Tissues

no

1. Are the rough ER and the secretory vesicles evenly distributed throughout the cell? [Exercise 04, Part A, Slide Title: Pancreas Monkey 1, BLUE SQUARE]

simple cuboidal

1. Look at the tubular structure surrounded by the blue arrows. What type of epithelium lines the lumen of this tubule and the lumens of all other tubules within the square? (You will not see boundaries between cells because the plasma membranes of these cells are highly folded, so you have to split the difference between nuclei to determine a cell's boundaries.) [Exercise 03, Part E, Slide Title: Kidney, Monkey, BLUE SQUARE]

Epithelia

1. Name the tissue type indicated by the black arrows (Epithelia, Connective, Nerve, Muscle.) [Exercise 02, tissue types of GI tract]

simple squamous: mesothelium

1. Name this epithelial tissue (be specific). [Exercise 03, Part A, Slide Title: Jejunum, Monkey, YELLOW SQUARE]

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

1. Name this epithelial tissue. [Exercise 03, Part B, Slide Title: Trachea and Esophagus, ESOPHAGUS BLUE SQUARE]

hyaline cartilage

1. Name this tissue type (be specific). [Exercise 07, Part A, Slide Title: Trachea and Esophagus, GREEN SQUARE]

simple columnar

1. Near the blue rectangle a tissue is identified by blue arrows. Name this tissue that is lining the lumen? [Exercise 05, Part C, Slide Title: Duodenum, Monkey, BLUE RECTANGLE]

Plasma membrane

1. What are the green arrows indicating [plasma membrane, nuclear membrane, or nucleolus]? [Exercise 01, Part B, Slide Title: Kidney, Monkey, BLUE SQUARE]

type I collagen

1. What are the long pink strands that form the majority of the extracellular matrix? [Exercise 05, Part A: Slide Title: Skin, Palmar Monkey, GREEN RECTANGLE]

cilia

1. What are the thin, wispy projections that extend into the lumenal space? [Exercise 03, Part B, Slide Title: Trachea and Esophagus, TRACHEA RED SQUARE]

type I collagen

1. What extracellular matrix component is stained bright pink in both of these tissues? [Exercise 05, Part B, Slide Title: Skin, From Palm or Sole, BLUE AND RED SQUARES]

adipose

1. What type of connective tissue is this? [Exercise 06, Part A, Slide Title: Skin, Palmar Monkey, GRAY CIRCLE]

simple cuboidal

1. What type of epithelial tissue is indicated by the yellow arrow that is forming the lining of this duct? (Hint: Is the nucleus causing a visible bulge of the plasma membrane?) [Exercise 03, Part C, Slide Title: Pancreas Monkey 1, RED RECTANGLE]

transitional epithelium

1. What type of epithelial tissue is lining the lumen? [Exercise 03, Part D, Slide Title: Bladder, Monkey, BLUE SQUARE]

reticular

1. What type of fiber is this? [Exercise 05, Part D, Slide Title: Spleen Human Silver, BLUE SQUARE]

keratinized stratified squamous

1. What type of tissue is this? [Exercise 03, Part F, Slide Title: Skin, Palmar Monkey, BLUE SQUARE]

endocrine

1. Zoom in on the yellow square, which is outlining an islet cell surrounded by three capillaries. The secretions from this epithelial cell are secreted into the capillary, so what type of glandular cell is this? [Exercise 04, Part B, Slide Title: Pancreas Monkey 2, BLUE RECTANGLE/YELLOW SQUARE]

polarity

2. Which one of the general characteristics of epithelial cells does this type of organelle distribution indicate? [Exercise 04, Part A, Slide Title: Pancreas Monkey 1, BLUE SQUARE]

red square (dense irregular)

10. Which tissue (green rectangle or red square) is capable of resisting forces in multiple directions? [Exercise 05, Part A: Slide Title: Skin, Palmar Monkey, RED SQUARE]

dense regular

11. Tendons, which are exposed to pulling forces in a single direction, are composed of which type of connective tissue? [Exercise 05, Part A: Slide Title: Skin, Palmar Monkey, RED SQUARE]

dense regular

2. Based upon the density and arrangement of extracellular matrix component you named for the previous question, what type of connective tissue is this? [Exercise 05, Part A: Slide Title: Skin, Palmar Monkey, GREEN RECTANGLE]

more columnar and cuboidal

2. Contrast the shape of the cells in the deepest layer of the tissue to the shape of the cells composing the superficial layer. [Exercise 03, Part D, Slide Title: Bladder, Monkey, BLUE SQUARE]

rounder, packed closer together

2. Contrast the shape of the nuclei in the most superficial layer of cells to the nuclei of the cells in the deepest layer of this epithelial tissue. [Exercise 03, Part B, Slide Title: Trachea and Esophagus, ESOPHAGUS BLUE SQUARE]

areolar

2. Name the connective tissue within the blue rectangle. (Hint: it lacks large fibers, directly underlies epithelial tissue, and contains a high concentration of cells.) [Exercise 05, Part C, Slide Title: Duodenum, Monkey, BLUE RECTANGLE]

pseudostratified columnar

2. Name the epithelial tissue lining the lumen of the trachea? [Exercise 03, Part B, Slide Title: Trachea and Esophagus, TRACHEA RED SQUARE]

lacunae

2. Name the space the cell is occupying? [Exercise 07, Part B, Slide Title: Elastic cartilage, BLUE SQUARE]

Muscle

2. Name the tissue type indicated by the red arrows (Epithelia, Connective, Nerve, Muscle.) [Exercise 02, tissue types of GI tract]

areolar

2. Name the type of connective tissue within the blue rectangle? [Exercise 05, Part B, Slide Title: Skin, From Palm or Sole, BLUE AND RED SQUARES]

simple columnar

2. Name this epithelial tissue between the blue and yellow arrow that is covering the villus. [Exercise 03, Part A, Slide Title: Jejunum, Monkey, BLUE SQUARE]

type III collagen

2. Of what are these fibers composed? [Exercise 05, Part D, Slide Title: Spleen Human Silver, BLUE SQUARE]

hormones

2. What general name is given to the secretions that are released from this type of glandular cell? [Exercise 04, Part B, Slide Title: Pancreas Monkey 2, BLUE RECTANGLE/YELLOW SQUARE]

fat/triglycerides

2. What is present in the large white spaces in the living tissue? [Exercise 06, Part A, Slide Title: Skin, Palmar Monkey, GRAY CIRCLE]

lacunae

2. What is the name of the space occupied by this cell type? [Exercise 07, Part C, Slide Title: Fibrocartilage, YELLOW SQUARE]

Nucleolus

2. What is the yellow arrow indicating (plasma membrane, nuclear membrane, or nucleolus)? [Exercise 01, Part B, Slide Title: Kidney, Monkey, BLUE SQUARE]

high in protein

2. What is unique about the most superficial layer that stains intensely pink? [Exercise 03, Part F, Slide Title: Skin, Palmar Monkey, BLUE SQUARE]

gland

An epithelial tissue that is primarily involved in secretion

lumen

3. Based upon the location of the secretory vesicles, where will the contents of the secretory vesicles be secreted (lumen or underlying connective tissue)? [Exercise 04, Part A, Slide Title: Pancreas Monkey 1, BLUE SQUARE]

goblet cell

3. Name the epithelial tissue cell indicated by the black arrows. [Exercise 03, Part A, Slide Title: Jejunum, Monkey, BLUE SQUARE]

blood vessels

3. Name the structure lined by the labeled endothelial cells. (Hint: The red arrows are labeling red blood cells.) [Exercise 03, Part C, Slide Title: Pancreas Monkey 1, BLACK SQUARE]

Connective

3. Name the tissue type indicated by the blue arrows (Epithelia, Connective, Nerve, Muscle.) [Exercise 02, tissue types of GI tract]

dense irregular

3. Name the type of connective tissue in the red rectangle? [Exercise 05, Part B, Slide Title: Skin, From Palm or Sole, BLUE AND RED SQUARES]

Cytoplasm

3. The yellow circle is located in the region containing [cytoplasm, nucleoplasm, DNA] [Exercise 01, Part B, Slide Title: Kidney, Monkey, BLUE SQUARE]

mast cells

3. What cell type is indicated by the red arrows? [Exercise 05, Part C, Slide Title: Duodenum, Monkey, BLUE RECTANGLE]

elastic fibers

3. What extracellular component is indicated by the yellow arrows? [Exercise 07, Part B, Slide Title: Elastic cartilage, BLUE SQUARE]

move substances across the surface of the epithelium

3. What is the function of the projections you named for question 1? [Exercise 03, Part B, Slide Title: Trachea and Esophagus, TRACHEA RED SQUARE]

maintains shape and provides structure

3. What is the function of these fibers in an organ such as the spleen? [Exercise 05, Part D, Slide Title: Spleen Human Silver, BLUE SQUARE]

protection and waterproof

3. What is the function of this layer? [Exercise 03, Part F, Slide Title: Skin, Palmar Monkey, BLUE SQUARE]

lacunae

3. What is the name of the space that these cells occupy? [Exercise 07, Part A, Slide Title: Trachea and Esophagus, GREEN SQUARE]

simple squamous: mesothelium

3. What type of tissue do you see forming the outer lining of the bladder wall (be specific)? [Exercise 03, Part D, Slide Title: Bladder, Monkey, RED SQUARE]

protein

3. Which organic molecule (carbohydrate, nucleic acid, lipid, protein) is the major component of the structure that is stained pink? [Exercise 05, Part A: Slide Title: Skin, Palmar Monkey, GREEN RECTANGLE]

it's dizzolved away during the slide preparation process

3. Why aren't fats/triglycerides present in the cells on the slide? [Exercise 06, Part A, Slide Title: Skin, Palmar Monkey, GRAY CIRCLE]

Protein

3. [DNA, Protein, Lipid] is abundant in the plasma membrane of these cells that is causing the membrane to stain intensely pink? [Exercise 01, Part A, Slide Title: Esophagus, Human, BLUE SQUARE]

exocrine

4. Based upon your answer to the previous question, what type of gland is this? [Exercise 04, Part A, Slide Title: Pancreas Monkey 1, BLUE SQUARE]

apical

4. How do you describe the region of the membrane indicated by the blue arrow [apical or basolateral]? [Exercise 03, Part A, Slide Title: Jejunum, Monkey, BLUE SQUARE]

filbroblast

4. If the elongated nuclei in this tissue belong to cells that produce components of the extracellular matrix, name the cell type that contains these nuclei? [Exercise 05, Part A: Slide Title: Skin, Palmar Monkey, GREEN RECTANGLE]

density

4. Name one morphological difference between the tissue in the blue rectangle as compared to the tissue in the red square. [Exercise 05, Part B, Slide Title: Skin, From Palm or Sole, BLUE AND RED SQUARES]

Nerve

4. Name the tissue type indicated by the yellow arrows (Epithelia, Connective, Nerve, Muscle.) [Exercise 02, tissue types of GI tract]

Nucleus

4. To what is the blue arrow pointing [cell, nucleus, or nucleolus]? [Exercise 01, Part A, Slide Title: Esophagus, Human, BLUE SQUARE]

goblet cell

4. What cell type in this epithelium is indicated by the small green arrows? [Exercise 03, Part B, Slide Title: Trachea and Esophagus, TRACHEA RED SQUARE]

flexibility and the ability to recoil

4. What functional property does the extracellular component indicated by the yellow arrow give this cartilage as compared to the other two types of cartilage? [Exercise 07, Part B, Slide Title: Elastic cartilage, BLUE SQUARE]

histamine and heparin

4. What is contained in the red staining vesicles present in the cell's cytoplasm that you named in number 3? [Exercise 05, Part C, Slide Title: Duodenum, Monkey, BLUE RECTANGLE]

Nuclear membrane

4. What is the red arrow indicating [plasma membrane, nuclear membrane, or nucleolus]? [Exercise 01, Part B, Slide Title: Kidney, Monkey, BLUE SQUARE]

basolateral

5. How do you describe the region of the membrane indicated by the yellow arrow [apical or basolateral]? [Exercise 03, Part A, Slide Title: Jejunum, Monkey, BLUE SQUARE]

Loose allows for diffusion and dense allows for resistance against tensile forces.

5. Name one functional difference between the tissue in the blue rectangle as compared to the tissue in the red square. [Exercise 05, Part B, Slide Title: Skin, From Palm or Sole, BLUE AND RED SQUARES]

tensile

5. The long, pink fibrous strands of the extracellular matrix in this tissue do an excellent job resisting what type of forces? [Exercise 05, Part A: Slide Title: Skin, Palmar Monkey, GREEN RECTANGLE]

inflammation

5. What physiological process is triggered when mast cells release the contents within their secretory vesicles into the extracellular fluid? [Exercise 05, Part C, Slide Title: Duodenum, Monkey, BLUE RECTANGLE]

DNA

5. [DNA, Protein, Lipid] is contained within the structure indicated by the blue arrow that is staining purplish-blue? [Exercise 01, Part A, Slide Title: Esophagus, Human, BLUE SQUARE]

type I collagen fibers

6. Name the extracellular matrix material stained pink? [Exercise 05, Part A: Slide Title: Skin, Palmar Monkey, RED SQUARE]

Cytoplasm

6. The red circle is located in the area of the cell that contains [nucleoplasm, cytoplasm, DNA]. [Exercise 01, Part A, Slide Title: Esophagus, Human, BLUE SQUARE]

lymphocytes (plasma cells)

6. What cell type is indicated by the green arrows (cells containing bluish/purple nuclei)? [Exercise 05, Part C, Slide Title: Duodenum, Monkey, BLUE RECTANGLE]

microvilli

6. What type of membrane specialization do you see on the edge of the tissue facing the lumen? [Exercise 03, Part A, Slide Title: Jejunum, Monkey, BLUE SQUARE]

dense irregular

7. Based upon the density and arrangement of the extracellular matrix component you named for the previous question, what type of connective tissue is this? [Exercise 05, Part A: Slide Title: Skin, Palmar Monkey, RED SQUARE]

They are dead/keratinized

7. Identify plasma membranes outlining other cells. Why don't you see a nucleus in every cell? (Hint: The living tissue contained a nucleus in every cell.) [Exercise 01, Part A, Slide Title: Esophagus, Human, BLUE SQUARE]

blood vessels (capillaries)

7. Identify the structures indicated by the arrows that are important sources of nourishment for the overlying epithelial cells. [Exercise 05, Part C, Slide Title: Duodenum, Monkey, YELLOW RECTANGLE]

apical

7. Is the membrane specialization that you named in 6, a specialization of the apical or basolateral membrane? [Exercise 03, Part A, Slide Title: Jejunum, Monkey, BLUE SQUARE]

fibroblast

8. Identify nuclei in the red square. If one of these nuclei belongs to a cell that produces the extracellular matrix of this tissue, what type of cell is this? [Exercise 05, Part A: Slide Title: Skin, Palmar Monkey, RED SQUARE]

simple squamous: endothelium

8. Name the tissue indicated by the red arrows (be specific). [Exercise 03, Part A, Slide Title: Jejunum, Monkey, RED SQUARE]

areolar connective tissue allows for diffusion of blood and nutrients

8. Why are these structures important to the health of the overlying epithelial tissue? [Exercise 05, Part C, Slide Title: Duodenum, Monkey, YELLOW RECTANGLE]

orientation of collagen fibers

9. What is the major structural difference between the tissue in the green rectangle and the tissue in the red square? [Exercise 05, Part A: Slide Title: Skin, Palmar Monkey, RED SQUARE]

brush border

Areas where microvilli are densely packed together, but individual microvilli can't be resolved with the light microscope

Dense connective tissue

Connective tissue that consists primarily of type I collagen fibers

Stratified epithelial tissues

Epithelial tissues that consist of more than one layer of cells.

columnar cells

Tall cells that are in contact with both the cavity/lumen and the underlying basal lamina.

exocrine gland

If the secretory products are secreted into a lumen, the gland is classified as an ______________.

endocrine gland

If the secretory products are secreted into the underlying connective tissue and/or bloodstream, the gland is classified as an ______________.

Simple cuboidal epithelia

One layer of cells that are as tall as they are wide and appear square in histological sections. Nuclei of these cells are often round and located in the middle of the cell

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Simple epithelium composed of cells that vary in height. It consists of tall columnar cells alongside short basal cells.

fibroblast

The cell responsible for producing all the extracellular matrix components, which includes fibers and ground substance

lateral domain

The portion of the cell membrane that faces adjacent cells

apical membrane domain

The portion of the cell membrane that forms the edge of the lumen

basal cells

The short cells that are not in contact with the cavity/lumen, but are in contact with the basal lamina. It is thought that the basal cells are stem cells that are capable of dividing and ultimately become tall columnar cells.

connective tissue

The tissues classified as connective tissue are a diverse group of tissues that are the most abundant and widely distributed tissue type in the body. Is the bony skeleton, it is blood, it encapsulates organs, it is an organ's structural framework that supports other cells, it stores fat, and it is involved in defense and protection because it contains immune cells. In addition, because it contains blood vessels, its aqueous component of its ground substance functions as a medium through which nutrients and wastes are exchanged between the blood and cells of the body. All contain cells, fibers, and ground substance. The extracellular matrix (fibers and ground substance) is the major component. The three main fibers are: collagen, elastic, and reticular.

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

a stratified squamous epithelium that contains a superficial layer of dead cells. This type of tissue is only found forming the epidermis of the skin. This layer offers excellent protection against abrasion and dessication.

Transitional epithelium

a stratified epithelium composed of irregularly shaped cuboidal/columnar cells when the epithelium is not distended. When it is relaxed the surface cells have a dome-shaped appearance. When it is distended, the cells have a flattened appearance. This type of epithelium is only found in the urinary system, so sometimes it is called urothelium.

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

a stratified squamous epithelium that does not contain a superficial layer of dead cells. All layers including the most superficial layer of cells contain nuclei. This tissue is good at resisting abrasion, but lacks the ability to resist desiccation, so it is found in places where the surface is covered by a layer of mucus.

type I collagen fibers

are tightly packed, which means there is little space for ground substance to occupy. Can be regular (organized in a parallel arrangement) or irregular (organized in various directions).

connective tissue proper

areolar (loose), reticular, and dense connective tissue

Areolar connective tissue

composed of a loosely woven extracellular matrix consisting of collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers that is loosely woven among a considerable amount of ground substance. contains more cells than dense types of connective tissue. most abundant and widespread of the connective tissues. underlie and support the many miles of epithelial tissues in the body. the medium through which blood gases, nutrients, and wastes must diffuse to be exchanged between capillaries and epithelial cells.

Dense regular connective tissue

composed of tightly packed type I collagen fibers that are oriented side-by-side in a parallel arrangement. This highly organized tissue allows the fibers to resist tensile (pulling) forces that occur at that ends of the fibers.

reticular fibers

composed of type III collagen, which is a more delicate and thinner type of collagen as compared to type I collagen. This type of connective tissue forms the structural framework of organs such as the spleen, liver, wall of blood vessels, and lymph nodes.

specialized connective tissues.

consists of adipose, cartilage, bone, and blood.

Muscle tissue

consists of muscle cells that contain proteins that interact with each other to cause contraction. Contraction of muscle tissue results in the alteration of the shape of organs and the movement of the bony skeleton. There are three types of muscle: skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle.

Nervous tissue

consists of neurons and supporting cells; function: communication

Reticular connective tissue

consists of reticular fibers that are linked to each other forming a network of fibers.

Cilia

elongated, motile projections of the cytoplasm that are covered by plasma membrane. They project from the apical surface of some epithelial cells that function to move substances across the surface of the epithelium. An example is in the trachea that function to move mucus away from the lungs toward the throat.

Reticular fibers

fibrils formed by type III collagen molecules. are extremely thin, form a flexible mesh-like network in certain organs (spleen), and don't bundle to form thick fibers. They are not visible microscopically by H&E staining, but can be viewed when stained with silver stain.

Epithelial tissues

form sheets that line cavities in the body and the external surface of the body; also form glands, which produce secretions.

Neurons

function: communication; transmit signals in the form of potentials (graded and action) from one place in the body to another

ground substance

gel-like amorphous substance mostly consisting of water (connective tissues)

lymphocytes

immune cells that differentiate into antibody producing cells (plasma cells, which are identified as small cells with dark blue nuclei)

Stratified squamous epithelium

many layers of cells and the most superficial cells are flattened squamous cells.

Microvilli

nonmotile, slender, cylindrical projections of the cytoplasm covered by plasma membrane that emanate from the apical surface of epithelial cells in places such as the gastrointestinal tract and kidney tubules. Their function is to increase the surface area of cell membrane exposed to the lumen. The increased surface area allows more space for proteins that function as transporters to move substances across the epithelium.

Dense irregular connective tissue

omposed of tightly packed type I collagen fibers that are oriented in various directions throughout the tissue. This disorganized arrangement allows the tissue to resist pulling forces in multiple directions.

Simple columnar epithelia

one layer of cells that are taller than they are wide and appear rectangular in histological sections. Nuclei of these cells are often oblong and located near the middle of the cell.

Simple squamous epithelia

one layer of flattened cells. When viewed from the side, which is how they are most often seen in histological sections, these cells are so flat that nucleus creates a bulge of the plasma membrane. Also, a side view reveals only a small amount of visible cytoplasm.

Mast cells

present in areolar tissue. They function in the promotion of inflammation by secreting substances such as histamine and heparin. Mast cells are identified as cells that contain many large, red secretory vesicles in the cell's cytoplasm.

exocrine cells

produce secretions that are released into a lumen across the apical membrane. Two examples of exocrine glandular cells are listed below

Pancreatic acinar cells

pyramidal (shaped like pyramids or slices of a pie) in shape and together form glands called acini that are spherical clusters. Their secretions are secreted into the lumen of the spherical acinus.

endocrine cells

release secretions, called hormones, into underlying connective tissue where they can affect adjacent cells or diffuse into the bloodstream to affect cells in distant regions of the body.

Adipose tissue

specialized connective tissue consisting of cells that function to store lipid (triglycerides). As lipid accumulates, the cell takes on a spherical shape and the nucleus and cytoplasm are displaced to the periphery of the accumulating lipid droplet. In our histological sections, the fat is dissolved away in the preparation process, so the site of lipid storage in the living specimen will appear as a white empty space on the slide.

Hematoxylin

stain that stains acidic structures blue. Areas of the cell that contain lots of DNA and RNA, such as the nucleus and rough ER, will stain dark blue.

extracellular matrix (fibers and ground substance)

the major component of connective tissue.

Type I collagen

the most abundant type of collagen in the body forms fibers consisting of densely packed thick fibrils, which results in a fiber with a wide diameter functions to resist tensile (pulling) forces and stains pink in H&E staining procedures.

basal membrane domain

the portion of the cell membrane in contact with underlying connective tissue

hormones

the secretions from an endocrine gland

Connective tissue

the structural framework of organs and the skeleton, fills internal spaces, supports overlying epithelial tissue, stores fat, and plays a role in nutrient diffusion and defense and protection.

Elastic fibers

typically thinner than type I collagen fibers and are composed of the protein elastin. can stretch and then recoil back to its original state.