theories of personality

which tx is empirically supported for severe mental illness?

supported employment

good enough mother, obj relations

winnicot

which 3 therapies have empirical support for tx of bulimia & anorexia?

bx therapy, interpersonal tx, and CBT

Anna Feud and Heinz Hartmann -place greater emphasis on the ego's role in personality development EGO DEFENSE FUNCTIONS→ involved in resolution of conflict EGO AUTONOMOUS FUNCTIONS→ adaptive functions (learning, memory) -Healthy behavior is under conscious control -Pathology occurs when ego loses autonomy from id -Provides opportunities for re-parenting -Focus on helping client build more adaptive defenses

ego-analysts

theory is based on pathogenic schema • first conceptualized depression • then moved on to other disorders • thinks disorders can be separated by a profile of dysfunctions • talked a lot about negativity • people who are depressed have depressogenic schemata. • Came up with negative triad of depression: o self is (worthless) o world is (unfair) o future is (hopeless) • Anxiety: o self is (inadequate), o world is (dangerous), o and future is (unpredictable). • Schizophrenia: o self is (fragmented), o world is (fragmented), o future is (fragmented)

Aaron Beck

Individual psych: style of life (healthy style of life & unhealthy style of life [pampered & neglected]) position in family imp. maladpt bx = mistaken style of life Agreed with Freud that all behavior is purposeful. Teleological Approach - Regards behavior as being largely motivated by a person's future goals rather than determined by past events Personality Theory - Inferiority feelings, striving for superiority, style of life, and social interest are key concepts Inferiority Feelings - Develop during childhood as the result of real or perceived biological, psychological, or social weaknesses

Adler

which tx has not been empirically supported / not proven with empirical evidence?

Adlerian psychotherapy

the following techniques are applied with which theory of personality? STEP (Systematic Training for Effective Parenting) and STET (Systematic Training for Effective Teaching) (Behavior is goal-directed and purposeful)

Alderian

Observational Learning: A person learns by observing others, WITHOUT the use of reinforcers. Bobo doll experiment. Children act aggressively towards a doll after seeing adults do the same. Observational Learning is useful for learning new behaviors and for enhancing old ones. Lived modeling with guided participation exerts the most learning. Recognized 4 processes involved in learning: attentional, retention, production, and motivational. If the Model is high in status, expert, etc it will affect the previous processes in a greater way.

Bandura

Ecological Model: micro, meso, exo, macrosytem. Cognitive development depends on the interaction b/w the individual and his context. Context encompasses: micro (immediate family, face to face interaction), meso (mother relation to his school teacher), exo (community, media), and macro-system (cultural beliefs).

Bronfenbrenner's

__ tends to be more effective with panic, phobias, and compulsions

CBT

paradoxical intervention and guided imagery are used with which therapy?

CBT

Person-Centered Therapy

Carl Rogers

Trait theory

Cattell

the following are _ techniques: 1. Thought Stopping 2. Self Monitoring 3. Stimulus Control: Behavior is said to be under stimulus control when its performance depends on that stimuli. TX. Consist of reducing the # of interactions with that stimulus, and finally replacing that stimulus with a more adaptive one. 4. Biofeedback: Having client modify his own behaviors. Client is attached to an apparatus that provides immediate response of his physiological changes due to stress while the person is rained to relax. The person is then able to visualize the changes. The success of this technique is that increase person sense of elf efficacy or self control.

Cognitive

•Involves a precipitating situational event that is time-limited and that disrupts the individual's usual coping and problem-solving capabilities oPrimary goal = "to reach people in an acute state of stress and to provide them with enough support to prevent them from becoming the 'chronics' of the future" (relieve sumps, restore pref lv of fxn, identify trigger & apply remediation, connect current & past stress, dv adaptive coping) common w/ Depression, substance abuse, suicide attempt, and marital maladjustment (i.e. suicide hotline -most helpful for young wht fems & they're most freq callers) collaborator helps w/ implementation of intervention/plan

Crisis Intervention

STRESS INOCULATION - he combines the cognitive approach to the behavioral approach, wrote cognitive behavioral management. Self Instructional Training - Help ADHD children perform better at school. - It is a Self Instructional technique that employs cognitive restructuring. - Install self controlling thoughts b/w the stimulus and the response. - Based on Modeling and practice. Self Inoculation: Dealing with Stressful events by increasing cooping skills. It involves 3 phases: - Educating clients about his current responses to stimuli. - Client learn the skills - Client applies coping skills in real situations.

Donald meichebaum

YOU HAVE A PERSON WITH SEVERE SOCIAL PHOBIA WHICH OF THESE TREATMENTS IS MOST APPROPRIATE?

EXPOSURE RESPNSE PREVENTION AND COG RESTRUCTURING

YOU HAVE A PERSON WITH SEVERE SPECIFIC PHOBIA- ANIMAL TYPE WHICH OF THESE TREATMENTS IS MOST APPROPRIATE?

EXPOSURE RESPONSE PREVENTION ONLY

Founder of "Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy" (REBT). Chain: A, B, C, D, E. -Behavior results from a personal belief about an event, not for the event itself. -Behavior is a chain of events: A (external event), B (belief about the event), C (emotion that results from B). -Primary cause of Neurosis is the repetitive irrational belief that one should excel in all aspects and be loved by everyone. -Irrational beliefs are characterized by dogmatic demands (must and should), that results in low frustration tolerance, and negative evaluations about the self. -During Therapy more events are added to the chain: D (therapist attempt to alter irrational beliefs), and E (alternative thoughts and beliefs). -Techniques include: Psycho-education, confrontation, persuasion, modeling, behavior rehearsal.

Ellis

theory= TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS 3 "personas", talked a lot about "scripts", 9 different interactions between these personas, transactions: way in which people relate to each other [first it was personality theory that eventually evolved into a therapy] with the interactions going/relating to each (i.e., child to child to adult to parent, and vice versa). Wrote book "the games people play" talking about parents tend to be protective and punitive and adults are more relaxed and responsible (we want to be adult and use adult communication - adult to adult communication).

Eric berne

Character orientations, mechanisms of escape, was known mostly for his writing on social critiques, did not discuss his therapy style, he stated there are three mechanisms of escape: authoritarianism, malignant destructiveness, and conformity. society prevents you from realizing true nature to be loving, creative, productive -5 styles in response to societal demands: 1) the receptive 2) the exploitative 3) the hoarding 4) the marketing 5) the productive -Only the productive allows you to realize your true nature

Erich Fromm

8 stages of Psychosocial development: 1.Trust vs. Mistrust 2.Autonomy vs. Shame 3.Initiative vs. Guilt 4.Industry vs. Inferiority 5.Identity vs. Confusion 6.Intimacy vs. Isolation 7.Generativity vs. Stagnation 8.Ego Integrity vs. Despair

Erickson

Psychosocial Stages

Erickson

these Therapy Goals and Techniques belong to which theory? oHelp clients overcome their troublesome feelings so they can live in more committed, self-aware, and authentic, and meaningful ways oClients are helped to recognize their freedom and to accept responsibility for changing themselves oTherapist-client relationship is considered the most important therapeutic tool oParadoxical intention - Used to reduce fear, requires the client to focus in an exaggerated and humorous way on the feared situation

Existential Therapy (Logotherapy)

•Emphasis on the human conditions of depersonalization, loneliness, and isolation •Assumption that people are not static, but are in a constant state of "becoming." •Maladaptive Behavior=Natural part of the human condition. For example, anxiety is considered a normal response to the constant threat of death

Existential Therapy (Logotherapy)

-gendered division of labor reflected in family roles -girls taught to attach to moms, boys taught to separate -parenting should make men and women equally responsible for child-rearing

FEMINIST OBJECT-RELATIONS

Goal=empowerment Therapy Techniques= oStriving for an equalitarian Relationship (Acknowledge power differential between therapist-client. Encourage clients to set their own goals Avoiding Labels (De-emphasize traditional assessment) Avoiding Revictimization Involvement is Social Action (Belief that they must be social and political activists) Applications: Violence against women - Avoid revictimization & Depression - Help women direct anger outward

Feminist Therapy

prioritize the role of sociopolitical factors on a woman's psychological functioning and the need for social change

Feminist Therapy

•Emphasis on the "power difference between women and men and how that differential impacts both men's and women's behavior •Intrapsychic events always occur - and must be interpreted - within an oppressive social context •Often combined with Object Relations Theory Maladaptive Behavior=Built on the premise that "the personal is political" / A woman's circumstances always reflect the position of women in society / Symptoms are considered Related to the nature of traditional feminine roles, Means of exercising personal power, & Arbitrary labels that society has assigned in order to exert social control

Feminist Therapy

Essentially pessimistic, deterministic, mechanistic, and reductionistic. Humans are determined by irrational forces, unconscious motivations, biological and instinctual needs and drives, and psychosexual events that occurred during the first 5 years of life. Psychosexual stages, two processes: Primary and secondary processes. ego DMs that reduce conflict bw id and superego and thereby reduce anxiety. 3 structures of psyche (personality): id, ego, superego

Freud

Gestalt Therapy

Fritz Perls

hierarchy of defense mechanisms: categorization defenses form a continuum regarding to their psychoanalytical developmental level [5]. Levels are: • Level I - psychotic defenses (i.e. psychotic denial, delusional projection) • Level II - immature defenses (i.e. fantasy, projection, passive aggression, acting out) • Level III - neurotic defenses (i.e. intellectualization, reaction formation, dissociation, displacement, repression) • Level IV - mature defenses (i.e. humor, sublimation, suppression, altruism, anticipation) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) published by American Psychiatric Association (1994) includes tentative diagnostic axis for defense mechanisms [this was largely base on this theory]

George Vaillant

may be the first truly "cognitive theory," it is a constructive approach, proposes that people actively organize their experiences according to their previously-acquired knowledge, continual use of outdated constructs are the cause of psychopathology. theory = CONSTRUCT (Personal construct theory)

George kelly

•Based on the premise that each person is capable of assuming personal responsibility for his own thoughts, feelings, and actions and living as an integrated "whole." •Drawn on Psychoanalysis, phenomenology, and existentialism as well as _ psychology (issues of perception) oPeople seek closure. A person's "_" (perceptions of parts as whole reflect his current needs). Person's behavior represents a whole that is greater than the sum of its parts. Behavior can be fully understood only in its context. A person experiences the world in accord with the principle of figure/ground •Personality Theory=Personality consists of the self (creative, self-actualizing) and the self-image ("Darker Side") maladapt bx: growth DO (abandonment of self & lack of integration. boundaries interfere w/ needs and homeostasis) 5 boundary disturbances: introjection, projection, retroflection, confluence, deflection

Gestalt

Reality Therapy / Choice Theory

Glasser

major emphasis was on the uniqueness of each individual, built a theory of personality as a reaction against what he regarded as the non-humanistic positions of both psychoanalysis and animal-based learning theory. saw people as thinking, proactive, purposeful beings who are generally aware of what they are doing and why. On the six dimensions for a concept of humanity, & his theory rates higher than any other theorist on conscious influences and on the uniqueness of the individual. He rates high on free choice, optimism, and teleology

Gordon Allport

ACT ACCEPTANCE AND COMMITMENT

HAYES

Psychotherapy Research: Concluded that the effects of psychotherapy may reflect nothing more than spontaneous remission & Challenged on methodological grounds

Hans Eyseneck

Related to the role of Cognitive factors Three modes of cognitive experience •Prototaxic Mode - Characterizes the first few months of life. Involves a "discrete series of momentary states" •Parataxic Mode - Entails seeing causal connections between events that occur at about the same time but that are actually unrelated •Syntaxic Mode - Emerges at the end of the first year of life and is characterized by logical, internally-consistent, and modifiable thinking Maladaptive behavior is the result of "parataxic distortions"/Misperceptions -Therapist is both participant/observer and expert in interpersonal relationships - works to become aware of one's interpersonal relationships

Harry Stack Sullivan

what type of psychotherapy is this? •Phenomenological approach - to understand a person, one must understand his subjective experience "phenomenal field" •Focus on current behaviors •Belief in the individual's inherent potential for self-determination and self-actualization •View of therapy as - authentic, collaborative, and egalitarian •Rejection of traditional assessment techniques and diagnostic labels

Humanistic

•Used to help people recover memories that are otherwise unavailable •May produce pseudomemories (inaccurate or confabulated memories) •May increase confidence in the validity of uncertain memories •Still reflect issues and experiences that are relevant to treatment involves 3 factors: 1) ABSORPTION→ engrossed in a central experience 2) DISSOCIATION→ ordinary functions of consciousness are altered 3) SUGGESTIBILITY→ less inhibited in this trance-like state -helpful for dissociative and conversion disorders, PTSD, phobias, GAD, habits -NOT GOOD for psychotics, paranoids, OCD -most effective when goal is build sense of control over emotions

Hypnotherapy

What is the name of this theory? Developed by Klerman and Weissman as a treatment for depression •Influenced by Meyer's psychobiological approach to psychiatric disorders, Sullivan's interpersonal theory, and Bowlby's attachment theory •Combines elements of psychodynamic and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy •Maladaptive Behavior=depression is related to problems in social roles and interpersonal relationships that are traceable to a lack of strong attachments early in life

Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)

these Therapy Goals and Techniques belong to which theory? oFocuses on current social relationships oPrimary goals is to reduce symptoms and improve interpersonal functioning •1st goals include education, instillation of hope, and sometimes pharmacotherapy •Interventions used to improve interpersonal functioning address one or more of four problem areas (Grief, interpersonal role disputes, role transitions, and interpersonal deficits) •Specific techniques include: encouragement of affects, communication analysis, modeling, and role-playing to establish new ways of interacting

Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)

Analytical Psychotherapy: personal vs. collective unconscious, archetypes

Jung

the following techniques are used with which theory? Re-bridge the gap between the conscious and personal and collective unconscious Interpretations dreamwork transference adopt optimistic view therapeutic real is egalitarian here and now

Jung

•Behavior is determined not only by past events but also by future goals and aspirations •Broader view of personality development - defined libido as general psychic energy •Personality Theory=Consequence of both conscious and unconscious [personal & collective unconscious] factors collective unconscious= archetypes Two attitudes:Extraversion & Introversion Four basic Psychological Functions=thinking, feelings, sensing, and intuiting maladap bx:Symptoms are "unconscious messages to the individuals that something is awry with him, and that presents him with a task that demands to be fulfilled

Jung's Analytic psychotherapy

Accepted Freud's notion of anxiety, but considered anxiety to be the result of the child's interpersonal relationships • Parental behaviors, such as indifference, or rejection, cause a child to experience basic anxiety - helpless and isolated in a potentially hostile world; become detached from people; and/or become aggressive and move against people

Karen Horney

Learning is the result of Insight. Insight reflects a cognitive structure of the environmental/perceptual field that enhances the organism ability to achieve goals.

Kohler

Behavioral model. Depression results from lack of reinforcement in the environment or to lack of individual ability to obtaining reinforcement. Low rate of Response - Contingent - Reinforcement. His work emphasized reactivating depressed patients by exposing them to reinforcers, and increasing activity levels. He used some of the techniques developed by Beck.

LEWINSOHN

"Seasons of Man Life" Divides life into 4 periods and state that there is major stress between each of his life transitions: 1. Childhood: (0-17) 2. Early Adulthood: (17-22): Leaving the world of childhood 3. The age 30 Transition: (28-33): The life that you made for yourself when you were young was not adequate enough. It is time to restructure it 4. Midlife Transition: (40-45): Realization that one's goals will not be accomplished, "deflation o dream."

Levinson

Lifespan stages

Levinson

Separation Individuation: splitting representations of self + or -

Mahler

believed that people are structured in such a way that their activated needs are exactly what they want most. Hungry people desire food, frightened people look for safety, and so forth. Although he was generally optimistic and hopeful, he saw that people are capable of great evil and destruction. He believed that as a species, humans are becoming more and more fully human and motivated by higher level needs. In summary, his view of humanity rates high on free choice, optimism, teleology, and uniqueness and about average on social influences.

Maslow

theory holds that people are continually motivated by one or more needs, and that, under the proper circumstances, they can reach a level of psychological health called self-actualization. Hierarchy of Needs, self-Actualization Theory suggests that much of therapy should involve a productive human relationship and that the job of a therapist is to help clients satisfy love and belongingness needs.

Maslow's Holistic-Dynamic Theory

3 diff ways people relate to each other (prosocial, antisocial, asocial), theory centers on neurosis, reputed to be a very neurotic person prosocial - commications are cooperative and benefit society (move toward) antisocial - against societal norms and do things to benefit themselves (move agaist) asocial - withdraw and more about self mastery than cooperating with others (move away)

Melanie klein

metatheory of counseling that recognizes that Western and non-Western model of therapy are neither "right" not "wrong" but represent different worldviews oTherapist and client identities are formed and embedded in multiple levels and contexts (individual, family, culture), which should be incorporated into treatment oDevelopment of a cultural identity is an important aspect and influences how a client and counselor define the client's problems and appropriate treatment goals oUniversal and the culture-specific conceptual frameworks. Both should be considered when identifying the optimal intervention oEmphasizes multiple helping roles. One-on-one problem solving is only one of many possible intervention strategies oPrimary goal is liberation of consciousness - which proposes that the process of critical consciousness requires considering and addressing the relation of clients to their entire context (self, family, group, organization) •Identified as the "forth force"

Multicultural Therapy (MCT)

Consider object-seeking (relationships with others) as a basic inborn drive •Emphasize a child's early relationships with objects, especially the child's internalized representations ("introjects") of objects and objects relations •Melanie Klein, Ronald Fairbairn, Margaret Mahler, and Otto Kernberg, Winnicott

Object Relations Theory

Personality Theory: Processes by which an infant assumes his own physical and psychological identity Phases of life: Normal Autism phase (Oblivious to the external environment) / Normal Symbiosis phase (Infant is fused with his mother and does not differentiate between "I" and "not-I.") / Separation-individuation phase (Sensory exploration = steps towards separation) •Separation anxiety - conflict between independence and dependence •By 3-years-old - Child has developed a permanent sense of self and object ("object constancy") and is able to perceive others as both separate and related -Maladaptive Behavior=Abnormalities in early object relations. In infancy, there is a tendency to split mental representations of self and others into "good" and "bad" - inadequate resolutions=maladaptive behavior

Object Relations Theory

these Therapy Goals and Techniques belong to which theory? Opportunity to provide the client with support, acceptance, and conditions that restore the client's ability to relate to others in meaningful, realistic ways

Object Relations Theory

these Therapy Goals and Techniques belong to which theory? oHelp the client achieve congruence between self and experience oCreating a fully-functioning, self-actualizing person oIf the right environment is provided, the client will achieve congruence between self and experience. Involves three facilitative conditions: Unconditional Positive Regard (Respect), Genuineness (Congruence), & Empathy

Person Centered Therapy

view of borderline defense mechanisms: developed a theory of borderline personality organization (which one consequence may be borderline personality disorder). His theory is based on ego psychological object relations theory. Borderline personality organization develops when the child cannot integrate positive and negative mental objects together. Kernberg views the use of primitive defense mechanisms central to this personality organization. Primitive psychological defenses are projection, denial, dissociation or splitting, and they are called borderline defense mechanisms. Also devaluation and projective identification are seen as borderline defenses.

Otto Kernberg

what is the theory? •All people have an innate "self-actualizing tendency": Source of motivation and that guides towards positive, healthy growth •Self-Actualization - Directional trend which is evident in all organic and human life - the urge to expand, extend, develop, mature •Personality Theory: Central concept is the notion of the "self" - the whole person composed of perceptions of the "I" or "me" and perceptions of the relationships of the "I" or "me" to others, plus the values attached to these perceptions (To grow, the self must remain unified, organized, and whole) •maladapt bx=The self becomes disorganized as a result of incongruence between self and experience, which can occur when the individual experiences conditions of worth. (ex: when the child finds Positive regard conditional - Child feels incongruence between her sense of self (how she acts) and her experience of the world (how her parents want her to act) --> creates anxiety - signal that the unified self is being threatened. she may then attempt to alleviate anxiety through the defensive maneuvers of perceptual distortion or denial impeding self-actualization)

Person-Centered Therapy

Constructivism, stages: Assimilation/Accommodation, reaching equilibrium). Cognitive Development.

Piaget

Knowledge derives from biological maturation and the environment. The child strives for knowledge in order to be able to adapts to the demands of the environment (resolve reality) and maintain equilibrium. 2 processes: Assimilation (incorporating new knowledge) and Accommodation (modification of existing schemas to fully incorporate that knowledge). 4 stages of cognitive dev: sensorimotor stage, pre operational stage, concrete operational stage, & formal operational stage 3 stages of moral dev: pre moral, heteronomous morality, & autonomous morality

Piaget

which theory has this:MUST-URBATION→ tendency to construct absolute "musts" -irrational beliefs stem from these musts TECHNIQUES→ direct confrontation of irrational beliefs, contingency contracting, in-vivo desensitization, response prevention, psychoeducation

Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET)

•Human behavior is purposeful and originated from within the individual rather than from external forces •People can take control of their own lives •Personality Theory/View of Maladaptive Behavior= basic innate needs (4 psychological/1 physical) >Belonging, power, freedom, fun (psychological) and survival (physical) oSuccess Identity - Person fulfills needs in responsible (conscious and realistic) manner that does not infringe on the right of others oFailure Identity - Person gratifies his needs in irresponsible ways - underlies most forms of mental and emotional disturbance

Reality Therapy

The view that humans are internally motivated and behave to control the world around them according to some purpose within them. We are basically self-determining and create our own destiny. Involves commitment, involvement (by therapist), needs, taking control of life, and the choice is the clients responsibility

Reality therapy

these Therapy Goals and Techniques belong to which theory? oHelp clients identify responsible and effective ways to satisfy their needs and thereby to develop a success identity oRejects the medical model and the concept of mental illness oFocuses on current behavior and beliefs oView transference as detrimental to therapy progress oStresses conscious processes oTeaches clients specific behaviors that will enable them to fulfill their needs oTherapist-client relationship considered a crucial aspect of therapy oExhibit qualities of warmth, respect, and interpersonal openness oModel responsible behaviors oTechniques include: role-playing, exploring wants, needs and perceptions

Reality therapy

psychoevolutionary theory of emotions and defense mechanisms: his theory views defenses as derivatives of basic emotions. Defense mechanisms in his theory are (in order of placement in circumplex model): reaction formation, denial, repression, regression, compensation, projection, displacement, and intellectualization.

Robert Plutchik

-one's sense of self depends on how one connects with others -human development is a progression from infantile dependency toward mature state of interdependency GOAL→ increase interpersonal connections -most important is mother-daughter connection -relationships are reciprocal- even in therapy, but not 100% -mutuality

SELF-IN-RELATION THERAPY

these Therapy Goals and Techniques belong to which theory? Clients must be provided with an environment that makes up for early deprivation and thereby promotes personal growth and the development of a cohesive sense of self. Primary Goal is empathy, which helps the client experience unfulfilled narcissistic needs

Self-Psychology

•Early childhood factors that affect development of a cohesive sense of self •Heinz Kohut dev this theory & best known for work on narcissism •Personality Theory- Parent's ability to provide their child with factors that lead to a cohesive sense of self, or "healthy narcissism" •Maladaptive Behavior=Parent's consistently respond to the child in very unempathic ways, (lack of empathic mirroring) pathological narcissism develops

Self-Psychology

OTHER AND SELF ORIENTED RELATIONINAL STYLE. SELF= AUTONOMY, LESS DIRECTIVE WHEN SHOW UP TO THERAPY READY. SOCIO MORE HANDS ON BENEFIT BETTER FROM GROUP THAN INDIVIDUAL. concept is from which type of theory

Sociotropic/Anaclytic

YOU HAVE A CLIENT WITH MUSCLE DYSMORPHIC HOW WOULD U TREAT HIM?

TREAT IT LIKE A BODY DYSMORPHIC DISORDER- A BODY IMAGE DISORDER A LOT OF COMMANALITY. THE FOUNDATION IS OCD. OCD HAS A COUPLE OF COMPONENETS. PHOBIC COMPONENT, DISHINIBITION, PERFECTISIM COMPONENET OVERALL BODY IMAGE PROBLEM ABOVE A RESTRICTIVE DIETING COMPONENT.

Reinforcement is not always needed to learn a response. Learning is purposeful. Developed the term Latent Learning.

Tolman

-aimed to simplify client's understanding of maladaptive behavior EGO STATES→ child, parent, adult - one is always activated STROKES→ recognition from others (How these take place-either negative or positive) SCRIPTS→ a person's life plan, reflects pattern of giving strokes (developed early through interactions with parents) LIFE POSITIONS→ 1) I'm OK, You're OK, 2) I'm OK, You're not OK 3) I'm not OK, You're OK, 4)I'm not OK, You're not OK -The first is the healthy one and all children begin with it. TRANSACTIONS→ communications between the ego states: 1) COMPLEMENTARY→ communication met w/ approp. Response 2) CROSSED→ comm. meets response from inapprop ego state 3) ULTERIOR→ comm. coming from dual ego states GAMES→ an orderly series of ulterior transactions that is repeated over time and results in bad feelings GOAL→ integrate the 3 ego states, increase understanding of maladaptive interactions. TECHNIQUES→ identify ego states, games, scripts

Transactional Analysis

Sociocultural theory: cognitive dev (zone of proximal dev)Impact of biology on cognitive development, but place greater emphasis on social factors. Socio-cultural theory explains that cognitive development is facilitated when environmental demands fall within his zone of proximal development (gap b/w the child current developmental level and what he can be achieved if the environment facilitates). Make believe play provides the child with a zone of proximal development

Vigotsky

A PEROSNALITY THEORISTS CAME UP WITH WEIRDEST PERSONALITY THEORISTS SOMATOTYPES BODY PERSONALITYS. ECTOMORPH, MESOMORPH, ENDOMORPH.HE IS THE ONLY ONE NOT ASSOCIATED WITH EXISTENTIAL.

William Sheldon

this treatment combines CBT, interpersonal, and object relation & transactional analysis. who is the theorist: WHEN A PERSON HAS A PERONALITY DISORDER THEY HAVE MALADAPTIVE. OCPD DETACHED PROTECTOR, PUNITIVE PARENT. THIS PUNITIVE PARENT IS A PARENT INVOLVED AND DETACHED ALSO PARENT INVOLVED. PUNISHMENT IN EXCESS OF MISTAKE. CHILD-PARENT .

Young Schema Theory - Jeffrey Young

sigmund freud was the first person to develop the theory of defense mechanisms, however, who was the person that clarified and conceptualized them?

anna freud

Cognitive Therapy: Focuses on the impact of cognitive schemas, cognitive distortions on emotions and behavior. It distinguishes from other therapies in that it depends on the collaborative relationship b/w the client and the therapist. This is referred as Collaborative Empiricism. -Schemas: Develop early in life as a result of biological, developmental, and environmental factors. (Underlying cognitive Structures). Schemas can be Functional, Dysfunctional, Dormant, and Active > Core beliefs (Codify, categorize info, and interpret experiences) > Automatic Thoughts that are supported by cognitive distortions (arbitrary inference, overgeneralization, selective abstraction, personalization, polarized thinking, emotional reasoning). -Each Disorder involves a different cognitive profile: Ex. Depression: Negative view of oneself, the world and the future. Core beliefs: I am Helpless. -Treatment is time limited = average 15 sessions. It involves the following steps 1.establishment of rapport 2.socializing the client with the theory process 3.psycho-education 4.normalizing problems, and installing hope 5.gathering info 6.Listing goals. 7.Beginning of therapy: Use of Socratic dialogue (? Designed to help client reach logical conclusions).

beck

-used to treat psych-physiological disorders -hypertension, headaches, ulcers -attached to EEG and given continuous feedback on physiological response and asked to modify it -treatment of choice for fecal incontinence and Raynaud's disease -often use EMG for tension headache treatment

biofeedback

fear of death, belongingness, & responsibility and freedom are part of which 2 therapy styles/theories? (according to edgar)

existential and humanistic

focused on fears, makes distinction bw normal/existential anx vs. neurotic anxiety, themes of responsibility and freedom, grief reaction w/ fears, make own decisions

existential approach

techniques include: no questions using "i" language games of dialogue (enactment) empty chair topdog/underdog (unfinished business) dreamwork (4 disowned parts of personality)

gestalt

these Therapy Goals and Techniques belong to which theory? oHelp client achieve Integration of the various aspects of the self in order to become a unified whole oAvoid diagnostic labels oView historical events as important only when they directly impinge upon the client's current functioning oTransference is counterproductive and help the client recognize the difference between his "transference fantasy" and reality oPrimary curative factor to be awareness, which is defined as a full understanding of one's thoughts, feelings, and actions in the here and now

gestalt

which therapy has this: FIGURE GROUND→ figure represents what person is paying attention to -Ground represents what you are not noticing

gestalt therapy

this tech -purposes: 1) to help identify automatic thoughts 2) to increase self-control 3) as a distraction technique 4) to visualize desired life outcomes

guided imagery

rollo may, irvin yalom, & abraham maslow are all considered _ theorists

humanistic/existential

Grew out of comparing the functioning of computer programs to the human mind. Cognitive development is task specific and a function of both maturation and personality. In contrast to Piaget they focus on concepts such as perception, memory, inference and the use of rules.

information processing

Cognitive process associated with depression where the person attributes negative events to internal factors within themselves. He/she believes they will always cause negative events to happen to themselves and therefore, they give up any efforts to control the environment.

learned helplessness

DBT - involves CBT, interpersonal, and object relations - NO TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS.

linehan

A cognitive theorist, his approach became a therapeutic model, based theories of self-control/self-monitoring of the 1970s, observations were: (when talking about depression: excessive attention to negative events, insufficient self-reinforcement, standards of self-evaluation are too strict, excessive self-punishment

lynn rehm

self control approach, clinically supported for depression. Self control therapy usually conducted as group therapy

lynn rehm

ACCEPTANCE AND COMMITMENT THERAPY HAS EMPIRICAL SUPPORT FOR WHAT 2 DOs?

mixed depression and anxiety

-to help resolve ambivalence, build commitment, and reach a decision to change -focus on techniques to help move through model of change -uses 5 basic principles: 1) empathy→ through reflective listening 2) ID discrepancy→ between goal and behavior 3) avoid direct confrontation 4) roll with resistance 5) support self-efficacy for change

motivational interviewing

Downplay the importance of instinctual forces Emphasize the role of interpersonal and other social influences Karen Horney, Harry Stack Sullivan, and Erich Fromm

neo-freudians

Focus more on individual factors and modifying personal behavior

nonsexist therapy

what therapy does this: re-parenting to facilitate re-integration of the ego -therapist is active, supportive, and accepting

object relations

technique of: -prescribing the symptom -intent is to circumvent anticipatory anxiety -use to treat elimination disorders, procrastination, depression, anxiety -most effective for treatment anxiety -should only be used when anticipatory anxiety maintains the symptom

paradoxical intervention

spoke about conditions of worth, psychological stagnation, the need for positive self regard - psychologically healthy person called the "fully functioning person" or the "person of tomorrow. believed that humans have the capacity to change and grow-provided that certain necessary and sufficient conditions are present. Therefore, his theory rates very high on optimism. In addition, it rates high on free choice, teleology, conscious motivation, social influences, and the uniqueness of the individual.

person centered therapy - carl rogers

SYSTEMATIC RATIONAL RESTRUCTURING WAS DEVELOPED TO TEST WHICH OF THESE?

phobias

which tx is empirically supported for panic disorder

psychoanalytic

Shared assumptions of which theory: o Behavior is motivated largely by unconscious processes o Early development has a profound effect on adult functioning o Universal principles explain personality development and behavior o Consider insight into unconscious processes to be a key component of psychotherapy

psychodynamic psychotherapies

He viewed people as complex beings, capable of both tremendous good and immense evil. People have become alienated from the world, from other people, and, most of all, from themselves. On the dimensions of a concept of humanity, theory rates high on free choice, teleology, social influences, and uniqueness. On the issue of conscious or unconscious forces, his theory takes a middle position.

rollo may

believes that modern people frequently run away both from making choices and from assuming responsibility. spoke about anxiety, guilt, intentionality, care, love, will, freedom, destiny, and power. Psychopathology is a lack of connectedness and an inability to fulfill one's destiny.

rollo may

existential theories, known for bringing existentialism to united states in 1950s, wrote about 6 stages of existence, said most people fail to reach creative stage - stay stuck in ordinary stage

rollo may

which tx is empirically supported for depression?

self-control therapy

Results from attributions one makes resulting from learned helplessness

sense of hopelessness

-5 stages people pass through in the process of change: -originally developed to treat addictive behaviors 1) PRECONTEMPLATION→ little insight that there is need for change 2) CONTEMPLATION→ consider change in next 6 months 3) PREPARATION→ intend to take action in next 6 months 4) ACTION→ time and effort into modifying behavior 5) MAINTENANCE→ behavior change lasted at least 6 months

transtheoretical model of change