The Universe and Solar System
According to the big bang theory, the universe is continually getting larger and cooler. larger and warmer. smaller and cooler. smaller and warmer.
larger and cooler
What evidence do scientists have that Earth has been hit by large objects, like asteroids, in the past? Check all that apply. layer of volcanic ash layer of burned organic matter change in average global temperature mass extinctions earthquake activity
layer of burned organic matter change in average global temperature mass extinctions
The outer planets are made mostly of gas which makes them denser than the gaseous inner planets. less dense than the gaseous inner planets. denser than the solid inner planets. less dense than the solid inner planets.
less dense than the solid inner planets.
What are elliptical galaxies mostly made of? -dust -gas -new stars -old stars
old stars
About how long does it take the Moon to orbit the Earth? one day one week one month one year
one month
Which condition describes an object having terminal velocity? gravity > air resistance gravity < air resistance gravity = air resistance
gravity = air resistance
Which characteristic distinguishes dwarf planets from planets? orbits the Sun is round is not a moon has not cleared its orbit of objects
has not cleared its orbit of objects
Please select the word from the list that best fits the definition Kepler
heliocentric
On March 21, a stick casts the following shadow. What is the most likely time of day? 9:00 AM 12:00 Noon 3:00 PM 7:00 PM
9:00 AM
An equinox occurs when a. neither end of Earth's axis is tilted toward or away from the sun. b. the north end of Earth's axis is tilted away from the sun. c. the north end of Earth's axis is tilted toward the sun. d. Earth's axis is parallel to the sun's rays. Please select the best answer from the choices provided A B C D
A
All objects are attracted to each other by the force of a. weight. b. mass. c. inertia. d. gravity. Please select the best answer from the choices provided A B C D
D
The Earth's changing distance from the Sun during the year causes the seasons. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F
F
The table shows the distance between the moon and Earth on different dates. On which date is the gravitational force between Earth and the moon the greatest? January 10 April 15 September 15 December 19
January 10
Why might Mercury have such extreme temperatures relative to those on Earth?
Mercury has no true atmosphere and is the closest planet to the Sun. These two factors combine to generate the extreme temperatures measured on the surface of the planet.
Explain why it is generally warmer near the equator than it is near the poles.
Near the equator, sunlight hits Earth's surface more directly. Near the poles, however, sunlight hits Earth's surface at an angle. The same amount of energy is spread out over a larger area. As a result, it is generally colder near the poles.
The universal law of gravitation, written by Isaac ___________ says that any two objects in the universe attract each other by a force called ______________.
Newton gravity
Which type of lunar eclipse will be the least common in North America between 2000 and 2020?
Partial
John throws a baseball from a standing position. Which of the three possible paths will the ball follow? Path A Path B Path C
Path C
Which describes an object's speed in free fall? The object accelerates until it reaches its terminal velocity. The object falls at a constant speed because only one force acts on it. The object falls faster and faster until it strikes the ground. The object speeds up and then stops when air resistance equals gravity.
The object falls faster and faster until it strikes the ground.
During a total lunar eclipse, the moon is in Earth's a.corona. b.penumbra. c.umbra. d.orbit.
c
The darkest part of the moon's shadow is called the penumbra.
false
Please select the word from the list that best fits the definition Ptolemy
geocentric
Please select the word from the list that best fits the definition Copernicus
heliocentric
If the distance between two objects of the same mass decreased, the force of gravity between them would _____________.
increase
The tendency for an object in motion to remain in motion is called ____________________.
inertia
The two factors that combine to keep Earth and the moon in their orbits are ____________ and ____________.
inertia and gravity
he table shows the masses of four objects. Which object has a weight of about 22.5 N? the book the rock the box
the rock
All of space and the matter in it is a galaxy. the universe. the solar system. the Milky Way galaxy.
the universe
A lunar eclipse can occur during a full moon.
true
Tides are caused by the force of gravity from the sun and moon acting on Earth.
true
The darkest part of the moon's shadow is called the ___________________
umbra
The darkest part of the moon's shadow is called the ____________________.
umbra
Describe the model of the solar system proposed by Galileo and Copernicus.
Galileo and Copernicus each proposed a heliocentric, or Sun-centered, model of the solar system. In this model the Sun sits at the center of the solar system. The Moon rotates around the Earth, but like the other planets, the Earth rotates around the Sun.
What keeps the planets in orbit around the Sun?
Gravity keeps the planets in orbit around the Sun.
What is the weight, on Earth, of a book with a mass of 1.5 kg? 1.5 N 6.5 N 11.3 N 14.7 N
14.7N
How fast does the Earth spin on its axis?
.47 km/sec
A dog has a mass of 12 kg. What is its weight? Round your answer to the nearest whole number. The dog weighs ____ N
118
What is the weight of a box that has a mass of 20 kg
196 Newtons
Earth rotates on its axis about once every ___ hours.
24
The movement of one body around another is a. revolution b. rotation Please select the best answer from the choices provided A B
A
Which arrow, A, B, or C, depicts the force of gravity on the thrown football?
A
How is a solar eclipse different from a lunar eclipse?
A lunar eclipse occurs when the Earth passes between the Moon and the Sun, and the Earth's shadow obscures the moon or a portion of it. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between the Earth and the Sun, blocking all or a portion of the Sun. An eclipse can be total, partial, or annular.
What is weight?
A value that describes how heavy an object is and is related to the force of gravity.
The strength of the force of gravity depends on a. the masses of the objects and their speeds. b. the masses of the objects and the distance between them. c. the weight of the objects and their speeds. d. the masses of the objects and their weights. Please select the best answer from the choices provided A B C D
B
Who created the modern model of the solar system by discovering that the plantes move in elipses? a. Galileo c. Ptolemy b. Kepler d. Copernicus Please select the best answer from the choices provided A B C D
B
How does the mass of Venus compare to the mass of the Earth?
Both are similar in size, mass, density, and volume.
In free fall, will the crumpled or flat paper reach the ground first? The crumpled paper will reach the ground first. The flat paper will reach the ground first. Both papers will reach the ground at the same time. It is hard to tell which would reach the ground first without experimentation.
Both papers will reach the ground at the same time.
One complete revolution of Earth around the sun takes about a. one rotation. b. one season. c. one year. d. one eclipse. Please select the best answer from the choices provided A B C D
C
What happens to the orbit of Earth when the mass of the Sun is reduced to 75,000? a. The orbit does not change c. The orbit gets larger b. The orbit gets smaller d. The Sun begins to orbit the Earth Please select the best answer from the choices provided A B C D
C
What occurs when the velocity of Earth is doubled? a. The orbit of Earth around the Sun becomes smaller c. The Earth escapes the Sun b. The orbit of Earth does not change d. The orbit becomes more elliptical Please select the best answer from the choices provided A B C D
C
Which of the following are dwarf planets? Check all that apply. Ceres Namaka Eris Charon Haumea Makemake Pluto
Ceres Eris Haumea Makemake Pluto
Which statement about dwarf planet locations is correct? -Eris is found in the Kuiper Belt and Makemake, Haumea, Ceres, and Pluto are found in the asteroid belt. -Ceres is found in the asteroid belt and Eris, Makemake, Haumea, and Pluto are found in the Kuiper Belt. -Ceres and Pluto are found in the Kuiper Belt and Makemake, Eris, and Haumea are found in the asteroid belt. -Haumea and Makemake are found in the asteroid belt and Pluto, Ceres, and Eris are found in the Kuiper Belt.
Ceres is found in the asteroid belt and Eris, Makemake, Haumea, and Pluto are found in the Kuiper Belt.
Day and night are caused by a. the tilt of Earth's axis. b. Earth's revolution around the sun. c. eclipses. d. Earth's rotation on its axis. Please select the best answer from the choices provided A B C D
D
The two factors that combine to keep Earth and the moon in their orbits are a. gravity and orbital speed. b. orbital speed and mass. c. mass and inertia. d. gravity and inertia. Please select the best answer from the choices provided A B C D
D
What happens to the orbit of Earth when its velocity is halved? a. The orbit of Earth around the Sun becomes smaller c. The Earth escapes the Sun b. The orbit of Earth does not change d. The orbit becomes more elliptical Please select the best answer from the choices provided A B C D
D
Explain how day and night occur.
Earth rotates on its axis in a twenty-four hour cycle. The part of Earth that faces the sun is lighted and experiences day. As Earth turns, its rotation eventually moves the lighted area to face away from the sun. The lighted side grows dark and experiences night.
Astrology is the study of the Earth, Moon, and Stars in space. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F
F
During a solstice, the periods of light and dark are equal. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F
F
Earth's axis of rotation is almost parallel to the plane of its orbit. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F
F
Multi-stage rockets require more force to keep the rocket moving. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F
F
The tendency for an object in motion to remain in motion is called orbital speed. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F
F
Where did Newton get the inspiration for his first law of motion?
From Galileo Galilei who used a telescope and created a "optic tube" telescope. He also got inspiration who created mathematical models to explain motion.
What is gravity?
Gravity is the force that attracts all objects to one another.
Explain how inertia and gravity combine to keep Earth in its orbit.
Inertia tends to make Earth travel in a straight line. Gravity from the sun pulls Earth toward the sun. These two factors acting together cause Earth to remain in a stable orbit around the sun.
How is Earth's environment unique in the solar system?
It has an atmosphere than can support human life
When it is summer in Sydney, Australia what season is it in Montreal, Canada? Explain your reasoning.
It is winter in Montreal when it is summer in Sydney. This is because when the southern hemisphere, where Sydney is located, is tilted toward the Sun, the northern hemisphere, where Montreal is located, is tilted away from the Sun.
The force of gravity is measured in units called ____________ (Newtons/watts).
Newtons
Differentiate between revolution and rotation.
Revolution is the movement of one object around another. Rotation is the spinning of a single object.
It is warmer near the equator because that is where the Earth gets the most direct sunlight. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F
T
Newton's law of universal gravitation states that every object in the universe attracts every other object. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F
T
The Earth revolves around the sun in a nearly circular orbit. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F
T
The force of gravity on an object is known as its mass. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F
T
Describe the path of the Earth around the Sun.
The Earth travels around the Sun in an elliptical orbit, so the distance between the Earth varies at different times of the year.
When is the Earth said to be at perihelion?
The Earth was 91,405,436 miles from Sun at perihelion, For the year 2001, perihelion will occur on January 3rd.
How does gravity affect the inner planets?
The Sun's gravity holds the inner planets tightly as they revolve around the Sun.
What is the corona of the Sun?
The Sun's outer atmosphere
What would happen if the distance between the Earth and the moon decreased?
The force of gravity between them would increase.
Which statement best compares the accelerations of two objects in free fall? The heavier object has a greater acceleration. The object that has the greater surface area has the lower acceleration. The object that has the smaller mass has the greater acceleration. The objects have the same acceleration
The objects have the same acceleration
Which of the following is NOT true about noon in the Northern Hemisphere, on January 1? The sun has reached its highest altitude for that day. Your shadow is the shortest it will be that day. Your shadow points due north. The Sun is directly overhead.
The sun is directly overhead
What causes the seasons?
The tilt of Earth on its axis causes the seasons. The northern hemisphere experiences summer in June because during that time, the North Pole is tilted closest to the Sun.
Solar eclipses occur about twice a year. But seeing a total solar eclipse is often described as a "once in a lifetime" experience. Why is it so rare to experience a total solar eclipse? -Total solar eclipses only occur once or twice a century. -The width of the Moon's shadow is very narrow, so a particular area is very unlikely to lie along the path of totality during the eclipse. -Total solar eclipses usually occur in late winter, when clouds are most likely to block the view. -If you aren't paying attention at the time, its very easy not to notice a total solar eclipse.
The width of the Moon's shadow is very narrow, so a particular area is very unlikely to lie along the path of totality during the eclipse.
Which are descriptions of gravity on Earth? Check all that apply. an attractive force a repulsive force a noncontact force a contact force a horizontal force a vertical force
an attractive force a noncontact force a vertical force
Which statement correctly describes gravity? an attractive force that acts between all objects through contact an attractive force that acts between all objects without contact a repulsive force that acts between all objects through contact a repulsive force that acts between all objects without contact
an attractive force that acts between all objects without contact
Which factors affect the gravitational force between objects? Check all that apply. difference in speed of objects direction of movement of objects distance between objects masses of the objects volumes of the objects
distance between objects masses of the objects
Occurs when night and day are almost the same length.
equinox
The two days of the year on which neither hemisphere is tilted toward or away from the sun are called __________
equinoxs
A tide with the greatest difference between low and high tides is called a neap tide
false
Occurs when the Earth moves between the moon and Sun and blocks the light
lunar eclipse
Is one quarter the size of Earth, has no moons, and has an almost non-existent atmosphere
mercury
Venus and Earth both experience a ____ because of heat trapped by their atmospheres. a.cloud cover c.greenhouse effect b.slow rotation d.cooling effect Please select the best answer from the choices provided A B C D
C
Which statement accurately describes the origin and expansion of the universe? -As the universe continues to expand, it gradually gets warmer. -Galaxies that are further away are moving away more slowly. -Cosmic background radiation is leftover thermal energy from the Big Bang. -Stars and galaxies formed almost immediately after the Big Bang occurred.
Cosmic background radiation is leftover thermal energy from the Big Bang.
The Viking landers sent back pictures of the reddish-colored, barren, rocky, windswept surface of ____. a.Mercury c.Uranus b.Jupiter d.Mars Please select the best answer from the choices provided A B C D
D
This planet has no true atmosphere. a.Mars c.Jupiter b.Saturn d.Mercury Please select the best answer from the choices provided A B C D
D
List three important characteristics of Earth.
Life is known to exist only on Earth, there is water on the surface of Earth, and the atmosphere is composed mainly of oxygen and nitrogen.
How does the orbital velocity of the Earth compare to that of Mercury?
Mercurys orbital velocity is slightly larger than Earth's.
Which phrases describe both Jupiter and Saturn? Check all that apply. -atmosphere contains hydrogen and helium -has 50 or more moons -has a density less than that of water -has multiple rings -has fast winds and storms
atmosphere contains hydrogen and helium has 50 or more moons has fast winds and storms
What causes the extremely high temperatures on the surface of Venus?
Venus is surrounded by dense clouds of carbon dioxide. Solar energy that penetrates the dense clouds heats the surface of the planet. This heats the atmosphere of Venus. Most of the heat is absorbed by the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, leading to a run-away greenhouse effect.
What are some of the names given to the Moon by the Algonquin?
Wolf Moon Snow Moon Worm Moon Pink Moon Strawberry Moon Buck Moon Sturgeon Moon Harvest Moon Hunter's Moon Beaver Moon Cold Moon
How does the length of a Martian day and year compare to and Earth day and year?
A Martian day is nearly the same length as an Earth day, but a Martian year is almost twice as long as an Earth year.
Why are objects that fall near Earth's surface rarely in free fall? Gravity does not act on objects near Earth's surface. Air exerts forces on falling objects near Earth's surface. The objects do not reach terminal velocity. The objects can be pushed upward by gravity.
Air exerts forces on falling objects near Earth's surface.
In the Southern Hemisphere, the summer solstice occurs when the direct sunlight is a. at the equator. b. farthest south. c. farthest north. d. farthest from the Earth. Please select the best answer from the choices provided A B C D
B
If you view our solar system from ecliptic north, what is the direction (clockwise or counterclockwise) of the orbit of Venus around the Sun? Of the orbit of Earth around the Sun? Both orbits are clockwise. Both orbits are counterclockwise. Earth's orbit is clockwise, and Venus' orbit is counterclockwise. Earth's orbit is counterclockwise, and Venus' orbit is clockwise.
Both orbits are counterclockwise.
In 1543, ____ published his views of Earth and other planets revolving around the Sun. a. Kepler c. Copernicus b. Magellan d. Galileo Please select the best answer from the choices provided A B C D
C
What is the transit of Venus? a. When the orbit of Venus crosses the orbit of Earth c. When Venus can be seen from Earth and appears to shade the Sun b. When Venus can be seen from Earth and appears to be shaded by the moon d. When Venus can be seen from Earth and appears to trace a path across the face of the Sun Please select the best answer from the choices provided A B C D
D
Viewed from ecliptic north, what is the direction of rotation (clockwise or counterclockwise) of Venus around its axis? Of Earth around its axis? Both rotations are clockwise. Both rotations are counterclockwise. Earth's rotation is clockwise, and Venus' rotation is counterclockwise. Earth's rotation is counterclockwise, and Venus' rotation is clockwise.
Earth's rotation is counterclockwise, and Venus' rotation is clockwise.
Because the moon rotates once for each revolution around Earth, a.you see some phases more than others. b.a different side of the moon faces Earth each day. c.you never see the far side of the moon from Earth. d.the far side of the moon is visible only during the full moon phase.
c
The amount of the lighted side of the moon you can see is the same during a.new moon and full moon phase. b.new moon and first quarter phase. c.first quarter and third quarter phase. d.full moon and third quarter phase.
c
If objects at the same distance suddenly decreased in mass, the gravitational force between them would _______________
decrease
Increasing the ___________ _____________ two objects will cause the gravitational force between the objects to decrease.
distance between
In a Venn diagram, the separate circles contain characteristics unique to each item being compared and the intersection contains characteristics that are common to both items being compared. This Venn diagram compares the inner and outer planets. What belongs in the center section? -Revolve around the Sun -Rotate on an axis -Generally have rings -Revolve around the Sun -Rotate on an axis -Generally have moons -Rotate around the Sun -Revolve on an axis -Generally have moons -Rotate around the Sun -Revolve on an axis -Generally have rings
-Revolve around the Sun -Rotate on an axis -Generally have moons
A scientist is tracking an object orbiting the Sun that is found between Mars and Jupiter. In order to classify the object as an asteroid, it must be at least _ km.
1
The big bang is thought to have occurred ____ billion years ago.
14
Planets formed from ____ left over from the formation of the Sun at the center of the cloud. a. gravel c. solar wind b. gas, ice, and dust d. asteroids Please select the best answer from the choices provided A B C D
B
The orbits of ____ lie closer to the Sun than does Earth's orbit. a.Mercury and Mars c.Mars and Venus b.Mercury and Venus d.Jupiter and Mercury Please select the best answer from the choices provided A B C D
B
Explain how the Milky Way galaxy got its name.
Before there were telescopes, the stars of the Milky Way galaxy blurred together. The ancient Greeks said this white streak was a "river of milk." The ancient Romans called it a "road made of milk."
Venus is often called the sister planet of Earth. Give three reasons that might explain this designation.
Earth and Venus are very similar in size, have relatively young surfaces, and have similar compositions.
Which objects have the most similar eccentricities? Earth and Neptune Mercury and Mars Saturn and Venus Jupiter and Uranus
Jupiter and Uranus
What did Johannes Kepler discover about the motion of the planets?
Kepler discovered that the planets travel around the Sun in elliptical orbits.
What do we know about the surface of Mercury?
Mariner10 photographed only 45 percent of Mercury's surface, so we do not know what the other 55 percent looks like. What we have seen of Mercury's surface shows many craters, much like Earth's Moon. Mercury also has cliffs as high as 3 km on its surface, which may have formed at a time when the planet apparently shrank.
The planet known for having large amounts of iron oxide in its soil and polar ice caps is __________. Mercury Venus Earth Mars
Mars
How does the mass of the Earth compare to that of Mars?
Mars is about 1/10 of the mass of Earth.
The planet known for being covered in cliffs and craters and having a weak magnetic field is __________. Mercury Venus Earth Mars
Mercury
Explain why Mercury's surface temperature varies so much from day to night.
Mercury is the closest planet to the sun. So close, that most of the gasses on this planet were burned off. This means that Mercury has little to no atmosphere to hold heat in. Similar to a block of wood, Mercury will heat up intensively due to how close it is to the sun, and then when that side is facing away, the heat will quickly dissipate.
List the inner planets.
Mercury, Earth, Venus and Mars.
List the inner planets in order from the closest to the Sun to the farthest from the Sun.
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars
Which statements apply to meteors? Meteors are bits of material falling through Earth's atmosphere. Meteor showers are associated with asteroids. Meteors create a streak of light. The largest meteor found has a mass of 54,000 kg. Meteor showers occur in the autumn and winter.
Meteors are bits of material falling through Earth's atmosphere. Meteors create a streak of light.
Which statement best explains the location of the asteroid belt? -Most asteroids can be found between Mars and Jupiter. -The formation of the solar system produced planets as well as asteroids orbiting the Sun. -The gravitational pull of the Sun brought all asteroids in the solar system together in one area. -The size of asteroids caused them to orbit the Sun at a similar distance.
Most asteroids can be found between Mars and Jupiter.
Four planets, called A, B, C, and D, have orbital periods as shown in the table below. Which planet is closest to the sun? Planet A Planet B Planet C Planet D
Planet B
What title belongs in the circle labeled X in the diagram below? Super Galaxy Meteors Solar System Galaxy Cluster
Solar System
Kepler proposed the modern model of the solar system. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F
T
Why do the outer planets take longer to orbit the Sun than the inner planets do?
The outer planets have larger orbits and travel slower than the inner planets.
Ali had to leave early from science class before finishing his notes on the outer planets. He copies the last line of notes from a friend. What did Ali most likely add to his notes? -The outer planets are much smaller than the inner planets. -The outer planets revolve much faster than the inner planets. -The outer planets have many more moons than the inner planets. -The outer planets are much denser than the inner planets.
The outer planets have many more moons than the inner planets.
Kepler's second law states that a planet speeds up as it gets closer to the Sun. The image below shows a planet in its counterclockwise orbit around the Sun. The orbit is highlighted in red. Which of the following statements is true? -The planet is speeding up. -The planet is slowing down. -The planet travels at the same speed throughout its orbit. -The planet's speed varies randomly and does not depend on its orbital position because it rotates counterclockwise.
The planet is speeding up.
How did the planets of our solar system form?
The planets formed from ice, gas, and dust that was not pulled into the center of a giant cloud where the Sun was formed during the formation of the solar system.
What materials formed the solar system?
The solar system formed from dust, gas, and ice.
Name the three basic parts of a spiral galaxy and describe what is found in each.
The three basic components of a spiral galaxy are the disk, the halo, and the bulge. The disk contains most of the gas and dust in the galaxy. The halo contains globular clusters of very old stars. The bulge contains a high density of stars, but most of them are old stars.
How does the escape velocity of Venus compare to that of Mars?
Venus escape velocity is almost two times the escape velocity of Mars.
What was the Great Dark Spot of Neptune? an area with a high concentration of methane a shadow cast by a nearby dwarf planet a windy and powerful storm system a pool of water on the planet's surface
a windy and powerful storm system
What effects result when there is an impact between Earth and an asteroid? Check all that apply. massive flooding extinction of many life forms major earthquakes change in average global temperature giant dust cloud
extinction of many life forms change in average global temperature giant dust cloud
Which statements describe the characteristics of asteroids? Check all that apply. formed 4.6 billion years ago orbit the Sun beyond Jupiter range in size from a few feet to more than 500 miles across have a total mass greater than the mass of the moon most are found in the asteroid belt
formed 4.6 billion years ago range in size from a few feet to more than 500 miles across most are found in the asteroid belt
Which is the smallest entity in this group of terms? galaxy moon solar system universe
moon
When scientists discuss objects that might hit Earth, what term do they use to describe them as a group? near-Earth objects asteroids and comets Shoemaker-Levy 9 celestial bodies
near-Earth objects
The sun and moon seem to move across the sky each day because of Earth's ____________________ on its axis.
rotation
A dwarf planet is a -small, rocky object that orbits the Sun and is usually found in a belt between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. -small object made of ice and dust that orbits the Sun and forms a coma as it approaches the Sun. -round object that orbits the Sun but lacks the ability to clear the neighborhood around its orbit. -meteoroid that burns up in Earth's atmosphere, producing a streak of light.
round object that orbits the Sun but lacks the ability to clear the neighborhood around its orbit.
Suppose for an unexplained reason a star near Earth started shrinking. At what stage is the gravitational force between Earth and the star the greatest? Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4
stage 1
Which of the following give evidence for the big bang theory? Check all that apply. the Doppler effect galaxy shapes cosmic background radiation contracting of the universe heating of the universe
the Doppler effect cosmic background radiation
What is a light year? the time it takes for light to reach Earth from the Sun the distance light travels in one year the time it takes for light to travel around the Sun the distance light can travel in a year before it burns out
the distance light travels in one year
When does a skydiver achieve terminal velocity? when gravity equals air resistance when gravity is greater than air resistance when air resistance acts on the diver and gravity does not when gravity acts on the diver and air resistance does not
when gravity equals air resistance
If the mass of an object increases, _____________ also increases.
volume
What is the Earth's speed as it travels around the Sun?
29.8 km/sec
The image below represents the Sun on January 1 seen from North America. The letters represent the directions (east, south, and west). What time of day could it be? 5:30 AM 9:45 AM 3:35 PM 9:00 PM
3:35 PM
The gravitational force between two objects is 100 N. If the mass of each object is doubled, what is the gravitational force between the objects at the same distance? 25 N 50 N 200 N 400 N
400 N
On Earth, the mass of one of the lunar landing modules used to explore the moon was measured to be about 4,200 kg. The acceleration due to gravity on the moon is about one-sixth that of Earth. What is the lunar landing module's weight on Earth? ______ N What is the mass of the lunar landing module on the moon? ________ kg The weight of the lunar landing module on the moon is __________ its weight on Earth. The calculated weight of the lunar landing module on the moon is _________ N.
41,160 4,200 less than 6,860
The diagram below shows the Earth and Sun. What is the most likely time for the location marked with a red dot? (Reminder: Earth rotates in a counterclockwise direction.) 4:00 AM 10:00 AM 4:00 PM 10:00 PM
4:00 AM
Evidence in the fossil record points to __ major asteroid impacts that have caused mass extinctions in which 50%-96% of life on Earth died out.
5
On the moon you would weigh much less than what you weigh on Earth. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F
T
Explain which motion causes day and night.
The spinning and rotating movement of the earth along its vertical axis causes the difference between day and night.
Does this illustration show a sky diver at terminal velocity? Explain your answer.
Yes, terminal velocity is when gravity and air resistance are both at a equal point
Suppose you took a trip to the moon. Write a paragraph describing how and why your weight would change. Would your mass change too?
Your weight on the moon is one sixth of your weight on the Earth. Your mass does not change. Your mass would be the same on the moon or anywhere you are as that doesn't change. Mass is the amount of matter that you have or is contained doesn't change. Mass is the amount of matter that you have or is contained inside you and so is unrelated to gravity. Weight changes depending on where you are as it is dependent on the gravity of the location. Weight is a force that arises when gravity acts on your mass. If the gravity is increased you weigh more if the gravity decreases you weigh less. No matter what you weigh you would still have the same mass on the moon, on the earth on mars in deep space. Your mass would be the same on the moon as it is on Earth.Your weight on the moon would be about 16% of what it is on Earth.
Annalise observes a streak of light in the sky and says she is seeing a shooting star. What is she most likely observing? a falling star an asteroid a meteor a dwarf planet
a meteor
A total solar eclipse is visible from a.all over Earth. b.only within the moon's umbra. c.only within the moon's penumbra. d.only the dark side of Earth.
b
For a solar eclipse to occur, a.the sun must be directly between Earth and the moon. b.the moon must be directly between Earth and the sun. c.the moon must be directly behind Earth. d.Earth must be directly between the sun and the moon.
b
A spacecraft is launched from Earth toward the moon. Where will the spacecraft be when the gravitational forces acting on it are equal? -closer to Earth than to the moon because the moon has greater mass than Earth -closer to the moon than to Earth because the moon has greater mass than Earth -closer to Earth than to the moon because Earth has greater mass than the moon -closer to the moon than to Earth because Earth has greater mass than the moon
closer to the moon than to Earth because Earth has greater mass than the moon
Identify the type of force described (contact or noncontact): The force that is exerted when a shopping cart is pushed: ______________ The force that causes a metal ball to move toward a magnet: ______________
contact noncontact
Based upon what you have learned about the position of the earth, sun, and moon during a lunar eclipse, during which phase of the moon can a lunar eclipse occur? a.new moon b.first quarter c.waxing gibbous d.full moon
d
Determined by the distance between objects and the difference in mass between the objects
gravitational force
All objects are attracted to each other by the force of ____________.
gravity
The force that one massive object exerts to attract another object is called ______________
gravity
The force that pulls the moon toward Earth is called ____________________.
gravity
What is the only force that acts on a falling body when it is in free fall?
gravity
When an object is thrown, the thrower pushes the object. This causes the object to move in a _______________ motion. Inertia keeps the ball moving horizontally. The force of gravity acts on the object, causing _____________ motion. These two motions cause the motion of the object to curve downward.
horizontal vetical
If it takes light 26,000 years to travel from the Sun to the center of the Milky Way galaxy, how far is the Sun from the center of the Milky Way? -26,000 light-years -2,600 light-years -260 light-years -26 light-years
26,000 light-years
Galileo used his telescope to discover evidence for the Sun-centered model of the solar system. This evidence included all of the following except __________. a. Venus going through phases b. Venus revolving around the Sun, not Earth c. the planets moving in ovals or elipses d. moons revolving around Jupiter Please select the best answer from the choices provided A B C D
C
Water is found as a solid, liquid, and gas on ____. a.Mercury c.Earth b.Venus d.Mars Please select the best answer from the choices provided A B C D
C
What are the names of Jupiter's four largest moons? Check all that apply. Callisto Europa Galileo Ganymede Io Marius Voyager
Callisto Europa Ganymede Io
Use the drop-down menus to match Jupiter's moons with the phrases that describe them. _______ has many craters. _________ has many active volcanoes. ____________ is the largest moon in the solar system. ___________ is believed to contain twice as much water as Earth.
Callisto Io Ganymede Europa
In 1543, ____ (Magellan/Copernicus) published his views of Earth and other planets revolving around the Sun.
Copernicus
Gravitational force between two objects depends on: a. The weight of the objects c. The mass of each object b. The distance between the objects d. Both b and c Please select the best answer from the choices provided A B C D
D
Why is Pluto now called a dwarf planet?
In 2003, astronomers discovered a new object beyond Pluto that they named Eris. That discovery caused astronomers to talk about the defining characteristics of a planet. They decided that because of its size and location, Pluto, along with Eris, were not planets. Pluto, Eris, and objects like them are now classified as dwarf planets.
Which statement accurately describes irregular galaxies? -Irregular galaxies are much larger than spiral and elliptical galaxies. -Irregular galaxies contain little gas and dust. -Irregular galaxies contain many newly-formed stars. -More than half of the galaxies in the universe are irregular galaxies.
Irregular galaxies contain many newly-formed stars.
What errors exist in the table below? -Elliptical galaxies can also be round and spiral galaxies are not pinwheel-shaped. -Elliptical galaxies can also be round and irregular galaxies have many new stars. -Irregular galaxies have many new stars and spiral galaxies have mostly new stars. -Irregular galaxies have many new stars and elliptical galaxies have new and old stars.
Irregular galaxies have many new stars and spiral galaxies have mostly new stars.
What did photos by the Hubble Space Telescope reveal about the Great Dark Spot? It had gotten larger. It had disappeared. It had gotten darker. It had changed color.
It had disappeared.
In the picture below, viewed from ecliptic north, what time of day is it for the person on Venus and for the person on Earth? -It is about midnight for the person on Venus and just before sunrise for the person on Earth. -It is about midnight for the person on Venus and just after sunset for the person on Earth. -It is about noon for the person on Venus and just before sunrise for the person on Earth. -It is about noon for the person on Venus and just after sunset for the person on Earth.
It is about noon for the person on Venus and just after sunset for the person on Earth.
Which planets have a thick atmosphere made of hydrogen and helium? Check all that apply. Jupiter Uranus Saturn Neptune Mars
Jupiter Saturn
What do we know about the surface of Mars?
Other than Earth, Mars is probably the best studied planet. We know that Mars has polar ice caps and iron oxide in its soil. There are long channels on the surface of Mars that may have been carved by flowing water.
Explain the difference between the geocentric and heliocentric models of the solar system.
Responses may vary but should include some or all of the following information: The geocentric model has the Earth in the center with the Sun and all the planets revolving around it. The heliocentric model has the Sun as the center of the solar system, Earth and the other planets revolve around the Sun. The geocentric model has been proven to be untrue, the heliocentric model is the one scientists use.
Why do you think that scientists discuss manned missions to Mars but not to Venus?
Scientists discuss manned missions to Mars because it would be much easier to send humans to Mars because the conditions on Mars are much less extreme than those on Venus. For example, surface temperatures on Mars range between -125ºC to 35ºC while those on Venus range between 450ºC to 475ºC.
Why are spiral galaxies so bright?
Spiral galaxies contain a lot of gas and dust, and are active areas of star formation. Since they contain many newly forming stars that are young and hot, spiral galaxies are very bright.
Venus experiences an intense greenhouse effect. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F
T
The universe began about 14 billion years ago and has been expanding and cooling ever since. What does this statement most completely describe? the Doppler effect the big bang theory cosmic background radiation light years
The Big Bang Theory
Summarize the Big Bang theory and name two sources of evidence that support it.
The Big Bang theory states that matter and energy existed in a small point of infinite density. Then there was an explosion of the universe. The universe has been expanding ever since. The expansion of the universe, the presence of cosmic microwave background radiation, and the abundance of different elements in the universe all serve as evidence for the Big Bang theory.
Name three bright ring features, and explain why they are so bright.
The F Ring, the Cassini Division, and the C Ring are bright ring features. They are bright due to the low concentration of materials within them, which allows sunlight to shine through.
A scientist is explaining how background cosmic radiation gives evidence of the big bang theory. She says that radiation has been detected everywhere equally as heat in the universe and is increasing. This has been shown to be residual radiation from the big bang. What error did the scientist make? -The radiation is not from the big bang, but caused it. -Radiation is not detected everywhere equally. -The amount of radiation should be lessening, not increasing. -This is not related to the big bang theory.
The amount of radiation should be lessening, not increasing
A scientist discovers a new planet with a blue color in its atmosphere. What can he assume about the planet? The planet is very dense. The atmosphere contains hydrogen and helium. The atmosphere contains methane. The planet is not very dense.
The atmosphere contains methane.
What is unique about the rotation of Uranus, and what caused it?
The axis of Uranus is tilted so that it appears to be rotating on its side. This may have been caused by a collision with a planet-sized body, which dramatically changed Uranus's rotation.
Which is always true about the distance of a planet from the Sun? The farther from the Sun, the shorter a planet's revolution. The farther from the Sun, the longer a planet's revolution. The farther from the Sun, the shorter a planet's rotation. The farther from the Sun, the longer a planet's rotation.
The farther from the Sun, the longer a planet's revolution.
A scientist discovers a new object in the Kuiper Belt and claims it is a dwarf planet. What would have to be true about the object for the scientist to be correct? -The object would have to be irregularly shaped, have an atmosphere, and be traveling in a path with other objects. -The object would have to be irregularly shaped, orbit the Sun, and be traveling in a path free from other objects. -The object would have to be spherical, orbit the Sun, and be traveling in a path with other objects. -The object would have to be spherical, have an atmosphere, and be traveling in a path free from other objects.
The object would have to be spherical, orbit the Sun, and be traveling in a path with other objects.
Describe the rings of Saturn, including their relative size and what they are made of.
The particles that make up Saturn's rings may be as small as sand or as large as tall buildings. They are made of ice and rock that came from comets, asteroids, or broken moons.
An amateur astronomer is looking through a telescope and observes a planet with few moons, no rings, and a cratered surface. What is he most likely observing? a solid inner planet a gaseous outer planet a solid outer planet a gaseous inner planet
a solid inner planet
Which statements apply to comets? Check all that apply. formed of ice, rock, and dust contain a liquid core develop tails near the Sun orbit gas giants like Jupiter and Neptune
formed of ice, rock, and dust develop tails near the Sun
Please select the word from the list that best fits the definition early Greeks
geocentric
Iridium is a substance found only in asteroids and other space objects. This graph shows the amount of Iridium found in different sediment layers of Earth. They are marked off into 17 sections representing time. What most likely happened in sediment layer 5? -A massive volcano erupted, causing global warming and lava flow, which in turn caused mass extinction. -More iridium was produced by space objects and dumped by local factories. -A massive dust cloud formed, causing global cooling and a lack of sunshine. This in turn caused a lack of plants and a mass extinction. -Fewer impacts lead to a drop in iridium levels and a mass extinction caused by a lack of sunshine.
A massive dust cloud formed, causing global cooling and a lack of sunshine. This in turn caused a lack of plants and a mass extinction.
Solar energy trapped by gases in Venus's atmosphere causes ____. a. clouds to form c. the greenhouse effect b. its slow rotation d. a cooling effect Please select the best answer from the choices provided
C
Which of the following planets has the largest orbital radius? a. Venus c. Neptune b. Earth d. Saturn Please select the best answer from the choices provided A B C D
C
Which statements apply to the orbits of dwarf planets? Check all that apply. Dwarf planets orbit the Sun. Pluto could collide with Jupiter. Dwarf planets are round. Pluto is a dwarf planet. Eris could collide with Uranus
Dwarf planets orbit the Sun. Dwarf planets are round. Pluto is a dwarf planet.
Describe the model of the solar system used by early Greek scientists.
Early Greek scientists used an Earth-centered model of the solar system. They believed that the Earth was the center of the solar system. The Sun and other planets were thought to sit in spheres that rotated around the Earth. The stars, located in another sphere, were also believed to rotate around the Earth.
Galileo discovered that the orbits in which planets move around the Sun are elliptical. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F
F
The planets were originally giant comets captured by the Sun. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F
F
Four galaxies have been divided into types based on how elliptical they are. Galaxy 1: E3 Galaxy 2: E7 Galaxy 3: E1 Galaxy 4: E5 Which galaxy is the most stretched out? -Galaxy 1 -Galaxy 2 -Galaxy 3 -Galaxy 4
Galaxy 2
Which statement about the inner and outer planets is true? The inner planets revolve and rotate slower than the outer planets. The inner planets revolve and rotate faster than the outer planets. The inner planets revolve slower and rotate faster than the outer planets. The inner planets revolve faster and rotate slower than the outer planets.
The inner planets revolve faster and rotate slower than the outer planets.
Imagine that new evidence is found that changes how the Doppler effect is viewed. It shows that objects in the red spectrum are actually moving toward Earth and not away. How would this change the view of the big bang theory? -This would provide evidence against the theory since the universe is expanding. -This would provide evidence against the theory since the universe is contracting. -This would provide evidence for the theory since the universe is contracting. -This would provide evidence for the theory since the universe is expanding.
This would provide evidence against the theory since the universe is contracting.
A scientist discovers a deep bowl-like divot under the ocean off the coast of eastern Mexico that is many kilometers across. The layers of the ground all around the continent from around the time that structure formed contain large amounts of iridium and a larger number of fossils than is normally found. What most likely caused the bowl-like structure? a meteorite impact an asteroid impact an iridium spike a Kuiper object impact
an asteroid impact
