photographs (used to show the sacrifices made by the soldiers in the north, attempted use of similar propaganda in the south, although it wasn't very effective)

what advances in terms of transportation helped with the technology of war?

- hot air balloons were employed to provide a view of enemy formations in the field. - ironclad ships, torpedos and submarine technology introduced in the 1860's all contributed to the growing naval system.

what were several pieces of technology introduced throughout the war?

- the repeating rifle, introduced in 1860 by Oliver Winchester - greatly improved cannons and artillery, a result of earlier advances in iron and steel technology

How was the Union's overwhelming advantage in Naval power used?

1. enforced a blockade of the Southern Coast 2. Assisted Union armies in field operations

what were the 2 relatively new technologies introduced, and what were their significance?

1. railroads: important in mobilizing millions of soldiers & transferring them to the front. also moved a lot of supplies from place to place in a lesser amount of time. the dependence on the rails encouraged commanders to fight in great battles with large armies rather than smaller engagements with fewer troops. 2. telegraph: it was limited both by scarcity of qualified telegraph operators and by the difficulty of bringing telegraph wires into places where battles were being fought. Things somewhat improved after the new US Military Telegraph Corps under Thomas Scott and Andrew Carnegie trained and employed 1,200 operators. Gradually, both sides were able to use the device to communicate with one another during battles.

how many blacks served for the Union forces? what were their jobs?

186,000 blacks served as soldiers, sailors, and laborers.

by the end of the war, what states had abolished slavery?

2 Union slave states: Maryland and Missouri 3 Confederate states occupied by Union forces: Tennessee, Arkansas, & Louisiana

what small battles did the army of Potomac face?

Battle of the Wilderness (May 5-7), Battle of Spotsylvania Court House (May 8-21), and when Lee and his army repulsed the Union forces just northeast of Richmond, at Cold Harbor. After everything, Grant tried to move his men towards the railroads in Petersburg so he could cut off the capital's communications with the rest of the Confederacy; however, defense was too strong and the assault became a prolonged siege.

What was the Trent affair?

Beginning in 1861, two confederate diplomats parentheses (James M. Mason & John Slidell) had slipped through the then ineffective Union blockade to Havana Cuba. They boarded an English steamer, the Trent, for England. Waiting in Cuban waters was the American frigate (type of warship) San Jacinto, commanded by Charles Wilkes. Acting without authorization, Wilkes Stopped the British vessel, arrested the diplomats, and carried them in try amp to Boston. The British government demanded the release of prisoners, reparations, and an apology. Because he was unwilling to risk war with England, Lincoln eventually released the diplomats with an indirect apology.

Judah P. Benjamin

Confederate Secretary of State for most of the war

what were the events that occurred leading up to the battle of Shiloh?

Confederate troops under General Albert Sidney Johnson were stretched out in a long defensive line around 2 forts in Tennessee: Fort Henry and Fort Donelson. Early in 1862, Ulysses successfully attacked Fort Henry and moved both his naval and ground forces to Fort Donelson; the fight was harder but Union remained victorious. Grant thus gained control of river communications and forced Confederate troops out of Kentucky and half of Tennessee.

What states under heavy political pressure stayed in the union?

Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky and Missouri.

France was unwilling to take sides in the conflict unless?

England did so first

what happened during the battle of Gettysburg?

From July 1-3, 1863, the battle of Gettysburg took place. The south attacked the north first, but eventually Lee had used up majority of his troops. July 4, the same day as the surrender of Vicksburg, Lee withdrew from Gettysburg. At this point in time the Confederacy realized that they were too weak to threaten the North. Months later Lincoln visited Gettysburg to give the Gettysburg Address.

what happened in the battle of Chancellorsville?

From May 1-5, Stonewall Jackson attacked the Union right and Lee himself charged the front. Lee had frustrated Union objectives, but he was not able to destroy the Union army. in addition, his partner, Jackson, was fatally wounded.

In Lincoln's inaugural address, what did he insist?

He insisted that acts of force or violence to support secession were insurrectionary and that the government would "hold, occupy, and possess" federal property in the seceded states, clearly referencing to Ft Sumter.

what were Lincoln's firsts military moves?

He made bold moves, including the fact that he sent troops into battle without asking Congress for a declaration of war, arguing that the conflict was domestic insurrection. He increased the size of the regular army without receiving legislative authority to do so. And, he unilaterally proclaimed a naval blockade of the South.

During the siege of Vicksburg, what did General Lee propose?

He proposed an invasion of Pennsylvania, which led to the Battle of Gettysburg. His argument for invading Pennsylvania was that if he won, it would be a major victory on Northern soil and hopefully enough to push England and France to aid them in the war.

What document did Lincoln sign on Jan 1, 1863, and what did it declare?

He signed the Emancipation Proclamation, which declared forever free the slaves inside the Confederacy. It ONLY applied to slaves in states the Union had no control over. It clearly stated that the war was being fought not only to preserve the Union but to also eliminate slavery.

who did the constitutional convention at Montgomery name as provisional president and VP?

President: Jefferson Davis of Mississippi VP: Alexander H Stevens of Georgia

what ethnic groups were found within the soldiers as a whole?

Irish, German, and Italian Americans. Eventually, African Americans.

how did the war help slaves and African Americans?

It helped African Americans liberate themselves. Many slaves were taken from their plantations and put to work as workers building defenses and other chores; once transported to the front, many found ways to escape to the North and were treated as "contraband' - goods seized from people who had no right to them. they could not be returned to their masters.

What do many Northerners blame for the drawn out war? What was the real reason?

Many northerners blamed the war being so long on the military stalemate (not doing anything) on timid/incompetent Union generals. The real reason why the war was drawn out for so long was because whether the men knew it at the time or not, this war was not traditional. with the new advances, it became a war of attrition, where the only road of victory for the Confederacy was if the Union quit fighting.

What did Lincoln do as soon as he arrived in Washington, despite what many thought of him?

Many republicans considered him a minor prairie politician who would easily be controlled by the real leaders of his party. Instead, Lincoln understood the weaknesses of himself and his party. He assembled a cabinet representing every faction of the Republican Party and every segment of Northern opinion.

After Lincoln took office, what 6 states seceded?

Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas

What major advantages did the South have against the North?

Most of the battles would be fought on Southern soil, meaning that the southern armies were, for the most part, fighting a defensive war on familiar land with local support.

What happened with the relations between the confederacy and European countries?

No nation wanted to antagonize the United States unless the confederacy seems likely to win, and the south never came close enough to victory to convene its potential allies to support it. In the end, no European nation offered diplomatic recognition, financial support, or military aid to the confederacy. They were on their own.

What happened 2 months before the confederacy was made?

Pres Buchanan told congress that no state had a rjght to secede from the Union, but that the federal government had no authority to stop them if they did.

Why did France and England help the Confederacy ?

Partly because the 2 nations imported much southern cotton, but it was also because they were eager to weaken the United States, an increasingly powerful rival to them in world commerce.

what were the economic effects of the war in the north vs the south?

SOUTH - war cut off Southern planters and producers from Northern markets - Union blockade of Confederate ports made selling cotton overseas difficult - production of all goods declined by a third - fighting in general wreaked havoc on the Southern landscape, destroying farmland, towns, cities, and railroads. - shortages, inflation, and carnage created instability in Southern society, - resistance to conscription, food impressment, and taxation increased - hoarding and black market commerce increased NORTH - war cut off Southern planters and producers from Northern markets - productions of all goods increased during the war

What happened to Sherman's famous "March to the Sea"?

Sherman's army cut a 60 mile wide path of destruction across Georgia. His goals were not only to deprive the Confederate army of war materials and railroad communications, but to also break the will of the southern people by burning towns and plantations along his route. By Dec 20, he reached Savannah, which surrendered 2 days later.

Who seceded first from the Union?

South Carolina on December 20, 1860

Describe what happened at the Battle of Shiloh.

The Battle of Shiloh took place from April 6-7, 1862. This was a fight between Ulysses S. Grant who commanded the Union, and Albert Sidney Johnston and P.G.T. Beauregard commanding the Confederacy. The first day, Southerners drove Grant and his troops back to the river. Johnston was killed. But the next day, reinforced with 25,000 troops, Grant recovered the lost ground and forced Beauregard to withdraw. After the narrow Union Victory, Northern forces occupied Corinth, Mississippi, and took control of the Mississippi River as far south as Memphis.

Who scrutinized Lincoln's handling of the war effort?

The Committee on the Conduct of War, a joint investigative committee of the two houses of Congress, led by Senator Benjamin E. Wade of Ohio. The committee complained of the inadequate ruthlessness of Northern generals, which Radicals on the committee attributed (largely inaccurately) to a secret sympathy among the officers for slavery. Their efforts often seriously interfered with the conduct of war.

What happened in the battle of Ft. Sumter?

The fort needed supplies, so Lincoln informed South Carolina authorities that he would be sending supplies with no intention of fighting unless resistance was shown. The new Confederate government ordered General P.G.T. Beauregard, commander forces at Charleston, to take the fort. Anderson (Union) recused to give up when facing the bombardment of the Confederacy, but eventually on April 14, he surrendered. This was the unofficial beginning of the civil war.

in the beginning of 1864, who did Lincoln appoint to as chief of all the Union armies?

Ulysses S. Grant

How was New Orleans seized?

Union troops under the command of Flag Officer David G. Farragut defeated weak Confederate forts near the mouth of the Mississippi and sailed up into New Orleans. The City was virtually powerless, because they had been anticipating the attack to come from the north. New Orleans, the South's largest city and most important banking center had been surrendered to the Union on April 25, 1862. This was an important turning point in the war.

As a result of the battle of Ft. Sumter, what other states seceded shortly after?

Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, & North Carolina.

what was the last important port in Confederate hands?

Wilmington, North Carolina, which fell to the Union in early 1865.

What is the homestead act of 1862?

it permitted any citizen or prospective citizen to purchase 160 acres of public land for a small fee after living on it for 5 years.

what kind of leader was jefferson davis?

he was a reasonably able administrator, but rarely provided genuinely rational leadership, spending too much time on routine items. unlike Lincoln, he payed great attention to legal and constitutional requirements.

What was Lincoln's greatest political problem, and how did he respond to it?

his greatest political problem was the widespread popular opposition to the war in the North. As a result, Lincoln ordered military arrests of civilian dissenters and suspended the right of habeas corpus (the right of an arrested person to receive a speedy trial). At first, Lincoln only executed this in sensitive areas such as the border states, but eventually by 1862, he issued it to everyone.

how were new or existing banks able to join the new national bank system? what did this help with?

if they wanted to join, they would need enough capital and were willing to invest 1/3 of its government securities. in return, they could issue United States Treasury notes as currency. This eliminated a lot (but not all) of of the chaos and uncertainty surrounding the nation's currency.

what 2 great offensives did Grant plan for 1864?

in Virginia, the army of Potomac would advance toward Richmond and force Lee into a decisive battle. in Georgia, the western army under General William T. Sherman would advance east toward Atlanta and destroy the remaining confederate force, which was under the command of Joseph E. Johnston.

when in the war was the recruitment the most successful?

in the beginning of the war, when there was a first flush of enthusiasm.

when congress convened in July 1861, how many soldiers did they authorize enlisting, and with how long a term?

it authorized enlisting 500,000 soldiers with a 3 year term instead of the customary 3 month term.

in the beginning of 1861, how many troops were in the army of the United States, and where were they stationed?

it consisted of only 16,000 troops, many of which were stationed in the west.

what did the completion of the transcontinental railroad create

it created 2 new federally chartered corporations: - Union Pacific Railroad Company (built westward from Omaha) - Central Pacific (was built eastward from California) The 2 project were to meet in the middle to complete the link. They succeeded and in 1869 met in Promontory Point, Utah.

what were the majority of civil war soldiers?

volunteers