Thermodynamics

The Earth's atmosphere gets most of its heat

near the surface of the Earth.!! from the Earth's core. at high altitudes closer to the sun.

To increase the temperature of 50 grams of water by 2 Celsius degrees requires

0.04 calorie. 2 calories. 100 calories.!!! 25 calories. 4.18 calories.

The minimum amount of 100-degree-C steam needed to melt 1 gram of 0-degree-Celsius ice is

6.75 grams. 0.148 gram. 8 grams. 0.125 gram.!! none of these

The mass of ice that can be melted by 1 gram of 100-degree-C steam is(Hint: Don't forget about hot water remaining from condensed steam.)

6.75 grams. 8 grams.!! 0.148 gram. 0.125 gram. none of these

The calories needed to change 10 grams of ice at zero degrees C to steam at 100 degrees C is

6200. 8000. 7200.!! 6400. None of the above choices are correct.

To melt 50 grams of 0-degree-Celsius ice requires

80 calories. 50 calories. 25 calories. none of these!!!!

Both black and white road surfaces radiate energy. At the end of a starry night the warmer road surface will be

The black surface the white surface!! Neither-there is no difference.

Industrialization on Earth eventually heats our surroundings to temperatures that are higher than usual. Industrialization in space habitats using exclusively solar power eventually will thermally pollute the solar system.

True False!! cannot be determined without additional information

Evaporation is a cooling process and condensation is

a cooling process also. a warming process. !! neither a warming nor cooling process.

Near the top of a mountain, water in an open pot boils

a higher temperature than at sea level. the same temperature as at sea level. a lower temperature than at sea level.!!! None of the above choices are true.

The pupil of your eye is

a net emitter of radiant energy. a net absorber of radiant energy.!!! neither a net absorber nor emitter of radiant energy.

A good heat conductor is

a poor insulator.!!! a good insulator. neither a poor nor a good insulator.

The molecules in a room-temperature glass of water jostle around at

a very small range of speeds. a great variety of speeds.!!! much the same rates of speed.

A thermos bottle has double glass walls with silver coating on the glass surfaces that face one another. The silver coating reduces the energy that is transferred by

conduction. friction. convection. radiation.!! none of these

Hot water has a relatively high rate of

convection. evaporation.!!! condensation. conductivity.

Substances absorb heat energy by the process of

convection. radiation. conduction. all of these !!!!

The planet Earth loses heat mainly by

convection. radiation.!!! conduction. all of these

Melting snow

cools the surrounding air.!! warms the surrounding air. neither warms nor cools the surrounding air.

If molecules in a gas sample moves so they completely missed each other, the gas's temperature would

decrease. increase. stay the same.!!!!

When heat is added to boiling water, its temperature

does not change.!!! decreases. increases.

Double the absolute temperature of helium gas and the average speed of its molecules.

doubles. more than doubles. less than doubles.!!

Suppose you want to save energy and you're going to leave your warm house for a half hour on a cold day. You should turn the thermostat

down.!! to room temperature. up.

Suppose you walk on red-hot boals with bare feet. If bits of the coals do not stick to your feet, it would be best if your feet are

dry. warm. cold. very hot. wet.!!!

An inventor discovers a harmless and tasteless salt, which changes its boiling point when added to water. The market value for this salt will be best if the salt

either raises or lowers the boiling point, as the food would be cooked either way. lowers the boiling point of water. raises the boiling point of water.!!

Adiabatic processes occur

only in the Earth's mantle. only in the atmosphere. only in the oceans in the atmosphere, oceans and the Earth's mantle.!! in both the atmosphere and the oceans

Warm air rises because faster-moving molecules tend to move to regions of less

pressure. density and less pressure.!!! density.

Increased air pressure on the surface of hot water tends to

promote boiling. prevent boiling.!! Neither choice A nor choice B is true. Choice A and choice B are both true.

Objects that radiate relatively well.

reflect radiation relatively well. absorb radiation relatively well.!!! both of these neither of these

When a block of ice at zero degrees Celsius melts, the ice

releases energy to its environment. absorbs energy but does not change its temperature.!! releases energy and gets warmer. absorbs energy and gets warmer. absorbs energy from its environment.

When a gas is changed to a liquid state, the gas

releases energy.!! absorbs energy. neither releases nor absorbs energy. both releases and absorbs energy.

For increased atmospheric pressure, the boiling temperature of a liquid

remains at 100 degrees C. goes up.!!! goes down.

A refrigerator

removes internal energy from inside the refrigerator.!! causes internal energy to disappear. changes heat into cold. produces cold. none of these

To say that evaporation is a cooling process is to say that the

the less energetic particles escape. more energetic particles remain in the water. more energetic particles escape.!!

Ice is put in a cooler to cool the contents. To speed up the cooling process, the ice can be

wrapped in newspaper. kept out of contact with the food. covered with salt.!! drained of ice water periodically. kept in one solid chunk.

The food in a refrigerator is cooled by

vaporization of the refrigerating fluid.!! the ice in your nearby freezer. condensation of the refrigerating fluid.

If a volume of air is warmed, it expands. If a volume of air expands, it

warms. neither warms nor cools. cools.!!!

A water-filled paper cup held in a flame will not catch fire. This is because

water is an excellent conductor of heat. the inside of the paper is wet. paper is a poor conductor of heat. the paper cup cannot become appreciably hotter than the water it contains.!!!

Suppose you are served coffee at a restaurant before you are ready to drink it. In order for it to be the hottest when you are ready for it, you should add cream

when you are ready to drink the coffee. right away.!! at any time.

The lowest temperature possible in nature is

-273 degrees C.!! 0 degrees C. 4 K.

Which could burn a boy scout the most

100 g of water at 100 degrees C 100 g of steam at 100 degrees C!!! Both would be equally damaging.

Entropy is closely related to the

2nd law of thermodynamics.!! 1st law of thermodynamics. both of these neither of these

When liquids change to a solid state, they

absorb energy. release energy.!!! neither absorb nor release energy. both absorb and release energy.

When a solid is changed to a liquid state, the solid

absorbs energy.!!! releases energy. neither releases nor absorbs energy. both releases and absorbs energy.

Boiling water does not increase in temperature when additional heat is applied because

added input energy doesn't increase the water's internal energy. the increased heating produces increased boiling, and therefore increased cooling.!!! the temperature doesn't change in a Change of Phase. none of these

The technology for orbiting solar power plants

already exists.!! is theoretically impossible. awaits the next century.

If you were caught in freezing weather with only a candle for heat, you would be warmer in

an igloo.!!! a tent. a car. a wooden house.

Cold water will warm to room temperature faster in a

black pot.!!! silver pot. depends more on the size of the pots than their color

If you want to cook eggs by boiling them while in the mountains, then compared to sea-level cooking, you should

boil the eggs for a longer time.!! boil the eggs for a shorter time. use a hotter flame. None of the above choices are true.

Which body glows with electromagnetic waves

both the Sun and the Earth!!! only the Earth only the Sun neither the Sun or the Earth

A factor that usually determines whether a substance is in the solid, liquid, gaseous, or plasma state is its

composition. atomic shell configuration. atomic number. temperature.!! none of these

The cooling effect inside a refrigerator is produced by

compressing the refrigeration gas into a liquid. vaporizing the refrigeration liquid.!! an electric motor that converts electrical energy into internal energy. proper insulation. replacing the warmer air with colder air.

Consider a steaming aluminum soda-pop can that contains a small amount of boiling water. When it is quickly inverted into a bath of cooler water the can is dramatically crushed by atmospheric pressure. This occurs because the pressure inside the can is rapidly reduced by

condensation of steam inside.!! contact with the relatively cool water. sudden slowing of the air and steam molecules inside. reduced internal energy. rapid conduction of heat to the relatively cool water.

Wrapping a hot potato in aluminum foil significantly reduces the rate at which it cools by

condensation. melting. evaporation.!!! conduction.

We feel uncomfortably warm on a muggy day because water molecules are

condensing on our bodies.!! evaporating from our moist bodies. evaporating and condensing on our bodies at the same rate.

Food cooked in boiling water at a mountain top cooks slower than when cooked at sea level. If the temperature under the pot of boiling water is increased, the food will cook

faster at both places. faster at sea level. faster at the mountain top. no differently than it did before the increase.!!

A hot dog pants

for no particular reason - some things just happen. to help evaporation occur in its mouth and bronchial tract.!! to bring more oxygen into its lungs. to impress dogs of the opposite sex.

We are warmed by condensation because water molecules in the air that strike our bodies

gain kinetic energy as they change state. transfer some of their kinetic energy to us.!! form an insulating layer on our bodies.

A good reflector of radiation is a

good emitter of radiation. poor absorber of radiation.!!! good absorber of radiation. none of these

A good absorber of radiation is a

good emitter of radiation.!!! good reflector. poor emitter of radiation. none of these

Food in a pressure cooker is cooked faster because of the

greater rate of bubble formation in the water. increased internal energy in the water. higher temperature. !! Choices A, B, and C are all true.

The reason the sun's radiant energy is of shorter wavelengths than the Earth's is because the sun

has a higher temperature than the Earth.!!! has much more internal energy. is an energy source while the Earth is primarily an energy receiver. all of these none of these

Steam burns are more damaging than burns caused by boiling water because steam

has more energy per kilogram than boiling water. gives up additional energy when it condenses. Choices A and B are both correct.!! Choices B and C are both incorrect.

Newton's law of cooling applies to objects that are

heating. cooling. both of these!!! none of these

At the same temperature, which move with greater speed in the air.

heavier molecules very light molecules!!! All will have equal average speeds.

Metals are both good heat conductors and good electrical conductors because of the

high elasticity of metals. similarity between thermal and electrical conductive properties. relatively high densities of metals. ability of metals to transfer energy easily. looseness of outer electrons in metal atoms.!!!

Waves emitted by the sun and terrestrial wave emissions are

identical. entirely different kinds of waves. the same except for their frequencies and wavelengths.!!

Compared to a glass of ice water with ice in it, a glass of plain ice-cold water without ice on a warm day will warm up

in the same amount of time. slower. faster !!!! None of the above choices are true.

If a solid object radiates more energy than it absorbs, its

internal energy decreases. !!!! temperature decreases. internal energy and temperature decrease. None of the above choices are true.

Your feet feel warmer on a rug than on a tile floor because a rug

is a better insulator than tile.!!! is usually warmer than tile. for the same mass has more internal energy than tile. all of these none of these

Stored potatoes, beets, and rutabagas in a well-insulated but unheated room can be protected from freezing by having in the room

large blocks of foam plastic. large blocks of salt. large rocks. large tubs of water.!! large cubes of sugar.

An object will normally be a net radiator of energy with its internal energy is

less than that of its surroundings. more than that of its surroundings. neither of these, because internal energy is not temperature.!!

Energy transfer by convection is primarily restricted to

liquids. fluids.!!! solids. gases.

An object will normally be a net radiator of energy when its temperature is

lower than its surroundings. higher than its surroundings.!! neither of these

The phenomenon of regelation depends on the

melting point of water. high specific heat of water. open-structured nature of ice crystals.!! freezing point of water.

Entropy measures

messiness.!! temperature as volume increases. temperature at constant pressure. temperature at constant volume. temperature as pressure increases.

One of the main reasons one can walk barefoot on red-hot coals of wood without burning the feet has do do with

mind over matter techniques. low temperature of the coals. low thermal conductivity of the coals.!!

To turn 50 grams of boiling water to steam requires

more calories than are required to bring 50 grams of ice at absolute zero to the boiling point.!!!! 50 calories. 500 calories 540 calories. None of the above choices are correct.

When bringing water to a boil in the mountains, the time needed to reach the boiling point is

more than at sea level. the same as at sea level. less than at sea level.!!

If a poor absorber of radiation were a good emitter, its temperature would be

more than its surroundings. the same as its surroundings. less than its surroundings.!!!

When a volume of air is compressed, its temperature

neither increases nor decreases. increases.!!!! decreases.

Blow on your hand with your open mouth and you feel the warmth of your breath. Pucker your lips so your breath expands as you blow and your breath is

neither warmer nor cooler. cooler.!! warmer still.

When water vapor condenses on the inside of a window, the room becomes slightly

neither warmer nor cooler. warmer.!! cooler.

When snow forms in clouds, the surrounding air

neither warms nor cools. cools. warms.!!

In a mixture of hydrogen gas, oxygen gas, and nitrogen gas, the molecules with the greatest average speed are those of

nitrogen. hydrogen.!!!! oxygen. All will have the same average speed at the same temperature.

A substance can be sprayed on crops to prevent frost formation under many conditions. If frost did not form on the fields and woods of an entire continent, cold nights would be

no different. less cold. even colder.!!

If air were a better conductor than it is, at nighttime the Earth would be

not appreciably different in temperature. considerably colder.!!! considerably warmer.

A liter of hot water will cool to room temperature fast in a

silver pot. red pot. black pot.!!! depends more on the size of the pot than its color

Morning dew on the grass is a result of

slow-moving water molecules sticking to one another.!! the open-structured form of water crystals. air pressure on water vapor. evaporation of water.

Hydrogen and oxygen molecules in a gas sample have the same temperature. This means the hydrogen molecules, on the average, have the same.

speed, but more kinetic energy. kinetic energy, but less speed. speed, but less kinetic energy. kinetic energy, but more speed.!!! speed and the same kinetic energy.

Firefighters find that the temperature of burning material is best lowered when water is

sprayed as a fine mist.!! salted. used in small amounts. pointed away from the flames.

It is commonly thought that a can of beverage will cool faster in the coldest part of a refrigerator. Knowledge of Newton's law of cooling

supports or contradicts this common knowledge. supports this common knowledge.!!! shows this common knowledge is false.

The operation of a geyser, such as Old Faithful in Yellowstone Park, is most like the operation of a teakettle.

teakettle. vacuum bottle. canteen. coffee percolator.!! vat of molten lead.

To turn ice at zero degrees Celsius to water at zero degrees celsius, we must add.

temperature. energy.!!! time. force. It can't be done - water is always warmer than that.

Both black and white road surfaces absorb sunlight. At the end of a sunny day the warmer road surface will be

the black surface.!! the white surface. Neither - there is no difference.

Which involves the larger number of calories?

the condensation of 1 gram of steam at 100 degrees Celsius to water at 100 degrees!! the cooling of 1 gram of water at 100 degrees Celsius to 1 gram of ice at absolute zero Both involve the same number of calories. Neither involves calories.

On a humid day, water condenses on the outside of a glass of ice water. This phenomenon occurs mainly because of

the saturation of cooled air.!! the porosity of glass. capillary action. adhesion of water molecules to glass. evaporation.

The higher the temperature of an object

the shorter the wavelengths it radiates.!!! the longer the wavelengths it radiates. makes no difference in the wavelengths it radiates

Evaporation is a cooling process because

the temperature of the remaining liquid decreases. of conduction and convection. the more energetic molecules are able to escape the liquid.!! heat is radiated during the process. none of these

Stored potatoes, beets, and rutabagas freeze at temperatures below zero degrees Celsius (rather than at exactly zero) because

they are very dense. they are good absorbers of radiant energy. the water in them contains dissolved salts and sugars.!! they are good radiators of energy. All of the above choices are true.

Suppose you want to save energy and you're going to leave your cool house for a half hour on a hot day. You should turn the temperature setting on the air conditioner.

up a little. down a little. off altogether.!! to room temperature.