Therapy

In order to consider the greatest range of factors that may contribute to the process of healing, a _____ approach to therapy may be most useful.

biopsychosocial

Behavioural therapies

doubt the healing power of self-awareness; it's assumed that problem behaviours are the problem, they view maladaptive behaviours (i.e. phobias, sexual disorders) and learned behaviours that can be replaced by constructive behaviours

Family therapy

heal relationships and mobilize family resources

Humanistic therapists believe the present and future are _____ important than the past.

more

If you want to listen more actively in your own relationships, these three traits may help:

paraphrase, invite clarification, and reflect feelings

Behaviour modification

reinforcing desired behaviours

Self-help groups

such as the 12-step Alcoholics Anonymous

Electoconvulsive therapy

- patient receives anesthetic and a muscle relaxant and is then transmitted electrical shocks to the brain for 30 to 60 seconds. the patient remembers nothing of it. it is used to manipulate the brain - effective treatment for depression for those that do not respond to drug therapy

Biomedical therapy

- physically changing the brains functioning by altering its chemistry with drugs, or affecting its circuitry with electroconvulsive shock, magnetic impulses, or psychosurgery - almost exclusively, psychotherapists offer biomedical therapies

Effectiveness of different psychotherapies

- the therapy is most effective if the problem is clear-cut - the Scared Straight program is ineffective, even harmful - science-oriented clinicians aim to base practice on evidence and make mental health professionals accountable for effectiveness

Light exposure therapy

- used for people feeling depressed, gaining weight, and lethargic - gives people timed daily dose of intense light - works as effectively as antidepressant drugs or undergoing cognitive-behavioural therapy

Antidepressant drugs

- used, successfully, also for anxiety - work by increasing the availability for certain neurotransmitters which elevate arousal and mood

Freud's psychoanalysis

- was the first of psychological therapies; focuses on id-ego-superego - aims to unearth one's past in hope of unmasking the present - Freud did this by using FREE ASSOCIATION- patient says whatever comes to mind, while sitting in a comfy spot, with the psychoanalyst not in line of vision so that patient could speak for themselves

Lobotomy

a psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. the procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centres of the inner brain By the decade of the __1950s__, 35,000 people had been lobotomized in the United States.

This is a form of empathetic listening.

active listening

Cognitive-behavioural therapy

aims to alter thoughts and behaviours (i.e. people with OCD were told to do something else when they felt the urge to wash their hands)

Token economy

an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behaviour and can later exchange the token for various privileges or treats

virtual reality exposure therapy

anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to an electronic simulation of their greatest fear

Nancy's therapist is an active listener who often paraphrases what she says. He does not judge her and is quite open to her exploration of her weaknesses. He gives her appropriate validation and encourages her to reflect on her feelings. He wants to deepen her self-understanding. Her therapy is most likely _____.

client centred or humanistic

Malika sees her therapist every other week. When she is at her therapist's office, she feels accepted and can share everything with her therapist. While her therapist listens to what Malika has to say without judgment, he also seeks understanding by paraphrasing as well as asking for clarification. Malika's therapist is using which therapeutic approach?

client-centred therapy

Rational-emotive behaviour therapy

confrontational cognitive therapy that vigorously challenges peoples illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions

On average, psychotherapy is _____ when compared with the costs of medical care for psychologically related complaints.

cost effective

Leigh is a diligent clinician. In order to provide her clients with the best therapy she can provide, she keeps up to date on the latest psychotherapy research. She also takes into consideration her patients' values, characteristics, preferences, and circumstances. Finally, she is also mindful of her own expertise. Leigh is using what approach in clinical decision making?

evidence-based practice

Povlov's (classical) conditioning

showed we learn various behaviours and emotions through classical conditioning (Mowrer- bedwetting experiment that sent a shock every time the blanket became wet)

Psychosurgery

surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behaviour

To help Adam reduce his fear of dogs, a therapist encourages him to physically relax and imagine that he is walking toward a friendly and harmless little dog. The therapist's technique best illustrates:

systematic desensitization

Carl Rogers' client centred therapy

focuses on the person's conscious self-perceptions; therapist listens, without judging or interpreting, and seeks to refrain from directing the clients toward certain insight; displays UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD

During a therapy session, Jenny focuses on several intrusive thoughts that have been bothering her. The therapist tells Jenny to report any ideas or memories stimulated by these thoughts. Jenny's therapist is using a technique known as _____.

free association

Successful therapies offer:

hope for demoralized people; a new perspective; and an empathetic, trusting, caring relationship

The goal of the _____ therapeutic approach explores feelings as they occur rather than trying to achieve insight in the childhood origins of feelings.

humanistic

Aaron Beck's therapy for depression

includes gentle questioning; seeks to reveal irrational thinking; persuades people to remove the dark glasses through which they view life

Deep-brain stimulation

is a neurosurgical procedure involving the implantation of a brain pacemaker, which sends electrical impulses through implanted electrodes to specific parts of the brain (brain nucleus) for the treatment of movement and affective disorders

Clinicians' perception (on the effectiveness of psychotherapy)

most therapists testify the clients' success when they leave less extremely unhappy - regardless of their treatment

Mesmer's pseudo therapy

motions without substance, talk without genuine feeling, long hours with little change

In _____ therapy, the therapist listens, without judging or interpreting, and seeks to refrain from steering the client toward certain insights.

non-directive

Interpretation (in psychoanalysis)

notes supposed dream meanings, resistance, other significant behaviours, and events in order to promote insight during psychoanalysis

Delores has been in therapy for two years, but her last session is today. If you ask her next month how effective her psychotherapy was, she is likely to _____ its effectiveness.

overestimate

Counterconditioning

pairs the trigger stimulus (i.e. fear) with a new response (i.e. relaxation) that is incompatible with fear

Clients' perception (on the effectiveness of psychotherapy)

people enter the therapy in crises - when crises passes they often attribute their improvement to the therapy

Resilience

personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma

Meta-analysis

procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies to find patterns, disagreements, or other interesting relationships between the multiple studies

What is the difference between preventative mental health and psychological or biomedical therapy?

psychological and biomedical therapies attempt to relieve people's suffering from psychological disorders. preventative mental health attempts to prevent suffering by identifying and eliminating the condition that cause disorders

If a patient suffers uncontrollable seizures, physicians can destroy specific nerve clusters that cause or transmit the convulsions. This best illustrates a procedure known as _____.

psychosurgery

During his weekly therapy sessions, Colin finds it very difficult to talk about childhood memories. He often pauses before mentioning embarrassing moments, or simply forgets important details. A psychoanalyst would suggest that this illustrates _____.

resistance

Therapeutic alliance

a bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client who work together constructively to overcome the client's problem

Unconditional positive regard

a caring, accepting, non-judgmental attitude which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance

Donald Meichenbaum's stress inauculation training

teaching people to restructure their thinking in stressful situations

Receptive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity

Resistance (in psychoanalysis)

the blocking from consciousness of anxiety laden material during psychoanalysis

aversive conditioning

the goal is substituting a negative (aversive) response, for a positive response, to a harmful stimulus (i.e. to use a nausea-inducing drug in the treatment of alcoholism)

Three main features therapists hope to exhibit

(1) genuineness, (2) acceptance, and (3) empathy

Two categories of therapy

(1) psychotherapy: trained therapists use psychological techniques to assist someone seeking to overcome difficulties or achieve personal growth (2) biomedical therapy: offers medication or other biological treatments

Humanistic therapies

- aim to boost fulfilment by helping people grow in self awareness and self acceptance - attempts to reduce growth impeding inner conflicts by providing clients with new insights

Cognitive therapies

- assuming that our thinking colours our feelings - if people are miserable they can be helped to change their minds

Antipsychotic drugs

- chemicals that are used are similar enough to molecules of the neurotransmitter dopamine, blocking its activity - long-term use can lead to tardive dykinesia (involuntary muscle contractions of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs)

Psychodynamic therapy

- does not focus in the id-ego-superego - patients meet with their therapist face-to-face - patients explore and gain perspective into defended against thoughts and feelings - goal is to reveal unconscious content of the patient's psyche in an effort to alleviate psychic tension

Exposure therapies

- expose people to what they avoid or escape - has people face the fear and overcome their fear and the fear response itself - used to treat those with anxiety

Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)

- moving one's eyes while recalling traumas - what works is the combination of exposure therapy and a robust placebo effect

Unconditional positive regard is a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which _____ believed to be conducive to developing self-awareness and self-acceptance.

Carl Rogers

Regressing

clients' and therapists' perceptions, of the therapy effectiveness, are vulnerable to inflation from two phenomena: (1) placebo effect - poser of belief in treatment and (2) regression toward the mean - the tendency for extreme or unusual scores to fall back toward their average (i.e. if you give a class of students a test on two successive days, the worst performers on the first day will tend to improve their scores on the second day, and the best performers on the first day will tend to do worse on the second day)

Evidence-based practice

clinical decision making that integrates the (1) best available research with (2) clinical expertise and (3) patient characteristics and preferences

Most _____ are psychologists with a Ph.D. or Psy.D. supplemented by a supervised internship and, often, postdoctoral training.

clinical psychiatrists

Your therapist believes in using only empirically-supported therapies for treating your depression. Most researchers would recommend that your therapist use _____ therapy.

cognitive

John is a 28-year-old male who suffers from bipolar disorder. He does not like lithium because of the side effects. His doctor prescribes _____, originally used to treat epilepsy.

depakote

Antianxiety drugs

depress the central nervous system

It is difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of _____ because people often enter therapy in crisis, and these crises may pass without professional help.

psychotherapy

Therapies dealing with psychological disorders can be classified into two main categories. In the first, _____, a trained therapist uses psychological techniques to assist the client overcome difficulties, while _____ offers medication or other biological treatments.

psychotherapy; biomedical therapy

Phillipe Pinel & Dorothea Dix

pushed for humane treatments (rather than beating) and for constructing mental hospitals

Transference (in psychoanalysis)

the patients transfer, to the analyst, of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred with a parent)

Psychopharmacology

the study of effect of drugs on mind and behaviour; double blind procedure is used to identify the effectiveness of drugs

Systematic desensitization

type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state, with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli (commonly used to treat phobias). patient starts with the least fearful stimuli and works their way up to the most fearful stimuli (i.e. smallest spider being the least and biggest spider being the most)

Eclectic approach

using a blend of psychotherapies (half of psychotherapists say they use this approach)

Operant conditioning

voluntary behaviours are strongly influenced by their consequences

Selective-seritonin-reuptake-inhibitors (SSRIs)

work by blocking the reabsorption or breakdown of both norepinephrine and serotonin in the presynaptic neurons allowing for more efficient regulation of the bodily function (used to treat depression): Citalopram (Celexa) Escitalopram (Lexapro) Fluoxetine (Prozac) Paroxetine (Paxil, Pexeva) Sertraline (Zoloft)

Although not more effective in controlling schizophrenia symptoms, many of the newer-generation antipsychotics, such as Risperdal and _____, have fewer side effects.

zyprexa