To Review for Exam 2
Coding Example
- The task is to fill in the empty boxes as quickly as possible using the code at the top - This subtest taps psychomotor speed, visual attention, & concentration
The effective duration of short-term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is
15-20 seconds or less
The "magic number," according to Miller, is
7 plus or minus 2
Which of the following statements best describes how neurons communicate with one another
A chemical process takes place at the synapse
short-term memory (STM)
A limited-capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for about 20 to 30 seconds.
sensory memory
A type of storage that holds sensory information for a few seconds or less.
Which example below best demonstrates state-dependent learning?
Although Emily doesn't very often think about her first love, Steve, she can't help getting caught up in happy memories when "their song" (the first song they danced to) plays on the radio.
Jason quickly scanned the map on his phone to get to his job interview, then took a left and ran down the block so he wouldn't be late. According to Stokes, Jasons ability to recall the directions is the result of
An activity stated followed by a synaptic state
extrastriate body area (EBA)
An area in the temporal cortex that is activated by pictures of bodies and parts of bodies, but not by faces or other objects.
parahippocampal place area (PPA)
An area in the temporal lobe that contains neurons that are selectively activated by pictures of indoor and outdoor scenes.
Regarding children's language development, Noam Chomsky noted that children generate many sentences they have never heard before. From this, he concluded that language development is driven largely by
An inborn biological program
Which of the following methods, often associated with structuralism, was used in the psychology lavatory established by Wihelm Wundt
Analytic introspection
One of the most famous examples of classical conditioning was John B. Watson's Baby Albert experiment. Albert initially showed no fear toward the white rat, but after the presentation and pairing the white rate with loud, banging noises the child showed fear when the white rate was present. Compete the diagram below.
Animal + loud noise = fear response Animal = loud noise
Which of the following psychologists is known for research on operant conditioning?
B.F. Skinner
Who proposed that children's language development was caused by imitation and reinforcement?
B.F. Skinner
Why is classical conditioning considered a form of implicit memory?
Because it is involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it.
The "Little Albert" experiment involving the rat and loud noise is an example of which of the following types of experiments
Classical conditioning
Describe and differentiate classical and operational conditioning.
Classical conditioning happens when a person, or animal, associates a involuntary response to a stimulus. the stimulas comes before the response. With operational conditioning, the behavior comes first and is then rewarded or phunished.
The ability to focus on one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli is called
Cocktail party effect
___________ transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted, to a more permanent state, in which they are resistant to disruption.
Consolidation
Which of the following is most closely associated with Treismans attenuation theory of selection attention
Dictionary Unit
According to your textbook, perception goes beyond the simple receipt of sensory information. It is involved in many different cognitive skills. Which of the following is NOT one of those skills as noted in the chapter
Experiencing Neuromodulation
Neurons that respond to specific qualities of objects, such as orientation, movement, and length, are called
Feature detectors
What is an operant conditioning procedure that involves reinforcing the first response after a specific time interval
Fixed interval
Which of the following is an example of a semantic memory?
I remember the big island of Hawaii has many active volcanoes
Which of the following is NOT an example of semantic memory?
I remember the day we learned about how talking on cell phones can impair driving ability.
__________ memories are those that we are not aware of.
Implicit
Variable Ratio (VR)
In operant conditioning, it is when behavior is reinforced after a varying number of responses.
negative reinforcement______ responding; punishment______ responding
Increase; decreases
The likelihood hood principle states that
We perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received
What structure is found in the temporal lobe?
Wernicke's area
Evidence for the role of top-down processing in perception is shown by which of the following examples?
When someone accurately identifies a word in a song on a radio broadcast despite static interfering with reception
Who founded the first laboratory of scientific psychology at the University of Leipzig in Germany
Wil helm Wundt
fusiform face area
a region in the temporal lobe of the brain that helps us recognize the people we know
Imagine you are driving to a friend's new house. In your mind, you say the address repeatedly until you arrive. Once you arrive, you stop thinking about the address and start to think about buying a housewarming gift for your friend. To remember the address, you used a(n) _______ process in STM.
control
The primary effect of chunking is to
increase the efficiency of short-term memory
top-down processing
information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations
long-term memory
the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.
Memory enhancement due to repetition priming is a result of
the test stimulus being the same or resembling the priming stimulus.
If a word is identified more easily when it is in a sentence than when it is presented alone, this would be an example of _____ processing.
top-down
What is an operant schedule in which the individual receives one reinforcement for several responses; the number of responses required varies but averages out to the ratio value
variable ratio
occipital lobe
vision
Which statement best summarizes the focus of the Gestalt psychologists
we must understand the basic components of perception
Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that
when a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed.
Working memory differs from short-term memory in that
working memory involves actively manipulating and processing information
phonological loop
the part of working memory that holds and processes verbal and auditory information
Katie and Alana are roommates taking the same psychology class. They have a test in four days during a 10:00-11:00 AM class period. Both women intend to study for three hours, but because of different work schedules, Katie will study one hour for each of the next three days, while Alana will study three hours the day before the exam. What could you predict about their performances?
Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect.
Lakeisha and Kim have been studying for two hours for their chemistry exam. Both girls are tired of studying. Lakeisha decides to watch a two-hour movie on DVD, while Kim decides to go to bed. What would you predict about their performance on the chemistry exam?
Kim performs better because of Consolidation
The first formal laboratory of psychology, where the approach of structuralism was created, was founded in which city?
Leipzig, Germany
If you are folding towels while watching television, you may find that you don't have to pay much attention to the act of folding while keeping up with the storyline on the TV show. Folding the towels would be an example of a(n) ________ task.
Low-load task
Given what we know about the operation of the phonological loop, which of the following word lists would be most difficult for people to retain for 15 seconds?
MAC, CAN, CAP, MAN, MAP
Reminiscence Bump
Memory is high for recent events and for events that occurred in adolescence and early adulthood (between 10 and 30 years of age)
Steve Allison enjoys playing foot ball for his high school team. Stevie was not allowed to play football for three games when he got in a fight with a soccer player after school. Taking away the privilege of football to decrease fighting is an example of
Negative punishment
Smiley Riley fastens her seatbelt in order to stop the annoying buzzer that sounds when she starts his car. What mechanism is being used to increase Smileys seat belt wearing
Negative reinforcement
John Watson believed that psychology should Foucault on the study of
Observable behavior
Baddeley's model of working memory
Phonological loop, central executive, Visuospatial sketchpad, episodic buffer
The notion that every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible is called the law of
Pragnanz
_____________procedure cause behaviors to decrease in probability or become less likely
Punishment
If the intensity of a stimulus that is presented to a touch receptor is increased, this tends to increase the _____ in the receptor's axon.
Rate of nerve firing
Which of the following involves procedural memory?
Reading a sentence in a book
working memory learning activities
Reading, problem solving, navigation
Visiuospatial Sketchpad
Recalling/ manipulating images of moving objects
This multiple choice question is an example of a test.
Recognition
In the movie Groundhog Day, Bill Murray's character grows frustrated as he experiences the same day in his life over and over again. With each "passing" day, he is able to respond to people's actions more and more quickly because of
Repetition priming
___________ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory.
Retrieval
sensory memory ex
Seeing a dog
Lucille is teaching Kendra how to play racquetball. She teaches her how to hold the racquet, where to stand, and how to make effective shots. These learned skills that Lucille has acquired are an example of memory.
Semantic
You are at a parade where there are a number of marching bands. You perceive the bands are all in the same uniform as being grounded together. The red uniforms are on band, the green uniforms another, and so forth. You have this perceptual experience because of the law of
Similarity
In the texts use of the Olympic Rings example, which Gestalt laws contributes to the correct perception of five interlocking circles rather than nine separate segmentss
Simplicity
Pragnanz, law of
Simplicity
Which of the following is consistent with the idea of localization of function
Specific areas of the brain serve different functions, neurons in different areas of the brain respond best to different stimuli, and brain areas are specialized for specific functions
The role of working memory on reading processing
Strong readers have strong working memory. Reading becomes an automatic task, lowering the demand for decoding, and increasing space for comprehension Must hold words, phrases, sentences, main idea in working memory to make since of what you are reading
What is the gap between the end of a neurons axon and the dendrites or cell body of another neuron known as
Synapse
Describe the Stroop effect and explain the significance of the Stroop effect for understanding attention.
The Stroop Effect reveal a lot about how the brain process info. It shows how a persons reaction time to naming font colors is affected by the prescience of conflicting info from words. The Stroop Effect is used to investigate various neurological disorders. It cast light on the essiential operations of cognition, it's the starting point
Broadbent's model is called the early selection model because
The filter eliminates the unattended information right at the beginning of the flow of information
frontal lobe
The lobe at the front of the brain associated with movement, speech, and impulsive behavior.
persistence of vision
The process by which the human brain retains an image for a fraction of a second longer than the eye records it.
According to Treisman's attenuation model, which of the following would you expect to have the highest threshold for most people?
The word "platypus"
What structure is located in the occipital lobe
Visual cortex
One of the defining characteristics of implicit memory is that
We are not conscious we are using it.
The sequence of steps that includes the image on the retina, changing the image into electrical signals, and neural processing is an example of processing.
bottom up
The key structural components of neurons are the
cell body, dendrites, axon
Attention, perception, memory, and decision making are all different types of mental processes in which the mind engages. These are known as different types of
cognition
The branch of psychology concerned with the scientific study of the mind is called
cognitive psychology
The idea that specific cognitive functions activate many areas of the brain is known as
distributed processing
Elementary school students in the United States are often taught to use the very familiar word "HOMES" as a cue for remembering the names of the Great Lakes (each letter in "HOMES" provides a first-letter cue for one of the lakes: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior). This memory procedure usually works better than repeating the names over and over. The use of this familiar word provides an example of
elaborative rehearsal
Each year, working Americans are required by law to file their income taxes by the April 15 deadline. This describes a _____ schedule of reinforcement.
fixed interval
types of schedules of reinforcement
fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, variable interval
You look at a rope coiled on a beach and are able to perceive it as a single strand because of the law of
good continuation
A bottom- up process is involved in fixating on an area of a scene that
has high stimulus salience
temporal lobe
hearing
The Stroop effect demonstrates
how automatic processing can interfere with intended processing
A synapse is a(n)
junction between a sending neuron and a recieving neuron (gap)
scene schema is
knowledge about what is contained in typical scenes
The emphasis of the concept of working memory is on how information is
manipulated
The Stroop effect demonstrates peoples inability to ignore the _____ of words
meaning
Groups of interconnected neurons are referred to as
neural circuits
Groups of neurons or structures that are connected within the nervous system are called
neural networks
People perceive vertical and horizontal orientations more easily than other orientations according to the
oblique effect
It is easier to perform two tasks at the same time if
one is handled by the sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop.
The investigation of how behavior is strengthened by presentation of positive reinforcers (e.g., food) or withdrawal of negative reinforcers (e.g., shock) is best known as
operant conditioning
Speech segmentation is defined as
organizing the sounds of speech into individual words
Experience resulting from stimulation of the senses and information from the senses that can help guide our actions is called
perception
When light from a flashlight is moved quickly back and forth on a wall in a darkened room, it can appear to observers that there is a trail of light moving across the wall, even though physically the light is only in one place at any given time. This experience is an effect of memory that occurs because of...
persistence of vision
Behaviorists believe that the presentation of _____ increases the frequency of behavior
positive reinforcers
Research on the use of cell phones while driving indicates that
the main effect of cell phone use on driving safety can be attributed to the fact that attention is used up by the cognitive task of talking on the phone.
Suppose you (a student) are asked by a teacher to learn a poem you will recite in front of your class. Soon after, both you and a classmate, J.P., are asked by another teacher to learn the lyrics to an unfamiliar song. When you and J.P. are later asked to remember the song lyrics, you have a much more difficult time recalling them than J.P. does. This impairment of your performance is most likely attributable to...
proactive interference
The maintenance rehearsal task of learning a word by repeating it over and over again is most likely to
produce some short-term remembering, but fail to produce longer-term memories.
George Miller
psychologist; found that short term memory has the capacity of about 7 (plus or minus 2) items
parietal lobe
receives sensory input for touch and body position
variable interval
reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
fixed ratio
reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
fixed interval
reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
population coding
representation of a particular object by the pattern of firing of a large number of neurons
When Sam listens to his girlfriend Susan in the restaurant and ignores other people's conversations, he is engaged in the process of ____ attention.
selective
Remembering that a tomato is actually a fruit rather than vegetable is an example of memory.
semantic
The three structural components of the modal model of memory are
sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory
schedules of reinforcement
specific patterns that determine when a behavior will be reinforced
According to your text, the ability to divide attention depends on all of the following EXCEPT
task cueing
Jenkins and Russell (1952) presented a list of words like "chair, apple, dish, shoe, cherry, sofa" to participants. In a test, participants recalled the words in a different order than the order in which they were originally presented. This result occurred because of the
tendency of objects in the same category to become organized.
positive punishment
the administration of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior's recurring
bottom-up processing
the analysis of the smaller features to build up to a complete perception
With the Stroop effect, you would expect to find longest response times when
the color and the name differed
