theolgy chp 4

Scholasticism

Is the system of philosophical and theological inquiry that first developed in Christian Europe. A disputed question is asked, best arguments pro and con are discussed, terms are carefully defined, and errors in arguments are shown. Its goal was to synthesize the knowledge of philosophy and theology and create one integral system of thought.

Peace of God

a movement to spare women, clergy, children, and peasants from attack by warring feudal lords.

Treaty of Verdun

divided Charlemagne's empire into three sections: France, Central Europe and Eastern Europe

Conciliarism

movement held that general church councils, ecumenical councils, are more authoritative than the pope. Denounced at the Council of Basil below.

Urban VI

was elected to the papacy in 1378 ending the Avignon Papacy; he was an Italian and was freely elected to his position by the French cardinals, as the Italians wanted an Italian pope. He ruled from 1378 to 1389. However he had a harsh temperament and alienated the French cardinals who months later declared that his election was invalid because they claimed they were forced to vote for him; they returned to France and elected a French pope who took the name of Clement VII and became the first anti-pope. St. Catherine of Siena reprimanded them for this turn of events.

Clement VII

was the first French anti-pope who moved to Avignon, France, in 1378, leading to a split in the Church.

Clement V

was the first French pope elected in 1309 who was controlled by the King Philip IV and under his papacy, the Knights Templars were destroyed, property and money taken by King Philip IV

Pope St. Gregory VII

• No secular power had authority over the Church or over the authority of the Pope • He abolished simony and lay investiture • The papacy has the ability to make secular rulers bend to its will.

Pope Innocent III called 5th crusade

• believed in the inherent evil of material possessions and the evil of marriage; suicide is good, two gods of good and evil at war with each other, like the Gnostics • rejected the Mass, sacraments, and the priesthood. • rejected feudal government and considered themselves unaccountable to any authority, religious or civil.

St. Francis of Assisi went on the Fifth Crusade to

• convert the Egyptian Sultan, but failed. • was beaten by Muslim soldiers, then became friends with the Sultan • was given care of the Christian shrines of the Holy Land which continues to this day.

The Concordat of Worms in 1122 solved the question of Lay Investiture by

• having the Emperor invest the bishops with temporal signs of office (scepter) • having a bishop invest a bishop with the spiritual signs of office: ring and staff and vestments.

Pope Gregory IX created the Papal Inquisition to confront the Albigensians in southern France because

• the civil courts had begun prosecuting the heretics, something they were not competent to do • to protect both Christian society from heresy and the churches right to judge religious affairs • he assigned members of the Franciscans and Dominican orders to preach repentance and forgiveness first, and if obstinate, a hearing before an inquisitor

Monastery of Cluny

• was free of the influence and control of corrupt clergy and nobility • Operated according to the Benedictine Rule and stressed a Christian lifestyle of disciple and generosity. • Are under ONE Abbot and under the authority of the Pope.

Fourth Crusade

• was launched to conquer Egypt and use it as a base of operations to recapture Jerusalem • was diverted to Constantinople with enticing promises from Alexius Angelus who promises money, men, and reunification of the church East and West • Alexius could not deliver on his promises, was killed by his trusted lieutenant who took the throne for himself; • So the crusaders sacked the city and set up the Latin Empire of Constantinople, ruled by the French, which lasted until 1261.In 1219,

First Crusade

• was preached by Pope Urban II at the Council of Clermont • created the Crusader States that spanned 600 miles • gave rise to Military Orders to protect the pilgrims travelling to Jerusalem and the new states

Council of Pisa

At this church council in 1409, two popes were deposed and a third elected, but the two popes did not resign as they did not acknowledge the authority of the council. Hence we now have three (3) popes.

Council of Basel-Ferrara-Florenc

In 1439, the Council of Basel asserted the Pope's superiority over Ecumenical Councils.

Nepotism

Passing on benefits or lands to one's children or relatives

Council of Constance

The Pope in Rome sent a legate to convoke this council, called the .........., that made it official where the Pope in Rome resigned, and the other two deposed

Lay Investiture

Was dispute over who would control appointments of Church officials was the most significant conflict between ecclesial and secular powers in medieval Europe.

Pope Martin V

Was elected by five different nations ending the Great Western Schism in 1418. He held the office of Pope from 1406 to 1415.

Mendicants

Were religious orders including St. Francis and the Poor Clare's who begged and lived on the charity of others.

Interdict

an injunction forbidding the celebration of the sacraments

John Wycliff

from England, dismissed the validity of the hierarchy, the sacraments, and the priesthood. He believed in "sola scriptura."

Dark Ages

generally refers to the European Middle Ages (475 - 1000) because of the havoc caused by the partitioning of the Holy Roman Empire, a new wave of invasions (Norsemen, Vikings, Magyars) and the general feeling that the end of the world was nigh.

Northern humanism

humanism had a different effect in Northern Europe where there were not the same economic and social changes as there were in Italy. Life was much like it was during the Medieval age, and rather than redirecting study to classical, pagan culture, those in the North sought to reconcile humanism with Christianity.

Pope Clement VI

in Avignon, France, organized aid for plague victims and offered sanctuary to the Jews who were being scapegoated for causing the plague.

Humanism

is a cultural and intellectual movement of the Renaissance that emphasized art, literature, and the civilizations of ancient Greece and Rome.

Erasmus,

is called the Father of Northern humanism.

Joan of Arc

led the Battle of Orleans that resulted in the English withdrawing from most of French territory. mid 1300s.

Truce of God

outlawed combat from Wednesday evening to Monday morning as well as all religious holidays; helped to end many small wars and temper savagery

Hundred Years War

periods of war with period of peace; war due to the many intermarriages between the English and French over many decades. The war was between the English and French over land.

Feudalism

set of reciprocal legal and military obligations revolving around the strict division among social classes - nobility, vassals, clergy, and serfs - and based on an exchange of loyalty and service for protection and land

Christian humanism

sought to reconcile humanism (art, literature, civilizations) with Christianity

John Hus

taught Wycliff's teachings in Bohemia and stressed the authority of the Bible, and the important role of preaching. He denied the authority of the Pope over the Universal Church. Was later arrested and burnt at the stake.

Simony

the buying and selling of spiritual things, for example, Church offices