Tobacco exam 1

Franz Muller's 1939 study

- first-ever controlled epidemiological study of smoking ... study of dozens of men and women -"heavy smokers" were more likely to have died of lung cancer

"teetotalism"

- total abstinence from alcohol - emerged in Catholic England in 1830s during struggles for universal male suffrage (to extend the vote to the working classes)

Leshner

-Addiction is a brain disease -addicts and non-addicts have different brains..but this science has not yet translated into public opinion or policy because of stigma and moralization -harm reduction - rather than abstinence or a "cure" - might be the goal given high rates of relapse and difficulties of abstinence

John Langley

-British physiologist -early 1900s - theory of chemical receptors through studies of human tissue -focus on nicotine as a "receptive substance," which affects brain tissue -founder of addiction studies

1911 Sherman Act

-Duke tobacco trust busted -fragmented into 4 companies - American Tobacco Company, Liggett and Myers (L&M), R.J. Reynolds, and Lorillard

Bull Durham

-Initial leader in tobacco industry -loose leaf, you roll your own -advertising captured nostalgic feeling for slavery and wanting to return to when they were happy.

Jason Hughes

-Study of Huron and Karuk Indians -tobacco used to appease and obtain the favor of animate spirits -used in ritual contexts and accompanied by a prayer

Wilbert

-Warao Tobacco Use- tobacco powder blown into person's nose -main form of ceremony and healing -Shaman would produce a healing ceremony with smoke -tobacco is a powerful cultural stimuli -Mix of chemistry and culture: very long smoke sessions, placebo and somatic effects, overall setting induces trance and hallucination

Cigar Store Indians

-Wood carving of stereotypical Indian -19th century image for illiterate people that tobacco was being sold there. -stereotyped racial image by making it small and in stores --> political, dispossession

Kranzler and Li

-argue that the word "addiction" captures "the chronic, relapsing, and compulsive nature of substance use that occurs despite the associated negative consequences." -for them, "addiction" politicizes something that needs politicizing

John Rolfe

-arrived in Jamestown to high-pressure the tobacco economy -tobacco became main cash crop -more incentive for growing tobacco rather than food

Anne Charlton

-article about physician to Elizabeth -Philaretes, a doctor to Elizabeth, spoke of the health risks of tobacco as early as 1602 -people exposed to ash or smoke became deceased -not a panacea

Larry Harrison

-by the 1600s, smoking presented the British with a dilemma -it had intoxicating effects, was linked to leisure and wasting time, and was linked to economic losses having to do with Spanish imports and taxation -physicians deplored its recreational use -soot found in bodies of men -1604 - King James imposed heavy taxes to avoid angering physicians who employed it in their practice ... taxes specifically designed to negatively affect the poor, seen as a vice that weakened labor power - 1643 - taxes abandoned because of massive growth of the tobacco economy in Virginia and an interest in competing with Spain

Alfred Lindesmith- sociologist of the "Chicago School"

-critic of opiate and heroin prohibition -emphasis on changing the social and public health circumstances around drug use

Bachinger, McKee, Gilmore

-despite the antitobacco sentiment at the highest levels and the control efforts, there was no Reich-wide campaign against smoking or tobacco in a totalitarian sense -many Nazi leaders smoked, cigarettes provided tax revenues, and the Nazis were worried that targeting smoking too aggressively would reduce the morale of society -Germany was a pioneer in antitobacco research well before the Nazis

Sir Walter Raleigh (1554 - 1618)

-expeditions in 1590s to South America chartered by Elizabeth -formally introduced tobacco to English monarchy

Thomas Harriot (1560 - 1621)

-first advocate for tobacco as economic engine related to colonial enterprise -A Briefe and True Report of the Newfoundland of Virginia (1588) -means to compete with Spain, expand territory, generate cash crop

James Bonsack

-invented the automatic cigarette roller in 1878 -Duke bought the patent for his product, pioneering the method of buying intellectual property to create a monopoly

Social Learning Model

-learn technique --> recognize effects of drug --> learn to manage and enjoy effects -learning through social interaction is key to the process

Edward Bernays

-marketer for American Tobacco Company -recognized the need to shape—rather than meet-public opinions and desires -"engineering of consent" -effort to link smoking to women's freedom

Kool Cigarettes. "C'mon up to the Kool taste"

-menthol cigarettes first introduces in 60s advertising to whites -late 60s early 70s --> advertised towards African Americans -Advertising social mobility and racial uplifting

Brown v. Philip Morris

-menthol niche marketing -a civil rights action (economic racism, Civil Rights Act of 1866,14th Amendment) - not a public health or injury lawsuit -cigarette was just as dangerous and advertised to all groups of people

American Tobacco Company

-monopoly created by Duke in 1890 -original member of Dow Jones Industrial Average (1896) -founder of middle management, internal specialization (e.g., marketing, leaf sourcing), and vertical integration (e.g., paper, foil) --> the corporation -dependent on southern sharecropping system and Jim Crow-exploitable labor

King James

-using tobacco is a sin against god -issued counterblast because of a personal dislike for Raleigh -interest of England to grow tobacco in new world -mandated to bring Christianity to native peoples and build profitable economies (1606)

Fair Sentencing Act

Act passed by Obama which banned 5-year mandatory crack sentence. However, it had a limited application to people already in jail.

Toll and Ling. Virginia Slims Identity Crisis

Article Describing: -shift in tactics at Philip Morris (Virginia Slims) ... need to appeal to older women while attracting younger ones -Changed slogan from "you've come a long way baby" to "find your voice". Emphasis on women being portrayed as powerful

Harriett A. Washington

Article describing LGBT as among the most at risk to smoking.

Keller

Author who stated alcoholism is a disease with an unknown cause and site of origin, characterized by problematic dependency and abuse

Gostin, Lawrence

Banning Large Sodas Is Legal and Smart

Brazil

Besides the US, who is the biggest tobacco producer?

Yes lad, within 10 years lung cancer death incidence returns to normal

Can your lung cancer death incidence return back to normal after quitting?

Clinton 1992 crime bill

Crack was punished harder than than cocaine. Racialized sentencing.

No, in fact they promoted smoking. If someone had throat problems --> doctor may recommend a certain brand of cigarettes with less throat irritation

Did doctors play an influential role in reducing smoking?

Parker-Pope

Different types of tobacco, green tobacco sickness, conditions needed to grow tobacco, etc.

Marlboro Man

Emerged during the 60s amidst the Vietnam war. Symbolized counterpolitics, imperialism, and masculinity. Response to the idea of a fraught white masculinity which was destabilized or under attack by antiwar, women's, and civil rights movements.

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882-1943)

First time people were prohibited from immigration based on ethnicity. Stripped citizenship of Chinese citizens. They were associated with Opium use.

40-50 million

How many former smokers in the US

-At one point in the 1600s tobacco use was a capital offense -in the 1700s, the empire began to impose taxes on tobacco to make it profitable for the ruling class -Eventually became accepted and was determined one could smoke and obtain pleasure in the context of piety -coffee and tobacco broke down social and class barriers

How was tobacco treated in the Ottoman Middle East?

Depicted as exotic, natural, gift/offering, romance of coming together with racialized exotic other

How was tobacco viewed by Europeans?

mask of coolness

Mask from Yoruba religious philosophy meaning stoicism, confidence, calmness under duress, and control

Bupronion, Chantix

Medications used to treat nicotine addiction

Chesapeake Consignment System

Merchants in London lent planters money for slaves, seeds, farm equipment, and luxury goods. At the end of the year, the planters send them a Hogshead(full of tobacco) with their good name on it.

Nicotiana Tabacum

Modern industrial cigarette production. Engineered to produce habitual use.

Capri

RJ Reynolds product which was attempting to appeal to a more mature audience. Classic, stylish, mature.

Misty

RJ Reynolds product which was to appeal to younger women. Cheap, sassy, smart, upbeat.

Richard Doll and Brad Hill

Researchers who found a dramatic rise in lung cancer deaths in England between 1922 and 1947. Heavy smokers had highest rates. Studied thousands of smokers for 20 years.

Tasking

Slave system used in South Carolina for rice, indigo and corn monocropping. They had to complete their tasks for the day and then they were done.

Ganging

Slave system used in the Chesapeake for tobacco farming. One young slave would set the pace, then the others were required to keep up or they would be punished. Worked all day

Southern strategy

Strategy developed by Nixon in response to the need for new coalitions of white southern voters who were democrats. Ran a law and order campaign characterized by mass incarceration.

Starr, Michael

The Marlboro Man: Cigarette Smoking and Masculinity in America, cigarettes rise and how people viewed them, Duke changing the game, Camel and Lucky strike, the importance of war, role in movies

Problematization

The process of creating a set of rules, guidelines, and standards pioneered by research and support. Making something into a problem and governing it.

Kozlowski

Their article describes what nicotine does to the body: -absorption through mouth lining, saliva, nose, throat, and lungs -nicotine is reinforcing and pleasurable (increases dopamine) -use increases and proliferates the number of nicotine receptors in the brain as a defense mechanism against toxicity - leading to tolerance

Nicotiana Rustica

Type of tobacco which contains potent levels of nicotine which causes hallucinations. Traditional uses in native North America

Andre Thevet

Warned of degenerate nature of tobacco. French Royal Cosmographer, 1550s

Common assumption that prohibition "failed" ... but prohibition did destroy the alcohol industry, close saloons, and massively reduce drinking rates. As a public health issue prohibition actually worked, reducing drinking, arrests for drunkenness, and deaths

Was prohibition completely unsuccessful?

Ernst Wynder

Washu researcher who linked smoking to lung cancer. Performed careful studies which were groundbreaking in the 40s and 50s as there was complete apathy in public health and medical communities- everyone smoked.

Shamanistic rituals. Use tobacco to connect to ancient religions --> used to treat alcoholics

What are sweat lodges used for?

1. group association 2. cause precedes effect 3. altering cause alters effect 4. dose-response 5. biological plausibility

What are the 5 components needed to establish causal inference?

the Snuffbox

What became a status symbol for aristocrats in the 1700s

Impulse to destroy, intervene, and manipulate bodies was also an impulse to improve/purify human race --> racial hygiene

What did Robert Proctor argue regarding the Nazis?

-de facto (rather than de jure) prohibition involves strong tobaccocontrol policies that aim to reduce use rates to zero -advertising bans, high taxes, smoking bans, reduction in nicotine levels, and the deregulation of smokeless or nicotine products

What do Wayne Hall and Robert West argue?

-focusing on "nonsmokers' rights" (smoking bans and high taxes) is more practical and effective -a culture of "rejection" rather than "prohibition"

What does Hanauer argue?

Argues for de jure prohibition because: 1. Tobacco is inherently defective (harmful when used as intended) 2. tobacco production causes great harm to workers and the natural environment 3. immense cost to taxpayers 4. smokers do not like their habit and want to quit - there would be no "black market" 5. tobacco companies themselves have admitted that they should be put out of business

What does Robert Proctor argue?

-Government should not act as a paternal body to control smoking. -Smokers do not cost society money since they die sooner. -increased awareness about health and risk will lower the smoking rate and the smoking problem will take care of itself

What does W. Kip Viscusi argue in New Cigarette Paternalism?

-Smoke inflames blood vessels and limits NO which helps clear arteries. -plaque deposits form on arteries -smokers have higher cholesterol levels -increases risk for heart attacks, stroke, blood clot formation, and erectile dysfunction

What does smoking do to the cardiovascular system?

Substance Use Disorder

What does the DSM call addiction

-the German approach involved age limits, advertising bans, restrictions on female smoking, and bans on public smoking -Nazis accelerated their efforts in the early-1940s, banning smoking for uniformed officers and police and censoring disparaging ads

What efforts did the Nazis take to combat smoking?

Indians (Native Americans)

What group has the highest rates of smoking

heavy cell-phone use is associated with high anxiety and insomnia

What is heavy cell phone use associated with?

-"More doctors smoke Camels than any other cigarette" -1946-1952 -RJ Reynolds -The 'T-Zone' - T for taste and T for throat

What is the most famous doctor endorsed brand of cigarettes?

-Marlboro is the most popular brand. -Premium -40% market share -Phillip Morris -started in 30s as a women's cigarette

What is the most popular cigarette brand?

70%

What percent of smokers have tried to quit?

in countries in southern Africa (e.g., Malawi) tobacco is the main cash crop, leading to food insecurity and deforestation

What problems do we see in poor countries in which tobacco is their cash crop?

80 - 90 degrees, light, aerated soil with mixture of sand, humus, and limestone

What type of weather does Tobacco prefer?

The rise of printed books

What was associated with the meteoric rise in tobacco consumption in post-1590 England

Associated with Mexican migrants and death/insanity. It corrupted normal relationships. It was an infiltration of American nuclear family with something dangerous.

What was marijuana associated with in the early 20th century?

-Introduced caloric uptake in new forms ideal for specific forms of labor -To the consumer, eating sugar was seen as consumption of the exotic -taste of consumerism and class

What was the initial use of sugar?

The radical politics were a mix of cries for democracy and independence, but also a way to get out of debt and to reproduce an aristocratic social class.

What was the real reason for the American Revolution?

-Cigarettes were a waste of money -opposition to American Capitalism: cigarettes are a waste of time and health to the people. -threats to racial purity

What was the reason behind the anti-smoking rhetoric in nazi Germany?

Associated with: -Kingship, wealth, elite -underworld, but also the spiritual realm -gods, worship, culture, dieties

What was tobacco associated with in Mesoamerica?

Shamanism, communicate with spiritual world

What was tobacco smoke associated with for the Native Americans?

tobacco seeds brought to Britain in 1565 by John Hawkins, a slave trader

When and who brought tobacco seeds back to England?

18 century. Smoking confined to indoor places where men had leisure time to congregate.

When did smoking clubs emerged?

-Used medicinally in Near East in 900s, traded to Europe shortly thereafter -Linked to stimulation, mental life, sociality, and even sobriety -Hundreds of coffee houses by 1700- known for stimulating the mind and for leisure and talk.

When was coffee traded to England and what was it linked to?

-Cool was first used by Lester young in the 1920s-meaning hip -cool style to resist racial prejudice, promote slang, and describe a detached and rebellious underground marijuana culture.

When was cool first used?

1964, Luther Terry

When was the Surgeon General's report and who authored it?

early-1950s, FTC challenged health claims

When were the health claims by cigarette companies challenged?

Native Americans

Who has the highest levels of Alcohol use disorder?

American Tobacco Company, 1920s. Popular slogans included: "Its Toasted" and "Reach for a lucky instead of a sweet"

Who is Lucky Strike made by and when did it come on the market.

Virginia

Who preferred to breed their slaves rather than import them? South Carolina or Virginia?

-form of ingesting property; ingesting a body -representing a body you can control and purchase -appealing to anxious whites to see African Americans in their normal working habitats.

Why were themes of race and the racialized body used to sell products?

Marlboro

came up with the flip top box in the 40s. Creates culture of men putting cigarettes in front shirt pocket

1941 - Scientific Institute for the Research into the Hazards of Tobacco. Nazi run

first tobacco-focused research center

Hitler Youth

formed in 1922 to train future members of the "storm troopers"- SS officers

biopower

governments or institutions regulate peoples' bodies/biology

Bartal

health effects of smoking, giving up smoking helps at any time but the sooner the better, average loss of life is 16 years

Samuel Thomas von Soemmerring

identified pipe smoking as a cause of lip cancer in the 1790s