The United States Since 1877 - Chapters 15-21

The 1897 Dingley Tariff:

raised tariff rates to their highest level in American history to that time.

The Fifteenth Amendment:

sought to guarantee that one could not be denied suffrage rights based on race.

Which was not a principal task of the Freedmen's Bureau (1865-1870)?

support black churches and businesses

What was the name of the labor organization of principally white, male, skilled workers that arose in the 1880s and was headed by Samuel Gompers?

the American Federation of Labor

The largest citizens' movement of the nineteenth century was:

the Farmers' Alliance.

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the years from 1873 to 1897 were known as:

the Great Depression.

What was the name of the organization that sought to organize both skilled and unskilled workers, women as well as men, blacks along with whites, and achieved a membership of nearly 800,000 in 1886?

the Knights of Labor

The industrial revolution in the United States took place principally in:

the Northeast and the Midwest.

In February 1898, what ship exploded in Havana Harbor with a loss of nearly 270 lives?

the battleship Maine

Which were central elements in the lives of postemancipation blacks in the twenty years following the end of the Civil War?

the family, the church, the school

Sharecropping:

was preferred by African-Americans to gang labor (because they were less subject to supervision).

Which census revealed for the first time that there were more non-farming jobs than farming jobs in the United States?

1880

Between 1870 in 1920, how many immigrants arrived from overseas?

25 Million

While actual numbers may be higher, from 1880 to the mid-twentieth century, the confirmed number of people lynched reached nearly:

5,000

What was the name of the naval officer and his 1890 book that argued that no nation could prosper without a large fleet of ships engaged in international trade, protected by a powerful navy operating overseas bases?

Alfred T. Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power Upon History

A union of writers and social reformers who believed American energies should be directed at home, businessmen fearful of the cost of maintaining overseas outposts, and racists who did not wish to bring non-white populations into the United States.

Anti Imperialist League

Speech in which Booker T. Washington repudiated the abolitionist tradition that stressed ceaseless agitation for full equality, urging blacks not to try to combat segregation.

Atlanta Speech

Farms that covered thousands of acres and employed large numbers of agricultural wage workers.

Bonaza

Derisive term for northern emigrants who participated in the Republican governments of the Reconstruction South; southern white Republicans some former Unionists who supported Reconstruction governments.

Carpetbaggers and scalawags

Law passed in 1887 meant to encourage adoption of white norms among Indians; broke up tribal holdings into small farms for Indian families, with the remainder sold to white purchasers.

Dawes Act

According to Social Darwinism, government should seek to help the poor, and build an activist state to regulate the nation's corporations.

FALSE

At the Battle of Little Big Horn, General George Armstrong Custer's troops were victorious.

FALSE

Ida Tarbell authored the famous novel House of Mirth, which depicted the downfall of a young woman trying to ?0Òmarry up?1Ó in society.

FALSE

In consequence of the Reconstruction governments across the South, the region became a vibrant and successful hub of dynamic and expansive economic growth, allowing many African-Americans to escape from poverty.

FALSE

Ironically, the Farmers' Alliance found greater support among industrial workers than among small farmers.

FALSE

Presidential Reconstruction (1865-1867) was a success.

FALSE

Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, leading figures in the women's rights movement, were strong supporters of the Fifteenth Amendment.

FALSE

The Ku Klux Klan sought to uphold the American ideal of equality and justice for all.

FALSE

The Social Gospel movement concentrated on attacking individual sins such as drinking and Sabbath-breaking and saw nothing immoral about the pursuit of riches.

FALSE

The West was a remarkably homogeneous region—only in the twentieth century would it become ethnically diverse.

FALSE

Under Radical Reconstruction, blacks held most of the South's top elected positions.

FALSE

While corruption was almost nonexistent in the North, it was rampant in the South.

FALSE

Yale professor William Graham Sumner believed that America could achieve its ideals only with fair, progressive taxation.

FALSE

What 1893 United States Supreme Court decision authorized the federal government to expel Chinese immigrants without due process of law?

Fong Yue Ting

The idea proposed by Andrew Carnegie in 1889 that those who are wealthy have an obligation to use their resources to improve society.

Gossip of Wealth

Which of the following was not a major reason for the decline and subjugation of the American Indian?

Indifference to the advantages of guns and horses weakened Indian resistance to U.S. military power.

Which of the following was not a central principle of the American Federation of Labor?

It is vital that unions include workers of all backgrounds, regardless of race, ethnicity, sex, or skill.

The leader of the band of several hundred unemployed men who marched on Washington in May 1894 to demand economic relief was:

Jacob Coxey.

Organized in Pulaski, Tennessee, in 1866 to terrorize former slaves who voted and held political offices during Reconstruction; a revived organization in the 1910s and 1920s

KKK

Which of the following series of events is listed in proper sequence?

Kansas Exodus; Civil Rights Cases; Booker T. Washington's Atlanta address; Plessy v. Ferguson

Which of the following series of events is listed in proper sequence?

Munn v. Illinois; Wabash v. Illinois; Interstate Commerce Act; Lochner v. New York

In President Andrew Johnson's view, African-Americans ought to play what part in Reconstruction?

None

By 1913, the United States produced how much of the world's industrial output?

One-Third

In hopes of protecting the Chinese market for U.S. exports, Secretary of State John Hay demanded in 1899 that Chinese trade be open to all nations.

Open Door Policy

What landmark United States Supreme Court decision gave approval to state laws requiring separate facilities for whites and blacks?

Plessy vs. Ferguson.

Conservative white Democrats, many of them planters or businessmen, who reclaimed control of the South following the end of Reconstruction.

Redeemers

Preached by liberal Protestant clergymen in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries; advocated the application of Christian principles to social problems generated by industrialization.

Social Gossip

In which industry did Andrew Carnegie make his fortune?

Steel

"Vertical integration" is defined as one company controlling every phase of the business from raw materials to transportation, manufacturing, and distribution.

TRUE

A significant amount of Mexican-era landholdings were made available for sale because United States courts only recognized land titles to individual plots of land.

TRUE

An oversupply of cotton on the world market, which led to a sharp decline in prices, contributed to a farmers' revolt and gave rise to the Populist movement.

TRUE

Between 1880 and 1940 there were more white sharecroppers than black sharecroppers.

TRUE

Black Codes denied black Americans the right to testify against whites, serve on juries or in state militias, or vote.

TRUE

By 1900, southern per capita income was only 60 percent of that of the national average.

TRUE

During Reconstruction, some 2,000 African-Americans held public office, among them fourteen in the United States House of Representatives and two U.S. senators.

TRUE

In 1866, the Civil Rights Bill became the first major law in American history to be passed over a presidential veto.

TRUE

In 1869, President Ulysses S. Grant announced a new "peace policy" in the West.

TRUE

In 1894, in one of the most decisive shifts in congressional power in American history, the nation's urban working class shifted en masse to the Republican Party, and Republicans gained 117 seats in the House of Representatives.

TRUE

In the Slaughterhouse Cases (1873), the Supreme Court ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment had not altered traditional federalism.

TRUE

In the late 1800s, California tried to attract immigrants by advertising its pleasant climate and the availability of land, although large-scale corporate farms were coming to dominate the state's agriculture.

TRUE

Most Americans who looked to expand America's influence overseas were interested, not in territorial possessions, but in expanded trade.

TRUE

One consequence of the bitter attacks on African-Americans' political rights across the South was that, by 1940, 97 percent of adult black southerners were not registered to vote.

TRUE

Robert Smalls, a black representative in the United States House of Representatives, was elected to five terms in Congress.

TRUE

Some 700 blacks sat in state legislatures during Reconstruction.

TRUE

The Bargain of 1877 marked the formal end to Reconstruction.

TRUE

The Civil Rights era of the 1950s and 1960s is sometimes called the "Second Reconstruction".

TRUE

The Haymarket Affair resulted in the hanging of four convicted anarchists.

TRUE

The KKK was founded in 1866 as a social club in Tennessee and served, in effect, as a military arm of the Democratic Party.

TRUE

The Knights of Labor regarded inequalities of wealth and power as a growing threat to American democracy.

TRUE

The country was plunged into an economic depression in 1873, and support among Republicans for further reforms in the South weakened.

TRUE

Turn-of-the-century segregation laws were passed in clear defiance of Supreme Court rulings.

TRUE

The first federal agency intended to regulate economic activity, and ensure that railroad rates were reasonable, and favoritism was avoided was:

The Interstate Commerce Commission.

What was being reconstructed (constructed again) in Reconstruction?

The Nation

Spoke for all 'producing classes' and embarked on a remarkable effort of community organization and education.

The People's Party or Populists

Which of the following was not a theme of Social Darwinism?

The growing gulf between the haves and the have-nots poses a dire threat to American freedom.

Which was not true of Liberal Republicans in the post-Civil War era?

They believed the growth of federal power needed to be expanded.

Two of the Gilded Age's leading business figures were:

Thomas A. Scott and Andrew Carnegie.

The idea that white imperialism contributed to the progress of civilization.

White Man's Burden

The congressman from Nebraska who was the Democratic Party nominee for president in 1896 and who called for the ?0Òfree coinage?1Ó of silver was:

William Jennings Bryan.

The political "boss" of New York City in the early 1870s was:

William Marcy Tweed.

During Reconstruction, the black church functioned as a vital setting for:

Worship, Schooling, Political Mobilization

Widely-sold newspapers, so called by their critics after the color in which a popular comic strip was printed, that mixed sensational accounts of crime and political corruption with aggressive appeals to patriotic sentiments

Yellow Press

"Waving the bloody shirt" referred to:

a Republican attempt to associate Democrats with secession and treason.

Which of the following was not a major reason for America's imperial expansion?

a desire to broaden the exposure of Americans to different cultures

The "subtreasury plan" was:

a plan to establish federal warehouses where farmers could store crops until they were sold.

Which was not one of the devices used by southern whites to keep blacks from exercising suffrage?

a religious test

Sharecropping:

allowed a black family to rent part of a plantation, with the crop divided between worker and owner at the end of the year.

The southern Black Codes:

allowed the arrest on vagrancy charges of former slaves who failed to sign yearly labor contracts.

The Reconstruction Act of March 1867:

divided the South into five military districts and called for creation of new state governments, with black men given the right to vote.

Which of the following was not a grievance of the Farmers' Alliance and the Populists?

excessive power of the labor unions

Which of the following best describes the Ghost Dance?

feared by U.S. Army officials

According to Eric Foner, the federal government contributed to the dynamic and expansive growth of the American economy in the late nineteenth century by:

granting land to railroads, removing Indians from desirable lands in the West, and enacting high tariffs.

The crop-lien system:

kept many sharecroppers in a state of constant debt and poverty.

The 1887 Dawes Act:

led to the loss of tribal lands and the erosion of Indian cultural traditions.

Which was not a central factor in the explosive economic growth in the second Industrial Revolution?

low tariffs

The Freedmen's Bureau:

made notable achievements in improving African-American education and health care.

The Fourteenth Amendment:

marked the most important change in the U.S. Constitution since the Bill of Rights.