TJC US History Chapter 27, TJC US History Chapter 28

How did Eisenhower describe his domestic policy of dynamic conservatism?

"conservative when it comes to money, and liberal when it comes to human beings"

What was one way in which the intervention of the United States in Iran in the 1950s was significant?

A CIA-engineered coup in Iran was viewed as successful and emboldened Eisenhower to authorize other secret operations to undermine governments thought to be falling victim to communism.

Which of the following statements accurately describes President Eisenhower's civil rights record?

Although committed in principle, he took a very passive approach to civil rights in reality, preferring to leave the issue to local and state governments.

Which of the following is an accurate assessment of the Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and 1960?

Although they were the first civil rights laws since the late nineteenth century, they ultimately were watered down in terms of enforcement and, thus, failed to have much consequence.

Which of the following statements accurately characterizes the United States in the 1950s?

Although white, middle-class Americans enjoyed unprecedented economic growth, the idealized image of America at the time was much more complicated in terms of race and class, and many feared what the new age of nuclear terror might bring.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the impact of the GI Bill on African Americans?

Benefits experienced by African Americans were limited because for example, most colleges and universities remained racially segregated and refused to admit blacks.

Why did the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) work to replace the leaders of Guatemala and Iran in the 1950s?

Both countries had governments viewed as "unfriendly" regimes, and it was feared they would join the Soviet bloc.

What was the significance of the "falling-domino" theory?

Describing how quickly communism would spread once it infiltrated a nation, the theory was used by Eisenhower to justify beginning conflicts such as the Vietnam War, despite the fact that anti-colonial insurgencies often resulted from nationalist motives.

How has the public and historical perception of Truman's presidency evolved over time?

During Truman's presidency, many Americans blamed him for issues such as higher taxes and higher prices for consumers brought by the war, but years later, many have come to view him more positively, appreciating that he dealt with a complex set of problems.

By the spring of 1945, the United States and Britain were becoming deeply concerned over Soviet actions in

Eastern Europe.

In 1957, nine African American students attended Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas for the first time. Which of the following statements accurately describes the actions taken by Eisenhower?

Eisenhower reluctantly dispatched federal troops there to maintain law and order, angering many southern politicians.

Since the nineteenth century, Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia had been ruled by

France

Why did President Truman veto the McCarran Internal Security Act?

He felt it promoted thought control.

Which of the following statements describes the role State Department official George Kennan played in the onset of the cold war?

He recommended that the United States contain Soviet expansionist tendencies through efforts to undermine the appeal of Soviet communism.

What stance did Eisenhower take in terms of New Deal programs?

He retained most New Deal programs and even expanded some of them, while also working to rid the government of the "excesses" that had resulted from many years of Democratic control.

What is significant about the way Truman got the United States involved in the Korean War?

He was able to do it without a congressional declaration, bypassing a constitutional provision.

Encouraged American propaganda broadcasts through Radio Free Europe, ________ nationalists rebelled against occupying Communist troops in 1956.

Hungarian

Which of the following is true of the Taft-Hartley Act of 1947?

It allowed the president to impose a "cooling-off" period during major strikes.

As a result of the global burdens the United States assumed after the Second World War, how did the federal government change?

It became larger, more powerful, and more secretive, in part due to the actions of both major political parties and the lobbying efforts of the military-industrial complex.

What was the role of the Truman Doctrine?

It committed the United States to help "free peoples" facing pressure from communism.

What was the significance of the Federal-Aid Highway Act (1956)?

It created a large network of interstate highways, which in turn helped create jobs, tourism opportunities, and economic growth.

What was one way in which the 1957 Soviet launch of Sputnik was significant?

It led to increased U.S. government funding for science education and defense spending.

What was the role of the GI Bill?

It provided loans to veterans for education, job training, and the building of homes and businesses.

What is one way the Chinese civil war proved significant for the cold war?

It resulted in the victory of Communists over Chinese Nationalists, and the Communists would go on to intervene in the Korean War to aid their North Korean allies.

What trend did home ownership tend to follow between 1945 and 1960?

It significantly increased.

What was the Supreme Court's decision in the case Brown v. Board of Education?

It struck down "separate but equal" in public education.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)?

It was a civil rights organization led by Martin Luther King Jr. that coordinated activities between a cluster of organizations such as churches and community groups.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the baby boom in the United States?

It was a postwar trend that reinforced the idea that a woman's place was in the home and helped drive economic growth due the market of goods centered on children.

What was the role of the Marshall Plan?

It was an international economic recovery program that also sought to reduce socialist influence in Europe and reestablish a strong Western Europe rooted in American values.

What was the phenomenon of "white flight" in the 1950s after the Second World War?

It was the movement of many whites to suburbs in response to the migration of African Americans from the rural South to northern cities in search of better opportunities after the war.

Which of the following occurred in Asia with the end of the Second World War?

Korea became divided into northern and southern halves, with the Soviets organizing a Communist government in the north and the Americans then helping to establish a democratic government in the south.

What was the state of car ownership in America by 1955?

Most American households owned a car, resulting in a greater range of choices such as the growth of fast-food restaurants as well as unintended consequences such as environmental pollution.

Which of the following is true of Truman's Fair Deal proposals by and large?

Most of them were simply extensions or enlargements of New Deal programs, and a bipartisan conservative coalition in Congress successfully stopped their passage.

Authored by Paul Nitze, ________ endorsed a massive militarized version of containment that guided American foreign policy for decades.

NSC-68

Which of the following reorganized the American defense and intelligence establishment in 1947, creating the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Department of Defense, National Security Council and Central Intelligence Agency?

National Security Act

In response to Truman's actions and policies up to that point, the 1946 congressional elections resulted in

Republican control of Congress.

An impact of the Korean War was that Truman authorized increased assistance for French troops fighting a Communist independence movement in a French colony in ________, beginning U.S. military involvement there.

Southeast Asia

Which of the following statements is true in regard to Israel's founding in 1948?

The United States became the first country to recognize the Jewish state.

Why was the formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) significant to American foreign policy?

The commitment to NATO as a mutual defense alliance against the Soviet Union marked an end to isolationism in the United States.

What was the stance of the Dixiecrats in the 1948 campaign?

They supported states' rights and racial segregation.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the Beats?

This controversial group of artists was self-absorbed and reckless, and often rejected traditional responsibilities of middle-class life.

During Dwight D. Eisenhower's presidency, moderate republicanism involved the promise of restoring the authority of state and local governments.

True

Which of the following statements accurately describes the political climate as the 1948 election approached?

Truman had not yet successfully cast away the widespread impression that he was not up to the role of president, and most political analysts assumed he would lose the next election.

What were among the main U.S. foreign policy concerns following the Second World War and why?

With the elimination of German Nazism, the United States and the Soviet Union no longer seemed to share a united goal; the power vacuums in Europe and Asia due to the defeat of the Germans and Japanese left the Americans and Soviets competing for global influence.

Which of the following differentiated the postwar era from earlier periods of prosperity?

a consumer culture in which a large number of people participated

UN forces reaching the Yalu River brought about

a massive Chinese intervention

According to the advertisements in popular magazines at the time, the ideal woman of the mid-1950s was

a white suburban housewife.

Drawing on the assumptions of the "domino theory," Truman believed the Soviet and Communist activities in Greece would

allow for the fall of the other nations in eastern Mediterranean, followed by those in Western Europe, if unchecked.

To what did Winston Churchill compare the boundary between Soviet-occupied Eastern Europe and Western Europe?

an iron curtain

The single most important stimulant to the postwar economy was

cold war-related military spending.

On the domestic front, President Truman soon made clear his intention to

enlarge the New Deal.

Senator McCarthy was very effective in

exploiting public fears.

Why did Truman fire General MacArthur?

for insubordination

One of Truman's strengths as he assumed the presidency was his

genuine demeanor and ability to arise above his limitations.

With the end of the Second World War, women workers who had taken on traditionally male jobs during the war were encouraged to

give up their jobs to returning veterans.

Which of the following appears to have led to the cold war in retrospect?

ideological competition between democratic capitalism and totalitarian communism and their opposing views of what the postwar world should become

Truman's response to the Soviet blockade of West Berlin in 1948 was to

launch a massive airlift of supplies into West Berlin.

Blacks who moved to northern cities tended to find

new problems due to racial prejudice but better lives overall.

What tactic did Martin Luther King Jr. and the activists who organized the Montgomery Bus Boycott follow in their protest?

nonviolent civil disobedience

The Soviet acquisition of the atomic bomb in 1949 inspired Truman to

order the development of a hydrogen bomb.

In The Affluent Society, John Kenneth Galbraith pointed out the

persistence of poverty in the 1950s.

An important reason for passage of the GI Bill was to

prevent widespread unemployment.

One major reason that the Second World War inspired postwar changes in race relations in the United States was the

racist nature of opponents of the United States, such as the Nazis, during the war.

The music Alan Freed labeled "rock 'n' roll" was actually

rhythm and blues.

The first step in Egyptian General Gamal Abdel Nasser's bid to become the leader of the Arab world was

seizing the Suez Canal.

Truman viewed the results of the 1948 election as a mandate for

social welfare programs.

What was the policy of "massive resistance" as promoted by senators such as Harry F. Byrd of Virginia?

southern opposition led by the Citizens' Councils and local and state governments against federal efforts to integrate public schools

The American policy of "massive retaliation" refers to the

strategy of using the threat of nuclear war to prevent Communist aggression and, thus, keeping the financial cost manageable.

Senator Joseph McCarthy's power began to unravel when he made reckless charges about Communist influence in

the U.S. Army.

One of the factors that contributed to religion's growing appeal in the 1950s was

the desire to combat "godless" communism.

In 1947, President Truman took actions to banish Communists from ________ by issuing an executive order known as the Loyalty Order.

the federal government

Before becoming president, Eisenhower was MOST shaped by his experience in

the military.

The postwar era witnessed its most dramatic population growth in

the suburbs.

By the 1950s, suburban life was marked by an increasing

uniformity

The Yalta pledges of democratic elections in Eastern Europe were

violated by the Soviet Union.