Theory, Research, and Evidence-Informed Practice

A nursing student is describing abstract ideas with a group of student peers. The student suggests that these ideas can be a group of objects and the relationships among them. The nursing instructor knows that the student is describing which of the following? Deductive reasoning Theory Inductive reasoning Concepts

Concepts Concepts are abstract ideas or objects and their relationships to one another. Theory is a group of concepts and the relationships among them. Deductive reasoning provides a basis for theory development as one studies a general idea to more specific properties. Inductive reasoning is derived from consideration of specific properties to make conclusions about a general idea

A public health nurse is working with a large group of clients who require a variety of patient care, health teaching, and health promotion. Using Virginia Henderson's Basic Needs Theory, how should the nurse proceed in order to provide a variety of medical, health teaching, and health promotion interventions? Determine general basic needs of the group and additional needs specific to each client. Assist individuals with health promotion in order to maximize their self-care potential. Identify unhealthy environmental factors that require modification to promote health. Plan changes to the external environment to promote a healthy lifestyle.

Determine general basic needs of the group and additional needs specific to each client.

The nursing student studying research exhibits an understanding when informing the instructor that which of the following is the bridge between theory and practice? Case management Evidence-based research Client-focused care Theory development

Evidence-based research

Nurses in an ICU noticed that their clients required fewer interventions for pain when the ICU was quiet. They then asked a researcher to design a study about the effects of noise on the pain levels of hospitalized clients. How does this demonstrate the ultimate goal of expanding the nursing body of knowledge? Nursing research draws conclusions about the quality of client care. Nursing research explains ongoing medical studies to clients, and asks for participation. Nursing research helps improve ways to promote and maintain health. Nursing research involves clients in their care while hospitalized.

Nursing research helps improve ways to promote and maintain health.

The nursing instructor asks a group of students to identify a theory that describes, explains, predicts, and controls outcomes in nursing practice. One student correctly identifies this theory as what? Developmental theory Adaptation theory Nursing theory Systems theory

Nursing theory because it describes, explains, predicts, and controls outcomes in nursing practice. Systems theory describes how parts interact together. Adaptation theory describes adjustment of living things to other living things and the environment. Developmental theory describes maturation of humans through stages.

A nursing student understands which of the following is true of concepts? a)Concepts provide a means of testing knowledge. b)Concepts are derived through deductive and inductive reasoning. c)Concepts describe objects, properties, and events and relationships among them. d)Concepts differentiate nursing from other disciplines.

c)Concepts describe objects, properties, and events and relationships among them.

Which group of nurses would be least likely involved in direct research? Select all that apply. a)Nurse Practitioners b)Clinical Nurse Specialists c)Novice nurses d)Student nurses e)Nurses at the PhD level

c)Novice nurses d)Student nurses

Evidence-based care emphasizes decision making based on the best available evidence and: a)evaluation by experts to direct specialty areas. b)care based on pathophysiologic factors. c)use of outcome studies to guide decisions. d)cost efficiency of treatment models.

c)use of outcome studies to guide decisions.

From 1900 to 1940, research in nursing focused on: increasing workforce in the nursing profession. nursing education and teaching. cost-effectiveness of nursing care. improving client care outcomes.

nursing education and teaching.

A conceptual framework is defined as: a)a set of concepts and propositions. b)a foundation for nursing skills and care. c)a set of phenomena and related abstractions. d)an explanation of nursing and nursing practice.

a)a set of concepts and propositions.

A nurse is preparing a seminar for a nursing research symposium. As part of the presentation, the nurse plans to discuss the history surrounding the development of nursing research. When describing the research that occurred during the early half of the twentieth century, which area would the nurse describe as being the focus? a)nursing education b)treatment issues c)client care d)available nurse supply

a)nursing education

A group of nurses is planning to investigate the effectiveness of turning immobilized stroke clients more frequently in order to prevent skin breakdown. The team has begun by formulating a PICO question. Which of the following will the "O" in the team's PICO question refer to? a)the currently-used turning schedule b)turning clients more frequently c)clients who have experienced a stroke d)preventing skin breakdown

d)preventing skin breakdown

The nurse researcher would like to gather data about the attitudes of young adults on spirituality and health care. What is the most effective form of research on this topic? a)Qualitative research b)Delphi study c)Quantitative research d)Methodologic survey

a)Qualitative research

When a researcher begins to form plans for a research project, the researcher must decide on the method for conducting the research. The nurse researcher that plans to emphasize collection of narrative data and the analyses would select which of the following methods of research? Basic research Applied research Qualitative research Quantitative research

Qualitative research Basic research is utilized to generate or refine theory. Applied research is utilized for its application in clinical practice. The stem of the question did not provide information as to the application of the study.

Who is considered to be the first nursing theorist who conceptualized nursing in terms of manipulating the environment? a)Florence Nightingale b)Dorothea Orem c)Lydia Hall d)Sister Callista Roy

a)Florence Nightingale

In order for the nurse to be able to apply the knowledge that has been obtained in the formal education process, which theory would best break whole concepts into parts and then determine how the parts would work together as a whole? a)General systems theory b)Theory of human needs c)Developmental theory d)Adaptation theory

a)General systems theory

A nurse is reviewing a quantitative research study. Which aspects of this type of study would the nurse need to keep in mind? Select all that apply. a)Intuition is used for analysis. b)Objectivity is valued. c)Biases are controlled to avoid contamination. d)Reality is not viewed as a fixed entity. e)Control or manipulation is rarely used.

a)Intuition is used for analysis. d)Reality is not viewed as a fixed entity. e)Control or manipulation is rarely used. Quantitative research involves seeing reality not as a fixed entity but as existing in a context with the researcher rarely controlling or manipulating any aspect of the people/environment under study. Subjective interactions are viewed as the primary way to access understanding of the phenomena and intuition is used for analysis. Objectivity and control of biases are aspects of qualitative research.

Question 12 of 20 Nurse researchers use both quantitative and qualitative research in their practices. Which actions are examples of the use of qualitative research? Select all that apply. a)The nurse discovers how people describe the effect of illness in their lives. b)The nurse investigates past nursing trends to understand the current profession. c)The nurse examines nursing issues related to the Native American client. d)The nurse examines cause-and-effect relationships between variables in a lab. e)The nurse examines the effect of nursing interventions on client outcomes. f)The nurse explores events in real-life situations to generate new knowledge.

a)The nurse discovers how people describe the effect of illness in their lives. b)The nurse investigates past nursing trends to understand the current profession. c)The nurse examines nursing issues related to the Native American client.

A nurse researcher must decide on the method for conducting the research. The researcher that plans to emphasize collection of numerical data and analysis would select which method of research? a)Qualitative research b)Quantitative research c)Applied research d)Basic research

b)Quantitative research

Question 9 of 10 A nurse develops the following foreground question using the PICO format in preparation for a research study: "In overweight clients, how do chromium supplements compared to no supplements help with weight loss?" Which part of the question reflects the intervention? weight loss overweight clients no supplements chromium supplements

chromium supplements The population (P) would be overweight clients. the intervention (I) would be the use of chromium supplements. The comparison (C) would be no supplements. The outcome (O) would be weight loss.

A nurse is reviewing nursing theory for usefulness in a home healthcare setting. Which is the appropriate application of Dorothea Orem's Self-Care Model in a home healthcare setting? a)Assist the client to conserve and maintain principles of personal and social integrity. b)Monitor therapeutic interventions in the client's home. c)Counsel client on methods to adapt to current state to reduce stress. d)Match the client's self-care needs with appropriate supportive interventions.

d)Match the client's self-care needs with appropriate supportive interventions.

A nurse caring for clients in a hospital setting focuses on the ill person in the health care setting. The nurse also provides care based on helping clients to adapt to the health care environment. Whose nursing theory principle is the nurse following? a)Dorothea Orem b)Martha Rogers c)Imogene King d)Myra E. Levine

d)Myra E. Levine

One of the primary focuses of nursing research is to: quantify outcomes related to clients. generate knowledge to guide practice. prevent further disease and death. determine outcomes for clients.

generate knowledge to guide practice One of the major reasons for conducting research is to expand a profession's knowledge base.

A community health nurse has been visiting a diabetic client whose morning fasting glucose levels are constantly elevated. Upon further assessment, the nurse determines that the client's spouse does not understand how to prepare meals following the prescribed diabetic diet. Using Dorothea Orem Self Care Theory, how can the nurse help meet the needs of this client? Assist the spouse with online grocery shopping. Set up diabetic home meal delivery for the client. Arrange an evaluation appointment with a dietician. Authorize an unlicensed nursing personnel to cook for the client.

Arrange an evaluation appointment with a dietician.

A nursing theorist studies health care systems in communities. Which statement accurately describes a characteristic of these systems? The system is independent of its subsystems in that a change in one element does not affect the whole. Boundaries separate health care systems both from each other and from the environment. The system is closed in that it does not allow energy, matter, or information to move between it and its boundaries. The system is an entity in itself and cannot communicate with, or react to, its environment.

Boundaries separate health care systems both from each other and from the environment.

A nurse is planning to conduct a nursing research study and is seeking federal funding. Which institution would be most helpful for the nurse to contact funding? ANA Cabinet on Nursing Research National Institutes of Health National Institute of Nursing Research Institute of Medicine

National Institute of Nursing Research The nurse would most likely contact the National Institute of Nursing Research, which was established under the National Institutes of Health in response to a 1983 study by the Institute of Medicine. The institute's purpose was to place nursing securely in the sphere of scientific investigation and to support research and training in client care, health promotion, and disease prevention, as well as the mitigation of effects of acute and chronic disabilities. The NINR has continued to fund and support nursing research and is instrumental in the support and dissemination of seminal work in nursing. The ANA Cabinet on Nursing Research was responsible for establishing priorities for nursing research.

The nursing instructor is reviewing common concepts in nursing theory with the class. There are four concepts that are related to the practice of nursing. Students identify which of the following as core concepts for nursing theory. (Select all that apply.) a)Environment b)Health c)Person (client) d)Society e)Nursing

a)Environment b)Health c)Person (client) e)Nursing

A nurse is preparing to conduct a research study and uses the PICO format to develop the foreground question which is: "In adults, does reducing salt intake, compared to no change in salt intake, lower blood pressure?" The nurse identifies the "P" as: lower blood pressure. no change in salt intake. reducing salt intake. adults.

adults Using the PICO format, "P" refers to the population, which in this case is adults. "I" refers to the intervention, which is reducing salt intake. "C" refers to comparison, which is no change in salt intake. "O" refers to the outcome, which would be lower blood pressure.

A nursing student is describing building nursing theory during a fundamentals nursing class. The student describes that a theory can be built by looking at an idea as a whole and then breaking the idea down into smaller, more specific ideas. The nursing instructor knows that the student is describing which of the following? a)Theory b)Concepts c)Deductive reasoning d)Inductive reasoning

b) Deductive reasoning Deductive reasoning involves looking at an idea as a whole and then considering more specific ideas. Theory is a group of concepts and the relationships among them. Concepts are abstract ideas or objects and their relationships to one another. Inductive reasoning is derived from consideration of specific properties to conclusions about a general idea.

Christine Grady is a nurse ethicist that proposed a framework for evaluating ethics. Grady suggested that a independent review is needed for ethical research. This is correctly defined as: "Within the context of standard clinical practice and the research protocol, risks must be minimized, potential benefits enhanced, and the potential benefits to individuals and knowledge gained for society must outweigh the risks." "The research must be methodologically rigorous." "Scientific objectives, not vulnerability or privilege, and the potential for and distraction of risk and benefits, should determine communities selected as study sites and the inclusion criterial for individual subject." "Unaffiliated individuals must review the research and approve, amend, or terminate the research." "Enhancements of health or knowledge must be derived from the research."

"Unaffiliated individuals must review the research and approve, amend, or terminate the research."

Which activity systematically inquires about the problems encountered in nursing practice and into the modalities of client care? Outcome criteria Managed care Nursing research Scientific inquiry

Nursing research it's defined as a systematic inquiry into the problems encountered in nursing practice and into the modalities of client care, such as support and comfort, prevention of trauma, promotion of recovery, health education, health appraisal, and coordination of health care. Managed care is not associated with research into nursing practice.

A nurse researcher is studying female clients who have survived breast cancer. The nurse asks each client to describe her experience and then analyzes the data for the meaning of the experience within each person's own reality. This nurse has used what type of qualitative research method? Grounded theory Ethnography Phenomenology Historical

Phenomenology The purpose of phenomenology is to describe experiences as they are lived by the subjects being studied. Studying a group of female clients who have survived breast cancer is an example of phenomenology. The basis of grounded theory is the discovery of how people describe their own reality and how their beliefs are related to their actions in a social scene. Ethnography research is based on examining issues of a culture that are of interest to nursing. Historical research examines events of the past to increase understanding of the nursing profession today.

The nurse subscribes to the Basic Needs theory. Which action exemplifies this theory by the nurse? a)assisting the client in finding a clean, well-lit residence b)assisting the client to recognize signs of infection and to change dressings c)assisting the client to the bedside commode d)assisting the client in coping with a new diagnosis

c)assisting the client to the bedside commode

When the nurse researcher informs the participant that his identity will not be linked with the information that is collected, the researcher is ensuring the participant's: protection from harm. anonymity. confidentiality. ability to withdraw.

confidentiality.

The American Nurses Association's Commission on Nursing Education developed guidelines for the investigative function of nurses at different educational levels. Which of the following is a guideline for a nurse with an associate degree? Reads, interprets, and evaluates research for applicability to nursing practice Identifies nursing problems that need to be investigated and participates in implementation of scientific studies Assist in collection of data within an established, structured format Analyzes and reformulates nursing practice problems so that scientific knowledge and scientific method can be used to find solutions

Assist in collection of data within an established, structured format The nurse with an associate degree will assist in collection of data within an established, structured format. The nurse with a bachelor's degree will read, interprets, and evaluate research for applicability to nursing practice. They will identify nursing problems that need to be investigated and participates in implementation of scientific studies. The nurse with a master's degree in nursing will analyzes and reformulates nursing practice problems so that scientific knowledge and scientific method can be used to find solutions.

The nursing instructor is explaining sources of knowledge to a group of nursing students. The nursing instructor describes "some knowledge is gained from someone with a great deal of perceived experience." One of the students correctly describes this source as being: Philosophy knowledge Scientific knowledge Authoritative knowledge Traditional knowledge

Authoritative knowledge

A nursing instructor is explaining to a group of nursing students the importance of understanding the sources of knowledge. Which of the following types of knowledge would the instructor describe as being subjective? (Select all that apply) Evidence-based practice Authoritative knowledge Scientific method Traditional knowledge Scientific knowledge

Authoritative knowledge Traditional knowledge Scientific knowledge, the scientific method and evidence based practice are all rooted in research and are unlikely to be subjective.

Question 7 of 10 If a nurse describes a study of people and the nursing profession including studies of education, policy development, ethics, and nursing history, then what is the nurse defining? a)Nursing research b)Adaptation theory c)Nursing theory d)Maslow's theory

a)Nursing research

A nurse researcher is collecting nominal data. What type of research is being conducted? Qualitative research Quantitative research Interval research Experimental research

Quantitative research

The second step in implementation of evidence-based practice includes systematic review. In order to complete a systematic review of the literature the nurse must do which of the following? Recommend best practices for client care. Ask a question about a clinical practice. Provide a statical analysis for studies. Summarize findings from multiple studies that are related to a particular nursing practice.

Summarize findings from multiple studies that are related to a particular nursing practice. A systematic review suggests that the nurse has reviewed multiple studies regarding a particular nursing practice question or topic. Asking the question about a clinical practice would come in the first step. A recommendation for best practice comes after synthesizing all of the data collected by the systemic review. Meta-analysis is concerned with doing a statistical analysis across studies.

Which is not a focus of nursing research? a)Drug metabolism by Cytochrome P450 b)Prevention of trauma c)Promotion of recovery d)Health appraisal

a)Drug metabolism by Cytochrome P450

Which of the following represents the basic framework of the research process? a)Quantitative data b)Nursing Process c)Qualitative data d)Nursing Theory

b)Nursing Process

A nursing student is describing abstract ideas with a group of peers. The student says that these ideas can be a group of objects with relationships. The nursing instructor knows that the student is describing which of the following? Concepts Deductive reasoning Inductive reasoning Theory

Concepts

A nursing student understands which of the following is true of concepts? Concepts describe objects, properties, and events and relationships among them. Concepts provide a means of testing knowledge. Concepts are derived through deductive and inductive reasoning. Concepts differentiate nursing from other disciplines.

Concepts describe objects, properties, and events and relationships among them.

A nurse observes that the past five clients referred from a community clinic have been treated for drug and/or alcohol overdose. Based on this information, the nurse assumes that the clinic specializes in the treatment of substance use. This is an example of what type of reasoning? Nursing process Inductive reasoning Deductive reasoning General systems theory

Inductive reasoning Inductive theory describes how to break whole things into parts and then to learn how the parts work together in "systems." It emphasizes relationships between the whole and its parts and describes how parts function and behave. Reasoning is when the research builds from a specific idea or action to conclusions about general ideas. Deductive reasoning is the opposite of inductive reasoning. Deductive reasoning is research where a general idea is the starting point, then considers specific actions or ideas. General systems theory is an example of an interdisciplinary base for a nursing theory. The nursing process is a five step systematic method used to direct the nurse and client as they work together to develop a plan of care.

What is the best explanation for the way evidence-based practice (EBP) has changed the way nursing care is delivered? Nurses now have to take part in research. Nurses now spend time looking up the best way to give nursing care. Nursing care now uses EBP as a means of ensuring quality care. Nursing care now incorporates research studies into client care.

Nursing care now uses EBP as a means of ensuring quality care. The facilitation of EBP involves identifying and evaluating current literature and research, as well as incorporating the findings into client care as a means of ensuring quality care. The other answers are incorrect; they were used even before EBP became a major force in the delivery of nursing care.

A nurse providing care has a personal philosophy that nursing interventions should be instituted for clients when the clients demonstrate ineffective adaptive responses. This nurse's philosophy is based on the theory of: Madeline Leininger Imogene M. King Jean Watson Sister Callista Roy

Sister Callista Roy

A nurse is using quantitative research for a question related to nursing practice. When conducting the research, which aspect would the nurse need to keep in mind? Select all that apply. The focus needs to be holistic. Statistical processes are used to interpret the data. Data are collected in real-world settings. An existing body of literature is available. Concepts are fairly well-developed.

Statistical processes are used to interpret the data. An existing body of literature is available. Concepts are fairly well-developed. With quantitative research, the focus is on a few specific concepts to elucidate cause-and-effect relationships. Concepts are fairly well-developed, with an existing body of literature and reliable methods of measurement that have been (or can be) developed. Formal protocols are used to collect data, and statistical procedures are used to organize, interpret and communicate numerical information. Qualitative research tends to be holistic with data being collected in real-world, naturalistic settings.

Which could be considered an example of a qualitative research project? A nurse is a member of the wound care team on his in-client floor in the hospital. He is collecting data for a research project that is interested in uptake of information given to clients by nurses. He is giving clients a quiz about the information both before client education occurs and afterwards. A BSN student is looking at the prevalence of alcohol hand sanitizer use on an adult medical floor. She is collecting her data by observing nurses going in and out of rooms and noting how often they use hand sanitizer and how often they do not. A PhD nursing student is collecting data on how Somali immigrants perceive the care they receive in one community clinic. The nursing student is taping and analyzing interviews with clients that have been in the country and community 2 years or less and who have sought care at least once at this clinic.

A PhD nursing student is collecting data on how Somali immigrants perceive the care they receive in one community clinic. The nursing student is taping and analyzing interviews with clients that have been in the country and community 2 years or less and who have sought care at least once at this clinic.

Question 17 of 20 A nurse researcher is involved in an experimental research study. Which component would the nurse researcher manipulate? Dependent variable Research design Data analysis Independent variable

Independent variable An independent variable has the presumed effect on the dependent variable. It may be manipulated if the researcher is doing an experimental study; in a nonexperimental study, it is assumed to have occurred naturally before or during the study. The dependent variable is what you believe might be influenced or modified by the independent variable, or is the consequence or presumed effect that varies as changes occur in the independent variable. The dependent variable is the one that the researcher is interested in understanding and explaining. The research design is the overall plan for the collection and analysis of data. Data analysis involves evaluating the raw form of the information in an orderly, planned manner.

A nurse is writing an article for a nursing journal describing a study of the emergency protocols in a hospital emergency department. Which statements accurately describe elements of this process? Select all that apply. The discussion provides details about the subjects, design, and data collection. The method section provides details of how the study was conducted. The introduction reviews the literature and states the purpose of the article. The references are listed at the beginning and include articles and books used. The results are often presented in words, charts, tables, or graphs. The abstract summarizes the article and is found at the end of the article.

The introduction reviews the literature and states the purpose of the article. The method section provides details of how the study was conducted. The results are often presented in words, charts, tables, or graphs. The abstract is at the beginning of the article. It summarizes the article, providing the purpose of the study, a description of the subjects, data collection, data analysis, and a summary of the important findings. The introduction is next. The introduction includes both the review of the literature and the statement of purpose. The literature review discusses relevant studies that have been conducted in the area of this study. The statement of the specific goals or purpose of the study follows the literature review. The method includes the description of the subjects of the study, the design of the study, the description of the data collection, and the description of the data analysis. Often, the findings are often presented both in a narrative form and in charts, tables, or graphs. The next step is discussion where the results are reported in regard to the purpose of the study and the literature review. The references are at the end of the article and include a list of articles and books used by the researcher.

Which is an example of evidence-based nursing practice? a)A nurse is on a cardiac floor in the hospital. She read yesterday in a nursing journal that people who are 50 and over should be on a daily dose of aspirin. She consults with the prescribing physician about this issue because one of her clients is not currently taking this drug. b)A nurse is working in an obstetric clinic. Because many of her clients experience nausea and vomiting, the nurse performed a literature review on complementary and alternative medicine treatments. She has chosen to look at studies that have been published in indexes such as PubMed. In her review of the literature she found that ginger was an effective treatment for nausea and was safe during pregnancy. She now recommends ginger to all of her clients. c)A nurse has been on the intensive care unit for 10 years. He has noticed that more and more of his clients are getting central line infections during their stay on the floor. Knowing that this can lead to an increased length of stay and poor health outcomes, the nurse asks his nurse manager for central line dressing kits which cut down on the number of steps that need to be kept sterile during the process of a dressing change. d)A nurse practitioner is in women's health. She has been a nurse practitioner for 20 years and has successfully treated many women for gonococcal infections with ciprofloxacin. Newer research has found that ciprofloxacin and other fluoroquinolones are not recommended for these clients because of resistance. The nurse continues to prescribe ciprofloxacin because she does not want to change something that works for her clients.

b)A nurse is working in an obstetric clinic. Because many of her clients experience nausea and vomiting, the nurse performed a literature review on complementary and alternative medicine treatments. She has chosen to look at studies that have been published in indexes such as PubMed. In her review of the literature she found that ginger was an effective treatment for nausea and was safe during pregnancy. She now recommends ginger to all of her clients.

A nurse is planning to participate in a research project and is looking for information about what is already known about the topic. The nurse is involved in which step of the research process? a)problem area identification b)scientific literature review c)identification of theoretical framework d)problem statement formulation

b)scientific literature review

A male client 79 years of age who is postoperative Day 3 following hip replacement surgery has been approached by a nurse researcher and asked to participate in a research study. This study will test a new rehabilitation strategy. What aspect of the nursing research process addresses the client's understanding of the potential risks and benefits of this study? a)obtaining the client's signature on a permission b)document meeting with the hospital's institutional review board (IRB) c) going through the informed consent process with the client d)giving the client the opportunity to ask questions about the study

c) going through the informed consent process with the client

A nursing theory differs from a theoretical framework in which way? a)Concepts are in a meaningful configuration b)Describes ideas about aggregates c)Concepts and propositions are more specific and present or explain some phenomenon systematically d)Describes cause and effect of nursing actions

c)Concepts and propositions are more specific and present or explain some phenomenon systematically

What type of research study would a hospital conduct to explore clients' and families' perceptions of receiving care? a)Quantitative b)Ordinal c)Qualitative d)Non-scientific

c)Qualitative

A nurse is discussing dietary issues with a Latino client in the clinic. The client states, "I read a research article about the importance of beans in the Latino diet. The findings from the study suggested that inclusion of meat and beans in the diet would help in the development of muscles and bones." The information that the client is expressing is known as what? a)Philosophical knowledge b)Authoritative knowledge c)Scientific knowledge d)Traditional knowledge

c)Scientific knowledge

A nurse is discussing dietary issues with a Latino client in the clinic. The client states, "My grandmother always told me that I needed to include beans in my diet so that my muscles would grow." The information that the client is expressing is known as what? a)Scientific knowledge b)Authoritative knowledge c)Traditional knowledge d)Philosophical knowledge

c)Traditional knowledge